Chemotherapy and antibody combinations for relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 443-455

  Halwani, Ahmad S ^a   Link, Brian K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

chemotherapy; monoclonal antibodies; radioimmunotherapy; relapsed non Hodgkin's lymphoma

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; ALPHA INTERFERON; BENDAMUSTINE; BORTEZOMIB; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; FLUDARABINE; GEMCITABINE; IBRITUMOMAB TIUXETAN; IFOSFAMIDE; LENALIDOMIDE; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MITOXANTRONE; OXALIPLATIN; PLATINUM COMPLEX; PREDNISONE; RITUXIMAB; TEMOZOLOMIDE; THALIDOMIDE; TOPOTECAN; TOSITUMOMAB I 131; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCRISTINE;

ANTIBODY RESPONSE; AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; B CELL LEUKEMIA; B CELL LYMPHOMA; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RELAPSE; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; CUTANEOUS T CELL LYMPHOMA; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; FATIGUE; FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA; HUMAN; HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPONATREMIA; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA; LUNG ASPERGILLOSIS; LYMPHOCYTOMA; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; LYMPHOMA; MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NEUTROPENIA; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL T CELL LYMPHOMA; PNEUMONIA; PRIMARY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LYMPHOMA; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; REVIEW; T CELL LYMPHOMA; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT PLANNING; WALDENSTROEM MACROGLOBULINEMIA;

ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HUMANS; LYMPHOMA, NON-HODGKIN; RECURRENCE;

EID: 79952953693     PISSN: 14737140     EISSN: 17448328     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/era.11.9     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2010. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA (2010)
2. Pfreundschuh M, Trümper L, Österborg A, et al. CHOP-like chemotherapy plus rituximab versus CHOP-like chemotherapy alone in young patients with good-prognosis diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a randomised controlled trial by the MabThera International Trial (MInT) Group. Lancet Oncol. 7(5), 379-391 (2006)
3. Coiffier B, Lepage E, Briere J, et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 346(4), 235-242 (2002) (Pubitemid 34438862)
4. van Oers MH, Klasa R, Marcus RE, et al. Rituximab maintenance improves clinical outcome of relapsed/resistant follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients both with and without rituximab during induction: results of a prospective randomized Phase 3 intergroup trial. Blood 108(10), 3295-3301 (2006) (Pubitemid 44794222)
5. Forstpointner R, Dreyling M, Repp R, et al. The addition of rituximab to a combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone (FCM) significantly increases the response rate and prolongs survival as compared with FCM alone in patients with relapsed and refractory follicular and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 104(10), 3064-3071 (2004) (Pubitemid 39517009)
6. Alas S, Bonavida B. Rituximab inactivates signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) activity in B-non-Hodgkin's lymphoma through inhibition of the interleukin 10 autocrine/paracrine loop and results in downregulation of Bcl-2 and sensitization to cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Res. 61(13), 5137-5144 (2001) (Pubitemid 32681546)
7. Cartron G, Dacheux L, Salles G, et al. Therapeutic activity of humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and polymorphism in IgG Fc receptor FcgRIIIa gene. Blood 99(3), 754-758 (2002) (Pubitemid 34525533)
8. Golay J, Zaffaroni L, Vaccari T, et al. Biologic response of B lymphoma cells to anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in vitro: CD55 and CD59 regulate complement-mediated cell lysis. Blood 95(12), 3900-3908 (2000) (Pubitemid 30412866)
9. Gribben JG, Hallek M. Rediscovering alemtuzumab: current and emerging therapeutic roles. Br. J. Haematol. 144(6), 818-831 (2009)
10. Goldenberg MD. The role of radiolabeled antibodies in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: the coming of age of radioimmunotherapy. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 39(1-2), 195-201 (2001)
11. Ahmed S, Winter JN, Gordon LI, Evens AM. Radioimmunotherapy for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: current status and future applications. Leuk. Lymphoma 51(7), 1163-1177 (2010)
12. Alas S, Emmanouilides C, Bonavida B. Inhibition of interleukin 10 by rituximab results in down-regulation of bcl-2 and sensitization of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to apoptosis. Clin. Cancer Res. 7(3), 709-723 (2001) (Pubitemid 32707998)
13. Wilson KS, Sehn LH, Berry B, et al. CHOP-R therapy overcomes the adverse prognostic influence of Bcl-2 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk. Lymphoma 48(6), 1102-1109 (2007) (Pubitemid 47009200)
14. Mounier N, Briere J, Gisselbrecht C, et al. Rituximab plus CHOP (R-CHOP) overcomes bcl-2-associated resistance to chemotherapy in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Blood 101(11), 4279-4284 (2003) (Pubitemid 36857789)
15. Furlan A, Villanova F, Pietrogrande F, Celadin M, Sanzari M, Vianello F. Low-dose fludarabine increases rituximab cytotoxicity in B-cells by triggering caspases activation in vitro. Leuk. Lymphoma 51(1), 107-113 (2010)
16. Richardson PG, Laubach J, Mitsiades C, et al. Tailoring treatment for multiple myeloma patients with relapsed and refractory disease. Oncology (Williston Park, NY) 24(3 Suppl. 2), 22-29 (2010)
17. Zhang L, Qian Z, Cai Z, et al. Synergistic antitumor effects of lenalidomide and rituximab on mantle cell lymphoma in vitro and in vivo. Am. J. Hematol. 84(9), 553-559 (2009)
18. Wang M, Han XH, Zhang L, et al. Bortezomib is synergistic with rituximab and cyclophosphamide in inducing apoptosis of mantle cell lymphoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Leukemia 22(1), 179-185 (2007)
19. Armitage JO. How I treat patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 110(1), 29-36 (2007) (Pubitemid 47026815)
20. Philip T, Guglielmi C, Hagenbeek A, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation as compared with salvage chemotherapy in relapses of chemotherapy-sensitive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 333(23), 1540-1545 (1995)
21. Gisselbrecht C. Use of rituximab in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the salvage setting. Br. J. Haematol. 143(5), 607-621 (2008)
22. Moskowitz CH, Bertino JR, Glassman JR, et al. Ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide: a highly effective cytoreduction and peripheral-blood progenitor-cell mobilization regimen for transplant-eligible patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 17(12), 3776-3785 (1999)
23. Sud R, Friedberg JW. Salvage therapy for relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: impact of prior rituximab. Haematologica 93(12), 1776-1780 (2008)
24. Vellenga E, van Putten WLJ, van?t Veer MB, et al. Rituximab improves the treatment results of DHAP-VIM-DHAP and ASCT in relapsed/progressive aggressive CD20+ NHL: a prospective randomized HOVON trial. Blood 111(2), 537-543 (2008)
25. Martin A, Conde E, Arnan M, et al. R-ESHAP as salvage therapy for patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: the influence of prior exposure to rituximab on outcome. A GEL/TAMO study. Haematologica 93(12), 1829-1836 (2008)
26. Gisselbrecht C, Glass B, Mounier N, et al. R-ICE versus R-DHAP in relapsed patients with CD20 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation: CORAL study. J. Clin. Oncol. (Meeting Abstracts) 27(15S), 8509-8509 (2009)
27. Calvo-Villas JM, Martin A, Conde E, et al. Effect of addition of rituximab to salvage chemotherapy on outcome of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma relapsing after an autologous stem-cell transplantation. Ann. Oncol. 21(9), 1891-1897 (2010)
28. Gisselbrecht C, Glass B, Mounier N, et al. Salvage regimens with autologous transplantation for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(27), 4184-4190 (2010)
29. Sweetenham JW. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: risk stratification and management of relapsed disease. Hematology 2005(1), 252-259 (2005)
30. López A, Gutiérrez A, Palacios A, et al. GEMOX-R regimen is a highly effective salvage regimen in patients with refractory/relapsing diffuse large-cell lymphoma: a Phase II study. Eur. J. Haematol. 80(2), 127-132 (2008)
31. El Gnaoui T, Dupuis J, Belhadj K, et al. Rituximab, gemcitabine and oxaliplatin: an effective salvage regimen for patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoma not candidates for high-dose therapy. Ann. Oncol. 18(8), 1363-1368 (2007) (Pubitemid 47305011)
32. Vacirca JL, Acs PI, Shimkus BJ, Rosen PJ. Bendamustine/rituximab in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. (Meeting Abstracts) 28(Suppl. 15), 8041-8041 (2010)
33. Ivanov V, Tabouret E, Chuto G, et al. Rituximab -lenalidomide -dexamethasone induces complete and durable remission in relapsed refractory diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk. Lymphoma 51(9), 1-3 (2010)
34. Vitolo U, Ferreri AJM, Montoto S. Follicular lymphomas. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 66(3), 248-261 (2008)
35. Friedberg JW, Taylor MD, Cerhan JR, et al. Follicular lymphoma in the United States: first report of the national LymphoCare study. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(8), 1202-1208 (2009)
36. Marcus R, Imrie K, Solal-Celigny P, et al. Phase III study of R-CVP compared with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone alone in patients with previously untreated advanced follicular lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(28), 4579-4586 (2008)
37. Salles GA, Seymour JF, Feugier P. Rituximab maintenance for 2 years in patients with untreated high tumor burden follicular lymphoma after response to immunochemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. (Meeting Abstracts) 28(Suppl. 15), 8004 (2010)
38. Rummel MJ, Al-Batran SE, Kim S-Z, et al. Bendamustine plus rituximab is effective and has a favorable toxicity profile in the treatment of mantle cell and low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(15), 3383-3389 (2005)
39. Solal-Celigny P, Roy P, Colombat P, et al. Follicular lymphoma international prognostic index. Blood 104(5), 1258-1265 (2004) (Pubitemid 39166497)
40. Friedberg JW, Vose JM, Kelly JL, et al. Bendamustine, bortezomib and rituximab in patients relapsed/refractory indolent and mantle cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): a multicenter Phase II clinical trial. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 114(22), 924-924 (2009)
41. Fowler N, Kahl BS, Rosen P, et al. Bortezomib, bendamustine, and rituximab in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: encouraging activity in the Phase 2 VERTICAL study. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 114(22), 933-933 (2009)
42. Weide R, Hess G, Köppler H, et al. High anti-lymphoma activity of bendamustine/mitoxantrone/rituximab in rituximab pretreated relapsed or refractory indolent lymphomas and mantle cell lymphomas. A multicenter Phase II study of the German low grade lymphoma study Group (GLSG). Leuk. Lymphoma 48(7), 1299-1306 (2007)
43. DeRook I, Odonnell RT, Noble B, Quirch C, Tuscano J. R2: Preliminary results of a Phase II study of lenalidomide and rituximab in relapsed/refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 112(11), 3060 (2008)
44. Dutia M, DeRoock I, Chee K, et al. R2: preliminary results of a Phase II study of lenalidomide and rituximab in relapsed/refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 114(22), 1679-1679 (2009)
45. Ahmadi T, Chong EA, Gordon A, et al. Phase II trial of lenalidomide-dexamethasone-rituximab in relapsed or refractory indolent B-cell or mantle cell lymphomas resistant to rituximab. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 114(22), 1700 (2009)
46. Vidal L, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovici L, et al. Rituximab maintenance for the treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 101(4), 248-255 (2009)
47. Ujjani C, Cheson BD. Monoclonal antibodies in advanced B-cell lymphomas. Oncology (Williston Park, NY) 24(2), 156-166 (2010)
48. Borgerding A, Hasenkamp J, Glass B, Wulf G, Trümper L. Rituximab retherapy in patients with relapsed aggressive B cell and mantle cell lymphoma. Ann. Hematol. 89(3), 283-289 (2009)
49. Wang M, Fayad L, Cabanillas F, et al. Phase 2 trial of rituximab plus hyper-CVAD alternating with rituximab plus methotrexate-cytarabine for relapsed or refractory aggressive mantle cell lymphoma. Cancer 113(10), 2734-2741 (2008)
50. Garbo LE, Flynn PJ, MacRae MA, Rauch MA, Wang Y, Kolibaba KS. Results of a Phase II trial of gemcitabine, mitoxantrone, and rituximab in relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Invest. New Drugs 27(5), 476-481 (2009)
51. Wang L, Fayad L, Hagemeister FB, et al. A Phase I/II study of lenalidomide in combination with rituximab in relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 114(22), 2719-2719 (2009)
52. Batchelor T, Carson K, O?Neill A, et al. Treatment of primary CNS lymphoma with methotrexate and deferred radiotherapy: a report of NABTT 96-07. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(6), 1044-1049 (2003) (Pubitemid 46594133)
53. Rubenstein JL, Fridlyand J, Abrey L, et al. Phase I study of intraventricular administration of rituximab in patients with recurrent CNS and intraocular lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(11), 1350-1356 (2007) (Pubitemid 46706881)
54. Rubenstein JL, Combs D, Rosenberg J, et al. Rituximab therapy for CNS lymphomas: targeting the leptomeningeal compartment. Blood 101(2), 466-468 (2003) (Pubitemid 36077565)
55. Chamberlain MC, Nolan C, Abrey LE. Leukemic and lymphomatous meningitis: incidence, prognosis and treatment. J. Neuroonc. 75(1), 71-83 (2005) (Pubitemid 41548680)
56. Carrabba MG, Reni M, Foppoli M, et al. Treatment approaches for primary CNS lymphomas. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 11(8), 1263-1276 (2010)
57. Enting RH, Demopoulos A, DeAngelis LM, Abrey LE. Salvage therapy for primary CNS lymphoma with a combination of rituximab and temozolomide. Neurology 63(5), 901-903 (2004) (Pubitemid 39297656)
58. Wong ET, Tishler R, Barron L, Wu JK. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab and temozolomide for central nervous system lymphomas. Cancer 101(1), 139-145 (2004) (Pubitemid 38812433)
59. Reni M, Zaja F, Mason W, et al. Temozolomide as salvage treatment in primary brain lymphomas. Br. J. Cancer 96(6), 864-867 (2007) (Pubitemid 46452291)
60. Treon SP, Branagan AR, Ioakimidis L, et al. Long-term outcomes to fludarabine and rituximab in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Blood 113(16), 3673-3678 (2009)
61. Treon SP, Hunter Z, Barnagan AR. CHOP plus rituximab therapy in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Clin. Lymphoma 5(4), 273-277 (2005) (Pubitemid 40614242)
62. Ghobrial IM, Hong F, Padmanabhan S, et al. Phase II trial of weekly bortezomib in combination with rituximab in relapsed or relapsed and refractory Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(8), 1422-1428 (2010)
63. Treon SP, Steven P. Thalidomide and rituximab in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Blood 112(12), 4452-4457 (2008)
64. Lim MS, de Leval L, Quintanilla-Martinez L. Commentary on the 2008 WHO classification of mature T-and NK-cell neoplasms. J. Hematop. 2(2), 65-73 (2009)
65. Enblad G, Hagberg H, Erlanson M, et al. A pilot study of alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody) therapy for patients with relapsed or chemotherapy-refractory peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Blood 103(8), 2920-2924 (2004) (Pubitemid 38451660)
66. Armitage J, Vose J, Weisenburger D. International peripheral T-cell and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma study: pathology findings and clinical outcomes. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(25), 4124-4130 (2008)
67. Ginaldi L, De Martinis M, Matutes E, et al. Levels of expression of CD52 in normal and leukemic B and T cells: correlation with in vivo therapeutic responses to Campath-1H. Leuk. Res. 22(2), 185-191 (1998) (Pubitemid 28185349)
68. Kluin-Nelemans JC, Van Marwijk KM, Lugtenburg PJ, Wijermans PW, Van Putten WJL, van Imhoff GW. Alemtuzumab-CHOP for aggressive T cell lymphoma. A Phase II HOVON 69 trial. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 112(11), 1999-1999 (2008)
69. Kim SJ, Kim K, Park Y, et al. Dose modification of alemtuzumab in combination with dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin in patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: analysis of efficacy and toxicity. Invest. New Drugs DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9523-2 (2010) (Epub ahead of print)
70. Weidmann E, Hess G, Chow KU, et al. A Phase II study of alemtuzumab, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin (Campath-FCD) in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Leuk. Lymphoma 51(3), 447-455 (2010)
71. Rupoli S, Goteri G, Picardi P, et al. Alemtuzumab in combination with interferon-{alpha} or gemcitabine in aggressive and advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: report of preliminary results. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 112(11), 5000-5000 (2008)
72. Witzig TE, Wiernik PH, Moore T, et al. Lenalidomide oral monotherapy produces durable responses in relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(32), 5404-5409 (2009)
73. Borghaei H, Smith M, Millenson M, Shafer D, Thibodeau L, Schilder R. Phase I trial of combination therapy with 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan and gemcitabine in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 108(11), 4710-4710 (2006)
74. ®; 90Y-Zevalin) combined with the redox-active agent motexafin gadolinium (MGd): prompt and high remission rates in patients with rituximabrefractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 110(11), 2558 (2007)
75. Gopal AK, Rajendran JG, Gooley TA, et al. High-dose [131I]tositumomab (anti-CD20) radioimmunotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for adults 60 years old with relapsed or refractory B-cell Lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(11), 1396-1402 (2007) (Pubitemid 46706888)
76. Winter JN, Inwards DJ, Spies S, et al. Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan doses calculated to deliver up to 15 Gy to critical organs may be safely combined with high-dose BEAM and autologous transplantation in relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(10), 1653-1659 (2009)
77. Tsimberidou A-M, Keating MJ. Treatment of fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 115(13), 2824-2836 (2009)
78. Keating MJ, O?Brien S, Lerner S, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) receiving fludarabine regimens as initial therapy. Blood 92(4), 1165-1171 (1998) (Pubitemid 28369029)
79. Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Hopfinger G, et al. Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide versus fludarabine alone in first-line therapy of younger patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 107(3), 885-891 (2006) (Pubitemid 43156283)
80. Catovsky D, Richards S, Matutes E, et al. Assessment of fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (the LRF CLL4 Trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 370(9583), 230-239 (2007) (Pubitemid 47069536)
81. Flinn IW, Neuberg DS, Grever MR, et al. Phase III trial of fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide compared with fludarabine for patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: US intergroup trial E2997. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(7), 793-798 (2007) (Pubitemid 350002879)
82. Lin TS, Donohue KA, Byrd JC, et al. Consolidation therapy with subcutaneous alemtuzumab after fludarabine and rituximab induction therapy for previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: final analysis of CALGB 10101. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(29), 4500-4506 (2010)
83. Byrd JC, Peterson BL, Rai KR, et al. Fludarabine followed by alemtuzumab consolidation for previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: final report of Cancer and Leukemia Group B study 19901. Leuk. Lymphoma 50(10), 1589-1596 (2009)
84. Hainsworth JD, Vazquez ER, Spigel DR, et al. Combination therapy with fludarabine and rituximab followed by alemtuzumab in the first-line treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma: a Phase 2 trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. Cancer 112(6), 1288-1295 (2008) (Pubitemid 351429744)
85. O?Brien SM, Kantarjian HM, Cortes J, et al. Results of the fludarabine and cyclophosphamide combination regimen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 19(5), 1414-1420 (2001) (Pubitemid 32202548)
86. McLaughlin P, Grillo-Lopez AJ, Link BK, et al. Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J. Clin. Oncol. 16(8), 2825-2833 (1998) (Pubitemid 28363048)
87. Keating MJ, Flinn I, Jain V, et al. Therapeutic role of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) in patients who have failed fludarabine: results of a large international study. Blood 99(10), 3554-3561 (2002) (Pubitemid 34534522)
88. Stilgenbauer S, Zenz T, Winkler D, et al. Subcutaneous alemtuzumab in fludarabinerefractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: clinical results and prognostic marker analyses from the CLL2H study of the German Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(24), 3994-4001 (2009)
89. Byrd JC, Peterson BL, Morrison VA, et al. Randomized Phase 2 study of fludarabine with concurrent versus sequential treatment with rituximab in symptomatic, untreated patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9712 (CALGB 9712). Blood 101(1), 6-14 (2003) (Pubitemid 36025880)
90. Schulz H, Klein SK, Rehwald U, et al. Phase 2 study of a combined immunochemotherapy using rituximab and fludarabine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 100(9), 3115-3120 (2002) (Pubitemid 35217057)
91. Del Poeta G, Del Principe MI, Consalvo MAI, et al. The addition of rituximab to fludarabine improves clinical outcome in untreated patients with ZAP-70-negative chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 104(12), 2743-2752 (2005) (Pubitemid 41798284)
92. Keating MJ, O?Brien S, Albitar M, et al. Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(18), 4079-4088 (2005) (Pubitemid 46211313)
93. Wierda W, O?Brien S, Wen S, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab for relapsed and refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(18), 4070-4078 (2005) (Pubitemid 46211312)
94. Robak T, Dmoszynska A, Solal-Céligny P, et al. Rituximab plus fludarabine and cyclophosphamide prolongs progressionfree survival compared with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide alone in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(10), 1756-1765 (2010)
95. Hallek M, Fischer K, Fingerle-Rowson G, et al. Addition of rituximab to fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a randomised, open-label, Phase 3 trial. Lancet 376(9747), 1164-1174 (2010)
96. Wierda WG, Kipps TJ, Durig J, et al. Ofatumumab combined with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (O-FC) shows high activity in patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): results from a randomized, multicenter, international, two-dose, parallel group, Phase II trial. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 114(22), 207 (2009)
97. Elter T, James R, Stilgenbauer S, Ritgen M, Hallek M, Engert A. Chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and alemtuzumab in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL: interim analysis of the CLL2L trial of the German CLL study group. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 112(11), 3170 (2008)
98. Badoux XC, Keating M, O?Brien S, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with cyclophosphomide, fludarabine, alemtuzumab and rituximab (CFAR) is effective in relapsed patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 114(22), 3431 (2009)
99. ®) versus fludarabine alone as second-line treatment of patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: preliminary results from a Phase III randomized trial. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 114(22), 537 (2009)
100. Lepretre S, Aurran T, Mahe B, et al. Immunochemotherapy with fludarabine (F), cyclophosphamide (C), and rituximab (R; FCR) versus fludarabine (F), cyclophosphamide (C) and mabcampath (Cam; FCCam) in previously untreated patients (pts) with advanced B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL): experience on safety and efficacy within a randomised multicenter Phase III trial of the French cooperative group on CLL and WM (FCGCLL/MW) and the ?roupe Ouest-Est d?Etudes Des Leucemies Aigues Et Autres Maladies Du sang? (GOELAMS): CLL2007FMP (for fit medically patients). Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 114(22), 538-538 (2009)
101. ClinicalTrials.gov: Study of Lenalidomide (Revlimid) Plus Rituximab (Revlirit Regimen) in Elderly Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) http://clinicaltrials.gov
102. ClinicalTrials.gov: Lenalidomide and Rituximab in the Treatment of Relapsed Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) and Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma http://clinicaltrials.gov