Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A case report and review of the literature

Journal of Extra-Corporeal Technology

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 5-12

  Pollak, Uri ^a   Yacobobich, Joanne ^a,b   Tamary, Hannah ^a,b   Dagan, Ovdi ^a   Manor Shulman, Orit ^a  

^a SCHNEIDER CHILDREN S MEDICAL CENTER OF ISRAEL   (Israel)

^b TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Bivalirudin; Direct thrombin inhibitor; Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; Heparin induced thrombocytopenia

Indexed keywords

AMPICILLIN; ARGATROBAN; DANAPAROID; DOBUTAMINE; DOPAMINE; FONDAPARINUX; GENTAMICIN; HEPARIN; HIRULOG; LEPIRUDIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MELAGATRAN; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; PHENTOLAMINE; XIMELAGATRAN;

ARTERY THROMBOSIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BRADYCARDIA; CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGM HERNIA; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EXTRACORPOREAL OXYGENATION; HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; SMALL VESSEL ARTERY THROMBOSIS;

EID: 79952968427     PISSN: 00221058     EISSN: 29698960     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Pathogenesis and management. Br J Haematol. 2003;12:535-55. (Pubitemid 36645375)
2. Schmugge M, Risch L, Huber AR, Benn A, Fischer JE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia-associated thrombosis in pediatric intensive care patients. Pediatrics. 2002;109:e10.
3. Boshkov LK, Ibsen L, Kirby A, Ungerleider R, Shen I. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) in neonates and very young children undergoing congenital cardiac surgery: A likely under-recognized complication with significant morbidity and mortality: Report of 4 sequential cases. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1(Suppl 1):1494a.
4. Etches WS, Stang LJ, Conradi AG. Incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a pediatric intensive care population. Blood. 2003;102(Suppl.):536a.
5. Klenner AF, Lubenow N, Raschke R, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in children: 12 new cases and review of the literature. Thromb Haemost. 2004;91:791-824.
6. Risch L, Fischer JE, Herklotz R, Huber AR. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in pediatrics: Clinical characteristics, therapy, outcomes. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:1615-24.
7. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:638-48. (Pubitemid 36960635)
8. Warkentin TE, Chong BH, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Towards consensus. Thromb Haemost. 1998;79:1-7. (Pubitemid 28037046)
9. Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med. 1996;101:502-7. (Pubitemid 126335970)
10. Warkentin TE. Clinical picture of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, 3rd Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.; 2004:53-106.
11. Levy JH, Tanaka KA, Hursting MJ. Reducing thrombotic complications in the perioperative setting: An update on heparin induced thrombocytopenia. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:570-82. (Pubitemid 47300828)
12. Bennett-Guerrero E, Slaughter TF, White WD, et al. Preoperative anti-PF4/heparin antibody level predicts adverse outcome after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130:1567-72. (Pubitemid 41676920)
13. Mullen MP, Wessel DL, Thomas KC, et al. The incidence and implications of anti-heparin-platelet factor 4 antibody formation in a pediatric cardiac surgical population. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:371-8.
14. Greinacher A, Levy JH. HIT happens: Diagnosing and evaluating the patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:356-8.
15. Severin T, Zieger B, Sutor AH. Anticoagulation with recombinant hirudin and danaparoid sodium in pediatric patients. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2002;28:447-54. (Pubitemid 35217490)
16. Kelton JG. The pathophysiology of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Biological basis for treatment. Chest. 2005;127(Suppl):9s-20s.
17. Warkentin T. New approaches to the diagnosis of heparin induced thrombocytopenia. Chest. 2005;127(Suppl):35s-45s.
18. Basci S, DePalma R, Visentin GP, Gorski J, Aster RH. Complexes of heparin and platelet factor 4 specifically stimulate T cells from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Blood. 1999;94:208-15. (Pubitemid 29300151)
19. Risch L, Huber AR, Schmugge M. Diagnosis and treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in neonates and children. Thromb Res. 2006;118:123-35. (Pubitemid 44262224)
20. Levy JH, Winkler AM. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and cardiac surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23:74-9.
21. Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(Suppl 1):9-12.
22. Martel N, Lee J, Wells PS. Risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis: A meta-analysis. Blood. 2005;106:2710-5. (Pubitemid 41510744)
23. Severin T, Sutor AH. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in pediatrics. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2001;27:293-9. (Pubitemid 32550171)
24. Menajovsky LB. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Clinical manifestations and management strategies. Am J Med. 2005;118(Suppl 8A):21-30.
25. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Recognition, treatment and prevention. Chest. 2004;126:311s-37s.
26. Jy W, Mao WW, Horstman LL, Valant PA, Ahn YS. A flow cytometric assay of platelet activation marker P-selectin (CD62P) distinguishes heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) from HIT with thrombosis (HITT). Thromb Haemost. 1999;82:1255-9. (Pubitemid 29473788)
27. Lo GK, Warkentin TE. Preliminary evaluation of a clinical scoring system for estimating the pretest probability of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: The "4 T's". Blood. 2003;102:536a.
28. Ortel T. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: When a low platelet count is mandate for anticoagulation. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program). 2009:225-32.
29. Deitcher S, Topoulos AP, Bartholomew JR, Kichuk-Chrisant M. Lepirudin anticoagulation for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Pediatr. 2002;140:264-6. (Pubitemid 34183673)
30. Lubenow N, Greinacher A. Drugs for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis in patients with heparin induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2001;1:429-43.
31. Arepally GM, Ortel TL. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:809-17. (Pubitemid 44285586)
32. Greinacher A, Warkentin TE. Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, 3rd Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 2004:335-70.
33. Gates R, Yost P, Parker B. The use of bivalirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass anticoagulation in pediatric heparin-induced thrombocytopenia patients. Artif Organs. 2010;34:667-9.
34. Potter KE, Raj A, Sullivan JE. Argatroban for anticoagulation in pediatric patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring extracorporeal life support. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2007;29:265-8. (Pubitemid 46597693)
35. Alsoufi B, Boshkov LK, Kirby A, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) in pediatric cardiac surgery: An emerging cause of morbidity and mortality. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2004;7:155-7.
36. Kawada T, Kitagawa H, Hoson M, Okada Y, Shiomura J. Clinical application of argatroban as an alternative anticoagulant for extracorporeal circulation. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2000;14:445-57. (Pubitemid 30241190)
37. Dager WE, Gosselin RC, Yoshikawa R, Owings JT. Lepirudin in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and extracorporeal membranous oxygenation. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:598-601. (Pubitemid 38352221)
38. Knoderer CA, Knoderer HM, Turrentine MW, Kumar M. Lepirudin anticoagulation for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after cardiac surgery in a pediatric patient. Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26:709-12. (Pubitemid 43673055)
39. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A. Bivalirudin. Thromb Haemost. 2008;99:830-9.
40. Selleng K, Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:1165-76. (Pubitemid 46598970)
41. Casserly IP, Kereiakes DJ, Gray WA, et al. Point-of-care ecarin clotting time versus activated clotting time in correlation with bivalirudin concentration. Thromb Res. 2004;113:115-21. (Pubitemid 38534488)
42. Jabr K, Johnson JH, McDonald MH, et al. Plasma-modified ACT can be used to monitor bivalirudin (angiomax) anticoagulation for onpump cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2004;36:174-7. (Pubitemid 38924746)
43. Dyke CM, Koster A, Veale JJ, Maier GW, McNiff T, Levy JH. Preemptive use of bivalirudin for urgent on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with potential heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:299-303. (Pubitemid 40840227)
44. Dyke CM, Smedira NG, Koster A, et al. A comparison of bivalirudin to heparin with protamine reversal in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: The EVOLUTION-ON study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131:533-9.
45. Smedira NG, Dyke CM, Koster A, et al. Anticoagulation with bivalirudin for offpump coronary artery bypass grafting: The results of the EVOLUTION-OFF study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131:686-92.
46. Young G. New anticoagulants in children. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program). 2008:245-50.
47. Young G, Tarantino MD, Wohrly J, Weber LC, Belvedere M, Nugent DJ. Pilot dose-finding and safety study of bivalirudin in infants <6 months of age with thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:1654-9. (Pubitemid 47091407)
48. Koster A, Weng Y, Bottcher W, Gromann T, Kuppe H, Hetzer R. Successful use of bivalirudin in a patient with acute HIT. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:1865-7. (Pubitemid 46616760)
49. Mejak B, Giacomuzzi C, Heller E, et al. Argatroban usage for anticoagulation for ECMO on a post-cardiac patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2004;36:178-81. (Pubitemid 38924747)
50. Scott LK, Grier LR, Conrad SA. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a patient receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with argatroban. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2006;7:473-5.
51. Tcheng WY, Wong WY. Successful use of argatroban in pediatric patients requiring anticoagulant alternatives to heparin. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts). 2004;104:4085.