Airborne endotoxin from indoor and outdoor environments: Effect of sample dilution on the kinetic limulus amebocyte lysate (lal) assay

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 147-153

  Dungan, Robert S ^a  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Agriculture; Airborne; Dairy; Endotoxin; Limulus amebocyte lysate assay; Swine

Indexed keywords

ENDOTOXIN;

AGRICULTURE; AIR POLLUTANT; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; DAIRYING; HUMAN; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; LIMULUS LYSATE TEST; METHODOLOGY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; STANDARD; SWINE; WATER MANAGEMENT;

AGRICULTURE; AIR POLLUTANTS, OCCUPATIONAL; AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; ANIMALS; DAIRYING; ENDOTOXINS; HUMANS; LIMULUS TEST; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SWINE; WATER PURIFICATION;

EID: 79952934229     PISSN: 15459624     EISSN: 15459632     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2011.555256     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Milton, D.K.: Chapter 4, Endotoxin. In Bioaerosols, H.A. Burge (ed.). New York: Lewis Publishers, 1995, pp. 77–86.
2. Zock, J.-P., A. Hollander, D. Heederik, et al.: Acute lung function changes and low endotoxin exposures in the potato processing industry. Am. J. Ind. Med. 33:384–391 (1998).
3. Rylander, R.: Endotoxin in the air. Good or bad for you? Clin. Pulm. Med. 14:140–147 (2007).
4. Liebers, V., M. Raulf-Heimsoth, and T. Brüning: Heath effects due to endotoxin inhalation (review). Arch. Toxicol. 82:203–210 (2008).
5. Castellan, R.M., S.A. Olenchock, K.B. Kinsley, et al.: Inhaled endotoxin and decreased spirometric values: An exposure-response relation for cotton dust. New Engl. J. Med. 317:605–610 (1987).
6. Jacobs, R.R.: Airborne endotoxins: An association with occupational lung disease. Appl. Ind. Hyg. 4:50–56 (1989).
7. Smid, T., D. Heederik, R. Houba, et al.: Dust- and endotoxin-related respiratory effects in the animal feed industry. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146:1474–1479 (1992).
8. Mastrangelo, G., V. Marzia, and G. Marcer: Reduced lung cancer mortality in dairy farmers: Is endotoxin exposure the key factor. Am. J. Ind. Med. 30:601–609 (1996).
9. Lange, J.H.: Reduced cancer rates in agricultural workers: A benefit of environmental and occupational endotoxin exposure. Med. Hypoth. 55:383–385 (2000).
10. Portengen, L., L. Preller, M. Tielen, et al.: Endotoxin exposure and atopic sensitization in adult pig farmers. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115:797–802 (2005).
11. Spaan, S., I.M. Wouters, I. Oosting, et al.: Exposure to inhalable dust and endotoxins in agricultural industries. J. Environ. Monit. 8:63–72 (2006).
12. Eduard, W.: Exposure to non-infectious microorganisms and endotoxins in agriculture. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 4:179–186 (2007).
13. Oldenburg, M., U. Latza, and X Baur: Exposure-response relationships between endotoxin exposure and lung function impairment in cotton textile workers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 80:388–395 (2007).
14. Heederik, D., and J. Douwes: Towards an occupational exposure limit for endotoxins. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 4:17–19 (1997).
15. European Committee for Standardization (CEN): Workplace Atmospheres—Determination of Airborne Endotoxins (EN 14031) [Standard]. Brussels: CEN, 2003.
16. Spaan, S., D.J. Heederik, P.S. Thorne, et al.: Optimization of airborne endotoxin exposure assessments: Effects of filter type, transport conditions, extraction solutions, and storage of samples and extracts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:6134–6143 (2007).
17. Spaan, S., G. Doekes, D. Heederik, et al.: Effect of extraction and assay media on analysis of airborne endotoxin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:3804–3811 (2008).
18. Dungan, R.S., and A.B. Leytem: The effect of extraction, storage, and analysis techniques on the measurement of airborne endotoxins from a large dairy. Aerobiol. 25:265–273 (2009).
19. Hollander, A., D. Heederik, P. Versloot, et al.: Inhibition and enhancement in the analysis of airborne endotoxin levels in various occupational environments. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 54:647–653 (1993).
20. Milton, D.K., D.K. Johnson, and J.H. Park: Environmental endotoxin measurement: Interference and sources of variation in the Limulus assay of house dust. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 58:861–867 (1997).
21. Reynolds, S.J., P.S. Thorne, K.J. Donham, et al.: Comparison of endotoxin assays using agricultural dusts. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 63:430–438 (2002).
22. Reynolds, S.J., D.K. Milton, D. Heederik, et al.: Interlaboratory evaluation of endotoxin analyses in agricultural dusts—Comparison of LAL assay and mass spectrometry. J. Environ. Monit. 7:1371–1377 (2005).
23. Paulssen, J., E. Bjørnson, and D. Fystro: Ultrafiltration as a means to eliminate inhibition of the Limulus amoebocyte lystate (LAL) assay. Acta Path. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. Sect. B 93:73–75 (1985).
24. Roslansky, P.F., and T.J. Novitsky: Sensitivity of Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) to LAL-reactive glucans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2477–2483 (1991).
25. Thorne, P.S., S.J. Reynolds, D.K. Milton, et al.: Field evaluation of endotoxin air sampling assay methods. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 58:792–799 (1997).
26. Olenchock, S.A., D.M. Lewis, and J.C. Mull: Effects of different extraction protocols on endotoxin analysis of airborne grain dust. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 15:430–435 (1989).
27. Duchaine, C., P.S. Thorne, A. Mèriaux, et al.: Comparison of endotoxin exposure assessment by bioaerosol impinger and filter-samplingmethods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2775–2780 (2001).
28. Thorne, P.S., K.H. Bartlett, J. Phipps, et al.: Evaluation of five extraction protocols for quantification of endotoxin in metalworking fluid aerosol. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 47:31–36 (2003).
29. Douwes, J., P. Versloot, A. Hollander, et al.: Influence of various dust sampling and extraction methods on the measurement of airborne endotoxin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1763–1769 (1995).
30. Zucker, B.-A., and W Müller: Concentrations of airborne endotoxin in cow and calf stables. J. Aerosol. Sci. 29:217–221 (1998).
31. Bakutis, B., E. Monstviliene, and G. Januskeviciene: Analyses of airborne contamination with bacteria, endotoxins, and dust in livestock barns and poultry houses. Acta. Vet. Brno. 73:283–289 (2004).
32. Smit, L.A.M., S. Spaan, and D. Heederik: Endotoxin exposure and symptoms in wastewater treatment workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 48:30–39 (2005).
33. Schierl, R., A. Heise, U. Egger, et al.: Endotoxin concentrations in modern animal houses in southern Bavaria. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 14:129–136 (2007).
34. Seedorf, J., J. Hartung, M. Schröder, et al.: Concentrations and emissions of airborne endotoxins and microorganisms in livestock buildings in northern Europe. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 70:97–109 (1998).
35. Dutkiewicz, J., Z.J.H. Pomorski, J. Sitkowska, et al.: Airborne microorganisms and endotoxin in animal houses. Grana. 33:85–90 (1994).
36. Chang, C.W., H. Chung, C.F. Huang, et al.: Exposure assessment to airborne endotoxin, dust, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in open style swine houses. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 45:457–465 (2001).
37. Schulze, A., R.vanStrien, V. Ehrenstein, et al.: Ambient endotoxin level in an area with intensive livestock production. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 13:87–91 (2006).
38. Radon, K., B. Danuser, M. Iversen, et al.: Air contaminants in different European farming environments. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 9:41–48 (2002).