Sexual Harassment and Psychosocial Maturity Outcomes among Young Adults Recalling Their First Adolescent Work Experiences

Sex Roles

Volumn 64, Issue 7-8, 2011, Pages 491-505

  Sears, Karen L ^a   Intrieri, Robert C ^a   Papini, Dennis R ^b  

^a WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MIDDLE TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Appraisal; Autonomy; Coping; Employment; Psychosocial maturity; Sexual harassment; Social responsibility

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952986201     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-010-9928-6     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc.
2. Belsley, D. A., Kuh, E., & Welsch, R. E. (1980). Regression diagnostics: Identification influential data and sources of collinearity. New York: John Wiley.
3. Berdahl, J. L. (2007). Harassment based on sex: Protecting social status in the context of gender hierarchy. Academy of Management Review, 32, 641-658. doi: 10. 2307/20159319.
4. Berdahl, J. L., & Aquino, K. (2009). Sexual behavior at work: Fun or folly? The Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 34-47. doi: 10. 1037/a0012981.
5. Berdahl, J. L., Magley, V. J., & Waldo, C. R. (1996). The sexual harassment of men? Exploring the concept with theory and data. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 527-547. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1471-6402. 1996. tb00320. x.
6. Bergman, M. E., & Henning, J. B. (2008). Sex and ethnicity as moderators in the sexual harassment phenomenon: A revision and test of Fitzgerald et al. (1994). Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 152-167. doi: 10. 1037/1076-8998. 13. 2. 152.
7. Bergman, M. E., Langhout, R. D., Palmieri, P. A., Cortina, L. M., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2002). The (un)reasonableness of reporting: Antecedents and consequences of reporting sexual harassment. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 230-242. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 87. 2. 230.
8. Bremer, B. A., Moore, C. T., & Bildersee, E. F. (1991). Do you have to call it 'sexual harassment' to feel harassed? College Student Journal, 25, 258-268.
9. Caruso, E. M. (2008). Use of experienced retrieval ease in self and social judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 148-155. doi: 10. 1016/j. jesp. 2006. 11. 003.
10. Clark, D. M., & Teasdale, J. D. (1982). Diurnal variation in clinical depression and accessibility of memories of positive and negative experiences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 87-95. doi: 10. 1037/0021-843x. 91. 2. 87.
11. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
12. Cortina, L. M., & Wasti, S. A. (2005). Profiles in coping: Responses to sexual harassment across persons, organizations, and cultures. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 182-192. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 90. 1. 182.
13. Dawson, J. F., & Richter, A. W. (2006). Probing three-way interactions in moderated multiple regression: Development and application of a slope difference test. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 917-926. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 91. 4. 917.
14. Dresner, R., & Grolnick, W. S. (1996). Constructions of early parenting, intimacy, and autonomy in young women. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13, 25-39. doi: 10. 1177/0265407596131002.
15. Duncan, N. (1999). Sexual bullying: Gender conflict and pupil culture in secondary schools. London: Routledge.
16. Entwisle, D. R., Alenxander, K. L., & Olson, L. S. (2000). Early work histories of urban youth. American Sociological Review, 65, 279-297. doi: 10. 2307/2657441.
17. Fineran, S. (2002). Adolescents at work: Gender issues and sexual harassment. Violence Against Women, 8, 953-967. doi: 10. 1177/107780102400447087.
18. Fitzgerald, L. F., Hulin, C., & Drasgow, F. (1994). The antecedents and consequences of sexual harassment in organizations: An integrated model. In G. P. Keita & J. J. Hurrell (Eds.), Job stress in a changing workforce: Investigating gender, diversity, and family issues (pp. 55-73). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
19. Fitzgerald, L. F., Swan, S., & Fischer, K. (1995). Why didn't she just report him? The psychological and legal implications of women's responses to sexual harassment. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 117-138. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1540-4560. 1995. tb01312. x.
20. Fitzgerald, L. F., Swan, S., & Magley, V. J. (1997). But was it really sexual harassment? Legal, behavioral, and psychological definitions of the workplace victimization of women. In W. O'Donohue (Ed.), Sexual harassment: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 5-28). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
21. Fitzgerald, L. F., Magley, V. J., Drasgow, F., & Waldo, C. R. (1999). Measuring sexual harassment in the military: The Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ-DoD). Military Psychology, 11, 243-263. doi: 10. 1207/s15327876mp1103_3.
22. French, J. R. P., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in social power (pp. 150-167). Oxford: University of Michigan Press.
23. Frone, M. R. (1999). Developmental consequences of youth employment. In J. Barling & E. K. Kelloway (Eds.), Young workers: Varieties of experience (pp. 89-128). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
24. Frydenberg, E. (2008). Adolescent coping: Advances in theory, research and practice (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
25. Greenberger, E. (1984). Defining psychosocial maturity in adolescence. In J. J. Steffen & P. Karoly (Eds.), Adolescent behavior disorders: Foundations and contemporary concerns (pp. 3-37). Lexington: Lexington.
26. Greenberger, E., & Sorensen, A. B. (1974). Toward a concept of psychosocial maturity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 3, 329-358. doi: 10. 1007/BF02214746.
27. Greenberger, E., Josselson, R., Knerr, C., & Knerr, B. (1975). The measurement and structure of psychosocial maturity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 4, 127-143. doi: 10. 1007/BF01537437.
28. Gutek, B. A., & Koss, M. P. (2007). Changed women and changed organizations: Consequences of and coping with sexual harassment. In L. L. O'Toole, J. R. Schiffman, & M. L. Kiter Edwards (Eds.), Gender violence: Interdisciplinary perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 142-156). New York: New York University Press.
29. Harned, M. S., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2002). Understanding a link between sexual harassment and eating disorder symptoms: A mediational analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1170-1181. doi: 10. 1037/0022-006x. 70. 5. 1170.
30. Harris, K. L., Intrieri, R. C., & Papini, D. R. (2005, April). Measuring sexual harassment of adolescents in early labor force experience. Los Angeles: Paper presented at the Society for Industrial & Organizational Psychology.
31. Hulin, C. L., Fitzgerald, L. F., & Drasgow, F. (1996). Organizational influences on sexual harassment. In M. S. Stockdale (Ed.), Sexual harassment in the workplace: Perspectives, frontiers, and response strategies (pp. 127-150). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
32. Knapp, D. E., Faley, R. H., Ekeberg, S. E., & Dubois, C. L. Z. (1997). Determinants of target responses to sexual harassment: A conceptual framework. Academy of Management Review, 22, 687-729. doi: 10. 2307/259410.
33. Koss, M. P. (1990). Changed lives: The psychological impact of sexual harassment. In M. A. Paludi (Ed.), Ivory power: Sexual harassment on campus. Albany: State University of New York Press.
34. Koss, M. P., Figueredo, A. J., Bell, I., Tharan, M., & Tromp, S. (1996). Traumatic memory characteristics: A cross-validated mediational model of response to rape among employed women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 421-432. doi: 10. 1037/0021-843x. 105. 3. 421.
35. Kroger, J. (2000). Identity development: Adolescence through adulthood. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
36. Lacasse, A., & Mendelson, M. J. (2006). The perceived intent of potentially offensive sexual behaviors among adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16, 229-238. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1532-7795. 2006. 00130. x.
37. Lamborn, S. D., & Groh, K. (2009). A four-part model of autonomy during emerging adulthood: Associations with adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 393-401. doi: 10. 1177/0165025409338440.
38. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
39. Littleton, H. L., Axsom, D., Breitkopf, C. R., & Berenson, A. (2006). Rape acknowledgment and postassault experiences: How acknowledgment status relates to disclosure, coping, worldview, and reactions received from others. Violence and Victims, 21, 761-778. doi: 10. 1891/vv-v21i6a006.
40. Magley, V. J. (2002). Coping with sexual harassment: Reconceptualizing women's resistance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 930-946. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 83. 4. 930.
41. Magley, V. J., Waldo, C. R., Drasgow, F., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1999). The impact of sexual harassment on military personnel: Is it the same for men and women? Military Psychology, 11, 283-302. doi: 10. 1207/s15327876mp1103_5.
42. Malamut, A. B., & Offermann, L. R. (2001). Coping with sexual harassment: Personal, environmental, and cognitive determinants. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1152-1166. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 86. 6. 1152.
43. McMullin, D., & White, J. W. (2006). Long-term effects of labeling a rape experience. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 96-105. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1471-6402. 2006. 00266. x.
44. Mosher, D. L., & Tomkins, S. S. (1988). Scripting the macho man: Hypermasculine socialization and enculturation. Journal of Sex Research, 25, 60-84. doi: 10. 1080/00224498809551445.
45. Munson, L. J., Miner, A. G., & Hulin, C. (2001). Labeling sexual harassment in the military: An extension and replication. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 293-303. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 86. 2. 293.
46. Murdoch, M., Bradley, A., Mather, S. H., Klein, R. E., Turner, C. L., & Yano, E. M. (2006). Women and war: What physicians should know. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(Suppl 3), S5-S10. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1525-1497. 2006. 00368. x.
47. Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
48. Peterson, Z. D., & Muehlenhard, C. L. (2004). Was it rape? The function of women's rape myth acceptance and definitions of sex in labeling their own experiences. Sex Roles, 51, 129-144. doi: 10. 1023/b: sers. 0000037758. 95376. 00.
49. Platt, J. J., & Busby, D. M. (2009). Male victims: The nature and meaning of sexual coercion. American Journal of Family Therapy, 37, 217-226. doi: 10. 1080/01926180802403302.
50. Richman, J. A., Rospenda, K. M., Nawyn, S. J., Flaherty, J. A., Fendrich, M., Drum, M. L., et al. (1999). Sexual harassment and generalized workplace abuse among university employees: Prevalence and mental health correlates. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 358-363. doi: 10. 2105/ajph. 89. 3. 358.
51. Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Work experiences and personality development in young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 582-593. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 84. 3. 582.
52. Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513-523. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 45. 3. 513.
53. Singer, K. I. (1989). Group work with men who experienced incest in childhood. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 468-472. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1939-0025. 1989. tb01682. x.
54. Staff, J., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2010). Millennials and the world of work: Experiences in paid work during adolescence. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 247-255. doi: 10. 1007/s10869-010-9167-4.
55. Staff, J., Messersmith, E. E., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2009). Adolescents and the world of work. In R. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (3rd ed., pp. 270-313). New York: John Wiley.
56. Stark, S., Chernyshenko, O. S., Lancaster, A. R., Drasgow, F., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2002). Toward standardized measurement of sexual harassment: Shortening the SEQ-DoD using item response theory. Military Psychology, 14, 49-72. doi: 10. 1207/s15327876mp1401_03.
57. Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (1995). The impact of employment on adolescent development. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development: A research annual, Vol. 11, 1995 (pp. 131-166). London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
58. Steinberg, L. D., Grennberger, E., Ruggiero, M., Garduque, L., & Vaux, A. (1982). Effects of working on adolescent development. Developmental Psychology, 18, 385-395. doi: 10. 1037/0012-1649. 18. 3. 385.
59. Stockdale, M. S. (1998). The direct and moderating influences of sexual-harassment pervasiveness, coping strategies, and gender on work-related outcomes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 521-535. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1471-6402. 1998. tb00175. x.
60. Stockdale, M. S., Visio, M., & Batra, L. (1999). The sexual harassment of men: Evidence for a broader theory of sexual harassment and sex discrimination. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 5, 630-664. doi: 10. 1037/1076-8971. 5. 3. 630.
61. Street, A. E., Gradus, J. L., Stafford, J., & Kelly, K. (2007). Gender differences in experiences of sexual harassment: Data from a male-dominated environment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 464-474. doi: 10. 1037/0022-006x. 75. 3. 464.
62. Taylor, S. E. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation. The American Psychologist, 38, 1161-1173. doi: 10. 1037/0003-066x. 38. 11. 1161.
63. Till, F. J. (1980). Sexual harassment: A report on the sexual harassment of students. Washington, DC: National Advisory Council on Women's Educational Programs.
64. Vaile Wright, C., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2007). Angry and afraid: Women's appraisal of sexual harassment during litigation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 73-84. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1471-6402. 2007. 00332. x.
65. Wasti, S. A., & Cortina, L. M. (2002). Coping in context: Sociocultural determinants of responses to sexual harrassment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 394-405. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 83. 2. 394.
66. Weiss, K. G. (2010). Male sexual victimization: Examining men's experiences of rape and sexual assault. Men & Masculinities, 12, 275-298. doi: 10. 1177/1097184x08322632.