Marine genetic resources beyond national jurisdiction - Coordination and harmonisation of governance regimes

Environmental Policy and Law

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 35-42

  Broggiato, Arianna ^a  

^a European Bureau for Conservation and Development (EBCD)   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENETIC RESOURCE; GOVERNANCE APPROACH;

EID: 79952964498     PISSN: 0378777X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. United Nations General Assembly. 2007. "Oceans and the Law of the Sea: Report of the Secretary General", para. 150. UN Doc. A/62/66, 12 March 2007.
2. United Nations University (UNU). 2007. "An Update on Marine Genetic Resources: Scientifc Research, Commercial Uses and a Database on Marine Bioprospecting". Report prepared for UNICPOLOS eighth meeting, New York, 25-29 June 2007.
3. The UK biotechnology company Aquapharm declared that, in 2007, 10 percent of the genetic material used for research was collected in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction, and it estimated that this percentage would increase in the years to come.
4. See Parliamentary Offce of Science and Technology. 2007. "New Industries in the Deep Sea". POSTnote 288.
5. Supra note 2.
6. Allen, H. 2001. "Protecting the Oceanic Gardens of Eden: International Law Issues in Deep Sea Vent Resources Conservation and Management". Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 13:563-660.
7. Arico, S. and Salpin, C. 2005. Bioprospecting of Genetic Resources in the Deep Seabed: Scientifc, Legal and Policy Aspects, 5.3.1. UNU-IAS Report. Yokohama: UNU-Institute of Advanced Studies;
8. and Leary, D. K. 2007. International Law and the Genetic Resources of the Deep Sea. Leiden and Boston: Martinus Nijhoff.
9. Scovazzi, T. 2004. "Mining, Protection of the Environment, Scientifc Research and Bioprospecting: Some Considerations on the Role of the International Sea-Bed Authority". International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 19(4):383-410.
10. Glowka, L. 1996. "The Deepest of Ironies: Genetic Resources, Marine Scientifc Research, and the Area". Ocean Yearbook 12:154-177.
11. This is because developing the necessary technologies requires huge fnancial resources, which are still not proportionate to the eventual revenues from the exploitation of the minerals, considering their current market price.
12. Supra note 8.
13. Scovazzi, T. 2006. "The Concept of Common Heritage of Mankind and the Resources of the Seabed beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction".
14. Treves, T. 2010. "Principles and Objectives of the Legal Regime Governing Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction". In: Molenaar, E. J. and Oude Elferink, A. G. (Eds) The International Legal Regime of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Current and Future Developments. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
15. UNEP CBD. 2003. "Marine and Coastal Biodiversity: Review, Further Elaboration and Refnement of the Programme of Work. Study of the relationship between the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea with regard to the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources on the deep seabed", para. 39. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/8/INF/3/ Rev. 1, 22 February 2003.
16. Scovazzi, T. 1996. "Special Report: Biodiversity in the Deep Seabed". In Handl, G. et al. (Eds) Yearbook of International Environmental Law. Volume 7. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
17. Scovazzi, T. 1996. "Special Report: Biodiversity in the Deep Seabed". In Handl, G. et al. (Eds) Yearbook of International Environmental Law. Volume 7. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
18. Gorina-Ysern, M. 1998. "Marine Scientifc Research Activities as the Legal Basis for Intellectual Property Claims?" Marine Policy 22:338-340;
19. Walden, I. 1995. "Preserving Biodiversity: the Role of Property Rights". In: Swanson, T. (Ed.) Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity Conservation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. See also Walden, I. 1996. "Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity". In: Bowman, M. and Redgwell, C. (Eds) International Law and the Conservation of Biological Diversity. Kluwer Law International.
21. International Seabed Authority. 2000. "Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area". Annex to Decision ISBA/6/A/18.
22. International Seabed Authority. 2002. "Recommendations for the guidance of the contractors for the assessment of the possible environmental impacts arising from exploration for polymetallic nodules in the Area". ISBA/7/LTC/1/Rev. 1, issued by the Legal and Technical Commission.
23. Supra note 17, Regulations 2.2 and 2.3.
24. Supra note 13.
25. For detailed analysis see Gjerde, K. M. 2008. Regulatory and Governance Gaps in the International Regime for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction. IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Papers online - Marine Series No. 1. Gland: IUCN;
26. and for possible solutions, Gjerde, K. M. 2008. Options for Addressing Regulatory and Governance Gaps in the International Regime for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction. IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Papers online - Marine Series No. 2. Gland: IUCN.
27. As suggested by the European Community during the Second meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-Ended Informal Working Group to Study Issues Related to the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, UN Headquarters, April-May 2008.
28. The 1883 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property; the 1886 Bern Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works; the 1971 (revised in 1991) International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants; the 1977 Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedures; the Patent Cooperation Treaty;
29. the Patent Law Treaty; the draft Substantive Patent Law Treaty (WIPO 2010);
30. the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement, Annex 1C of the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (1994) ILM 1197.
31. The 1973 (revised in 2007) European Patent Convention and the 1998 Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions.
32. Supra note 2.
33. Pavoni, R. 2004. Biodiversità e Biotecnologie nel Diritto Internazionale e Comunitario. Milan: Giuffrè.
34. The Antarctic Area is considered by most States as an area beyond national jurisdiction.
35. For a detailed analysis of the frst two meetings see Broggiato, A. 2008. "Marine Biological Diversity Beyond Areas of National Jurisdiction". Environmental Policy and Law 38(4):182-188.
36. United Nations General Assembly. 2007. "Report on the work of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea at its eighth meeting". UN Doc. A/62/169, 30 July 2007.
37. Resolution 7, "Biological Prospecting in Antarctica", Twenty-eighth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, 6-17 June 2005, Stockholm;
38. Resolution 9, "Collection and Use of Antarctic Biological Material", Thirty-second Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, 6-17 April 2009, Baltimore MD.
39. Information Paper 106, "Industry Involvement in Antarctic Bioprospecting", Twenty-seventh Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, 24 May-4 June 2004, Cape Town.