메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 207, Issue 1-3, 2011, Pages 239.e1-239.e8

Metric and morphological assessment of facial features: A study on three European populations

Author keywords

Facial morphology; Forensic anthropology population data; Metric assessment; Morphological atlas; Personal identification; Population data

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS; ARTICLE; BIOMETRY; BODY HEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; CAUCASIAN; CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY; FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION; GERMANY; HUMAN; INTERCANTHAL MOUTH INDEX; ITALY; LABIAL WIDTH; LITHUANIA; MALE; MORPHOLOGICAL TRAIT; PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 79953044980     PISSN: 03790738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.01.035     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (51)

References (66)
  • 1
    • 35348891436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New method for height estimation of subjects represented in photograms taken from video surveillance systems
    • De Angelis D., Sala R., Cantatore A., Poppa P., Dufour M., Grandi M., Cattaneo C. New method for height estimation of subjects represented in photograms taken from video surveillance systems. Int. J. Legal Med. 2007, 121:489-492.
    • (2007) Int. J. Legal Med. , vol.121 , pp. 489-492
    • De Angelis, D.1    Sala, R.2    Cantatore, A.3    Poppa, P.4    Dufour, M.5    Grandi, M.6    Cattaneo, C.7
  • 3
    • 85168036633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • .
    • http://www.interpol.int/Public/DisasterVictim/forms/ID-FormEngUpd.pdf.
  • 4
    • 0029837312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological classification of facial features in adult Caucasian males based on an assessment of photographs of 50 subjects
    • Vanezis P., Lu D., Cockburn J., Gonzales A., McCombe G., Trujillo O., Vanezis M. Morphological classification of facial features in adult Caucasian males based on an assessment of photographs of 50 subjects. J. Forensic Sci. 1996, 41:786-791.
    • (1996) J. Forensic Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 786-791
    • Vanezis, P.1    Lu, D.2    Cockburn, J.3    Gonzales, A.4    McCombe, G.5    Trujillo, O.6    Vanezis, M.7
  • 7
    • 11444265385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photo image identification
    • Academic Press, London, J.A. Siegel, P.J. Saukko, G.C. Knupfer (Eds.)
    • Iscan M.Y., Loth S.R. Photo image identification. Encyclopaedia of Forensic Sciences 2000, 795-807. Academic Press, London. J.A. Siegel, P.J. Saukko, G.C. Knupfer (Eds.).
    • (2000) Encyclopaedia of Forensic Sciences , pp. 795-807
    • Iscan, M.Y.1    Loth, S.R.2
  • 8
    • 0002093434 scopus 로고
    • The introduction of techniques for photographic comparison: potential and problems
    • Wiley-Liss, New York, M.Y. Iscan, R.P. Helmer (Eds.)
    • Iscan M.Y. The introduction of techniques for photographic comparison: potential and problems. Forensic Analysis of the Skull: Craniofacial Analysis, Reconstruction and Identification 1993, 57-70. Wiley-Liss, New York. M.Y. Iscan, R.P. Helmer (Eds.).
    • (1993) Forensic Analysis of the Skull: Craniofacial Analysis, Reconstruction and Identification , pp. 57-70
    • Iscan, M.Y.1
  • 9
    • 41649119546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photo identification: facial metric and morphological features in South African males
    • Roelofse M.M., Steyn M., Becker P.J. Photo identification: facial metric and morphological features in South African males. Forensic Sci. Int. 2008, 177:168-175.
    • (2008) Forensic Sci. Int. , vol.177 , pp. 168-175
    • Roelofse, M.M.1    Steyn, M.2    Becker, P.J.3
  • 11
    • 34250325464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure of anthropometry as a facial identification technique using high-quality photographs
    • Kleinberg K.F., Vanezis P., Burton M. Failure of anthropometry as a facial identification technique using high-quality photographs. J. Forensic Sci. 2007, 52:779-783.
    • (2007) J. Forensic Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 779-783
    • Kleinberg, K.F.1    Vanezis, P.2    Burton, M.3
  • 13
    • 0033052739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft-tissue facial morphometry from 6 years to adulthood: a three-dimensional growth study using a new modeling
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Poggio C.E., Schmitz J.H. Soft-tissue facial morphometry from 6 years to adulthood: a three-dimensional growth study using a new modeling. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1999, 103:768-778.
    • (1999) Plast. Reconstr. Surg. , vol.103 , pp. 768-778
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Poggio, C.E.3    Schmitz, J.H.4
  • 14
    • 0031882319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary evaluation of an electromagnetic three-dimensional digitizer in facial anthropometry
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Poggio C.E., Cova M., Tartaglia G. Preliminary evaluation of an electromagnetic three-dimensional digitizer in facial anthropometry. Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. 1998, 35:9-15.
    • (1998) Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. , vol.35 , pp. 9-15
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Poggio, C.E.3    Cova, M.4    Tartaglia, G.5
  • 15
    • 0028799097 scopus 로고
    • A computerized non-invasive method for the assessment of human facial volume
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Serrao G., Miani A. A computerized non-invasive method for the assessment of human facial volume. J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg. 1995, 23:280-286.
    • (1995) J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg. , vol.23 , pp. 280-286
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Serrao, G.3    Miani, A.4
  • 16
    • 4744353921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nasal dimensions in normal subjects: conventional anthropometry versus computerized anthropometry
    • Sforza C., Dellavia C., Colombo A., Serrao G., Ferrario V.F. Nasal dimensions in normal subjects: conventional anthropometry versus computerized anthropometry. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2004, 130A:228-233.
    • (2004) Am. J. Med. Genet. , vol.130 A , pp. 228-233
    • Sforza, C.1    Dellavia, C.2    Colombo, A.3    Serrao, G.4    Ferrario, V.F.5
  • 19
    • 11844274660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computerised anthropomorphometric analysis of images: case report
    • Ventura F., Zacheo A., Ventura A., Pala A. Computerised anthropomorphometric analysis of images: case report. Forensic Sci. Int. 2004, 146:S211-213.
    • (2004) Forensic Sci. Int. , vol.146
    • Ventura, F.1    Zacheo, A.2    Ventura, A.3    Pala, A.4
  • 20
    • 0031867740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technical note: different techniques, different results - a comparison of photogrammetric and calliper-derived measurements
    • Shaner D.J., Bamforth S., Peterson A.E., Beattie O.B. Technical note: different techniques, different results - a comparison of photogrammetric and calliper-derived measurements. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1998, 106:547-552.
    • (1998) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.106 , pp. 547-552
    • Shaner, D.J.1    Bamforth, S.2    Peterson, A.E.3    Beattie, O.B.4
  • 22
    • 3042803501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The average African American male face: an anthropometric analysis
    • Porter J.P. The average African American male face: an anthropometric analysis. Arch. Facial Plast. Surg. 2004, 6:78-81.
    • (2004) Arch. Facial Plast. Surg. , vol.6 , pp. 78-81
    • Porter, J.P.1
  • 23
    • 40149110957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of facial proportions and anthropometric norms among Turkish young adults with different face types
    • Arslan S.G., Genc C., Odabas B., Kama J.D. Comparison of facial proportions and anthropometric norms among Turkish young adults with different face types. Aesth. Plast. Surg. 2008, 32:234-242.
    • (2008) Aesth. Plast. Surg. , vol.32 , pp. 234-242
    • Arslan, S.G.1    Genc, C.2    Odabas, B.3    Kama, J.D.4
  • 25
    • 0028833768 scopus 로고
    • The African-American nose: part II
    • Ofodile F.A., Bokhari F. The African-American nose: part II. Ann. Plast. Surg. 1995, 34:123-129.
    • (1995) Ann. Plast. Surg. , vol.34 , pp. 123-129
    • Ofodile, F.A.1    Bokhari, F.2
  • 26
    • 0029817956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthropometric analysis of the female Latino nose: revised aesthetic concepts and their surgical implications
    • Milgrim L.W., Lawson W., Cohen A.F. Anthropometric analysis of the female Latino nose: revised aesthetic concepts and their surgical implications. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1996, 122:1079-1086.
    • (1996) Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. , vol.122 , pp. 1079-1086
    • Milgrim, L.W.1    Lawson, W.2    Cohen, A.F.3
  • 27
    • 0035404940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthropometric facial analysis of the African American woman
    • Porter J.P., Olson K.L. Anthropometric facial analysis of the African American woman. Arch. Facial Plast. Surg. 2001, 3:191-197.
    • (2001) Arch. Facial Plast. Surg. , vol.3 , pp. 191-197
    • Porter, J.P.1    Olson, K.L.2
  • 28
    • 40849139533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft tissue facial planes and masticatory muscle function in skeletal Class III patients before and after orthognathic surgery treatment
    • Sforza C., Peretta R., Grandi G., Ferronato G., Ferrario V.F. Soft tissue facial planes and masticatory muscle function in skeletal Class III patients before and after orthognathic surgery treatment. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2008, 66:691-698.
    • (2008) J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. , vol.66 , pp. 691-698
    • Sforza, C.1    Peretta, R.2    Grandi, G.3    Ferronato, G.4    Ferrario, V.F.5
  • 29
    • 33846481843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional facial morphometry in skeletal Class III patients. A non-invasive study of soft-tissue changes before and after orthognathic surgery
    • Sforza C., Peretta R., Grandi G., Ferronato G., Ferrario V.F. Three-dimensional facial morphometry in skeletal Class III patients. A non-invasive study of soft-tissue changes before and after orthognathic surgery. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2007, 45:138-144.
    • (2007) Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. , vol.45 , pp. 138-144
    • Sforza, C.1    Peretta, R.2    Grandi, G.3    Ferronato, G.4    Ferrario, V.F.5
  • 31
  • 36
    • 58849113963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft-tissue facial characteristics of attractive Italian women as compared to normal women
    • Sforza C., Laino A., D'Alessio R., Grandi G., Binelli M., Ferrario V.F. Soft-tissue facial characteristics of attractive Italian women as compared to normal women. Angle Orthod. 2009, 79:17-23.
    • (2009) Angle Orthod. , vol.79 , pp. 17-23
    • Sforza, C.1    Laino, A.2    D'Alessio, R.3    Grandi, G.4    Binelli, M.5    Ferrario, V.F.6
  • 38
    • 0035079850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of sex and age on facial asymmetry in healthy subjects: a cross-sectional study from adolescence to mid-adulthood
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Ciusa V., Dellavia C., Tartaglia G.M. The effect of sex and age on facial asymmetry in healthy subjects: a cross-sectional study from adolescence to mid-adulthood. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2001, 59:382-388.
    • (2001) J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. , vol.59 , pp. 382-388
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Ciusa, V.3    Dellavia, C.4    Tartaglia, G.M.5
  • 40
    • 0030760350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft tissue facial morphology related to headform: a three-dimensional quantitative analysis in childhood
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Poggio C.E., Schmitz J.H., Colombo A. Soft tissue facial morphology related to headform: a three-dimensional quantitative analysis in childhood. J. Craniofac. Genet. Dev. Biol. 1997, 17:86-95.
    • (1997) J. Craniofac. Genet. Dev. Biol. , vol.17 , pp. 86-95
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Poggio, C.E.3    Schmitz, J.H.4    Colombo, A.5
  • 41
    • 0033979562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Serrao G. A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults. Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. 2000, 37:48-54.
    • (2000) Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. , vol.37 , pp. 48-54
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Serrao, G.3
  • 43
    • 18244373953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal variations in the facial soft tissues of adult uremic patients on chronic dialysis
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Dellavia C., Galassi A., Brancaccio D. Abnormal variations in the facial soft tissues of adult uremic patients on chronic dialysis. Angle Orthod. 2005, 75:320-325.
    • (2005) Angle Orthod. , vol.75 , pp. 320-325
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Dellavia, C.3    Galassi, A.4    Brancaccio, D.5
  • 44
    • 46749097963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-invasive longitudinal assessment of facial growth in children and adolescents with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
    • Dellavia C., Catti F., Sforza C., Grandi G., Ferrario V.F. Non-invasive longitudinal assessment of facial growth in children and adolescents with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 2008, 116:305-311.
    • (2008) Eur. J. Oral Sci. , vol.116 , pp. 305-311
    • Dellavia, C.1    Catti, F.2    Sforza, C.3    Grandi, G.4    Ferrario, V.F.5
  • 45
    • 1842510709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft-tissue facial areas and volumes in individuals with ectodermal dysplasia: a three-dimensional non invasive assessment
    • Ferrario V.F., Dellavia C., Serrao G., Sforza C. Soft-tissue facial areas and volumes in individuals with ectodermal dysplasia: a three-dimensional non invasive assessment. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2004, 126A:253-260.
    • (2004) Am. J. Med. Genet. , vol.126 A , pp. 253-260
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Dellavia, C.2    Serrao, G.3    Sforza, C.4
  • 46
    • 2442641532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in facial soft tissues of Italian individuals with ectodermal dysplasia
    • Sforza C., Dellavia C., Vizzotto L., Ferrario V.F. Variations in facial soft tissues of Italian individuals with ectodermal dysplasia. Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. 2004, 41:262-267.
    • (2004) Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. , vol.41 , pp. 262-267
    • Sforza, C.1    Dellavia, C.2    Vizzotto, L.3    Ferrario, V.F.4
  • 47
    • 1842862829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft tissue facial morphology in obese adolescents: a three-dimensional noninvasive assessment
    • Ferrario V.F., Dellavia C., Tartaglia G.M., Turci M., Sforza C. Soft tissue facial morphology in obese adolescents: a three-dimensional noninvasive assessment. Angle Orthod. 2004, 74:37-42.
    • (2004) Angle Orthod. , vol.74 , pp. 37-42
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Dellavia, C.2    Tartaglia, G.M.3    Turci, M.4    Sforza, C.5
  • 48
    • 0642280589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quantitative three-dimensional assessment of soft tissue facial asymmetry of cleft lip and palate adult patients
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Dellavia C., Tartaglia G.M., Colombo A., Carù A.A. A quantitative three-dimensional assessment of soft tissue facial asymmetry of cleft lip and palate adult patients. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2003, 14:739-746.
    • (2003) J. Craniofac. Surg. , vol.14 , pp. 739-746
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Dellavia, C.3    Tartaglia, G.M.4    Colombo, A.5    Carù, A.A.6
  • 49
    • 0141642155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional nasal morphology in cleft lip and palate operated adult patients
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Dellavia C., Vizzotto L., Carù A. Three-dimensional nasal morphology in cleft lip and palate operated adult patients. Ann. Plast. Surg. 2003, 51:390-397.
    • (2003) Ann. Plast. Surg. , vol.51 , pp. 390-397
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Dellavia, C.3    Vizzotto, L.4    Carù, A.5
  • 50
    • 0034110706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal growth and development of the lips: a 3-dimensional study from 6 years to adulthood using a geometric model
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Schmitz J.H., Ciusa V., Colombo A. Normal growth and development of the lips: a 3-dimensional study from 6 years to adulthood using a geometric model. J. Anat. 2000, 196:415-423.
    • (2000) J. Anat. , vol.196 , pp. 415-423
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Schmitz, J.H.3    Ciusa, V.4    Colombo, A.5
  • 54
    • 0033172833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft tissue facial growth and development as assessed by the three-dimensional computerized mesh diagram analysis
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Serrao G., Colombo A., Ciusa V. Soft tissue facial growth and development as assessed by the three-dimensional computerized mesh diagram analysis. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 1999, 116:215-228.
    • (1999) Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. , vol.116 , pp. 215-228
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Serrao, G.3    Colombo, A.4    Ciusa, V.5
  • 55
    • 0041508642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth and aging of facial soft tissues: a computerized three-dimensional mesh diagram analysis
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Serrao G., Ciusa V., Dellavia C. Growth and aging of facial soft tissues: a computerized three-dimensional mesh diagram analysis. Clin. Anat. 2003, 16:420-433.
    • (2003) Clin. Anat. , vol.16 , pp. 420-433
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Serrao, G.3    Ciusa, V.4    Dellavia, C.5
  • 56
    • 0031919192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facial volume changes during normal human growth and development
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Poggio C.E., Schmitz J.H. Facial volume changes during normal human growth and development. Anat. Rec. 1998, 250:480-487.
    • (1998) Anat. Rec. , vol.250 , pp. 480-487
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Poggio, C.E.3    Schmitz, J.H.4
  • 57
    • 0034905278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphometry of the orbital region: a soft-tissue study from adolescence to mid-adulthood
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Colombo A., Schmitz J.H., Serrao G. Morphometry of the orbital region: a soft-tissue study from adolescence to mid-adulthood. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2001, 108:285-293.
    • (2001) Plast. Reconstr. Surg. , vol.108 , pp. 285-293
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Colombo, A.3    Schmitz, J.H.4    Serrao, G.5
  • 58
    • 0031297570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of growth and development on cephalometric shapes in orthodontic patients: a Fourier analysis
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Poggio C.E., Colombo A., Cova M. Effect of growth and development on cephalometric shapes in orthodontic patients: a Fourier analysis. Eur. J. Orthod. 1997, 19:669-680.
    • (1997) Eur. J. Orthod. , vol.19 , pp. 669-680
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Poggio, C.E.3    Colombo, A.4    Cova, M.5
  • 59
    • 0029587315 scopus 로고
    • Fourier analysis of human soft tissue facial shape: sex differences in normal adults
    • Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Schmitz J.H., Miani A., Taroni G. Fourier analysis of human soft tissue facial shape: sex differences in normal adults. J. Anat. 1995, 187:593-602.
    • (1995) J. Anat. , vol.187 , pp. 593-602
    • Ferrario, V.F.1    Sforza, C.2    Schmitz, J.H.3    Miani, A.4    Taroni, G.5
  • 61
    • 36749010788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of craniofacial measurements of young adult African-American and North American White males and females
    • Farkas L.G., Katic M.J., Forrest C.R. Comparison of craniofacial measurements of young adult African-American and North American White males and females. Ann. Plast. Surg. 2007, 59:692-775.
    • (2007) Ann. Plast. Surg. , vol.59 , pp. 692-775
    • Farkas, L.G.1    Katic, M.J.2    Forrest, C.R.3
  • 62
    • 0036365514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proportionality in Asian and North American Caucasian faces using neoclassical facial canons as criteria
    • Le T.T., Farkas L.G., Ngim R.C., Levin L.S., Forrest C.R. Proportionality in Asian and North American Caucasian faces using neoclassical facial canons as criteria. Aesth. Plast. Surg. 2002, 26:64-69.
    • (2002) Aesth. Plast. Surg. , vol.26 , pp. 64-69
    • Le, T.T.1    Farkas, L.G.2    Ngim, R.C.3    Levin, L.S.4    Forrest, C.R.5
  • 64
    • 85026136681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between anthropometric and cephalometric measurements and proportions of the face of healthy young white adult men and women
    • Budai M., Farkas L.G., Tompson B., Katic M., Forrester C.R. Relation between anthropometric and cephalometric measurements and proportions of the face of healthy young white adult men and women. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2003, 14:154-161.
    • (2003) J. Craniofac. Surg. , vol.14 , pp. 154-161
    • Budai, M.1    Farkas, L.G.2    Tompson, B.3    Katic, M.4    Forrester, C.R.5
  • 65
    • 0008878070 scopus 로고
    • Racial and ethnic morphometric differences in the craniofacial complex
    • Raven Press, New York, L.G. Farkas (Ed.)
    • Hajnis K., Farkas L.G., Ngim R.C.K., Lee S.T., Venkatadri G. Racial and ethnic morphometric differences in the craniofacial complex. Anthropometry of the Head and Face 1994, 201-217. Raven Press, New York. 2nd ed. L.G. Farkas (Ed.).
    • (1994) Anthropometry of the Head and Face , pp. 201-217
    • Hajnis, K.1    Farkas, L.G.2    Ngim, R.C.K.3    Lee, S.T.4    Venkatadri, G.5
  • 66
    • 0034645531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An anatomical and photographic technique for forensic facial identification
    • Porter G., Doran G. An anatomical and photographic technique for forensic facial identification. Forensic Sci. Int. 2000, 114:97-105.
    • (2000) Forensic Sci. Int. , vol.114 , pp. 97-105
    • Porter, G.1    Doran, G.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.