메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 20-27

Population trend and distribution of the Vulnerable common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius in the Mara Region of Kenya

Author keywords

Climatic variability; Hippopotamus amphibius; Kenya; land use change; Masai Mara; population dynamics

Indexed keywords

BIOMONITORING; CLIMATE VARIATION; ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS; HERBIVORE; LAND USE CHANGE; MAMMAL; POPULATION DECLINE; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; POPULATION STRUCTURE; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; SURVEY; VULNERABILITY;

EID: 79952903945     PISSN: 00306053     EISSN: 13653008     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0030605310000931     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (39)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 0001843736 scopus 로고
    • Order artiodactyla
    • eds J. Meester & H.W. Setzer Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA
    • ANSELL, W.F.H. (1971) Order Artiodactyla. In The Mammals of Africa: An Identification Manual (eds J. Meester & H.W. Setzer), pp. 1-84. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.
    • (1971) The Mammals of Africa: An Identification Manual , pp. 1-84
    • Ansell, W.F.H.1
  • 2
    • 57449086552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Census of hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibious (L) in the Upper Shire River, Malawi
    • BHIMA, R. (1996) Census of hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibious (L) in the Upper Shire River, Malawi. African Journal of Ecology, 34, 83-85.
    • (1996) African Journal of Ecology , vol.34 , pp. 83-85
    • Bhima, R.1
  • 3
    • 0024222149 scopus 로고
    • Biomass dynamics of grassland vegetation in Kenya
    • BOUTTON, T.W., TI ESZEN, L.L. & IMBAMBA, S.K. (1988) Biomass dynamics of grassland vegetation in Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 26, 89-101. (Pubitemid 19320842)
    • (1988) African Journal of Ecology , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 89-101
    • Boutton, T.W.1    Tieszen, L.L.2    Imbamba, S.K.3
  • 4
    • 0001780617 scopus 로고
    • Population trends of ungulates in and around Kenya's Masai Mara Reserve
    • eds A.R.E. Sinclair & P. Arcese University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA
    • BROTEN, M.D. & SAID, M. (1995) Population trends of ungulates in and around Kenya's Masai Mara Reserve. In Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem (eds A.R.E. Sinclair & P. Arcese), pp. 169-193. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.
    • (1995) Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of An Ecosystem , pp. 169-193
    • Broten, M.D.1    Said, M.2
  • 5
    • 0001686464 scopus 로고
    • Biomass and production of large African herbivores in relation to rainfall and primary production
    • COE, M.J., CUMMING, D.H. & PHILIPSON, J. (1976) Biomass and production of large African herbivores in relation to rainfall and primary production. Oecologia, 22, 341-354.
    • (1976) Oecologia , vol.22 , pp. 341-354
    • Coe, M.J.1    Cumming, D.H.2    Philipson, J.3
  • 7
    • 0344652280 scopus 로고
    • An ecological reconnaissance of the Mara plains in Kenya Colony
    • DARL ING, F.F. (1961) An ecological reconnaissance of the Mara plains in Kenya Colony. Wildlife Monographs, 5, 1-41.
    • (1961) Wildlife Monographs , vol.5 , pp. 1-41
    • Darl Ing, F.F.1
  • 9
    • 0023485544 scopus 로고
    • Status and trends of elephants in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem
    • DUBLIN, H.T. & DOUGLAS-HAMI LTON, I. (1987) Status and trends of elephants in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. African Journal of Ecology, 25, 19-33.
    • (1987) African Journal of Ecology , vol.25 , pp. 19-33
    • Dublin, H.T.1    Douglas-Hamilton, I.2
  • 10
    • 0023551389 scopus 로고
    • The efficiency of simulation-based multiple comparisons
    • DOI 10.2307/2531545
    • EDWARDS, D. & BERRY, J.J. (1987) The efficiency of simulation based multiple comparisons. Biometrics, 43, 913-928. (Pubitemid 18016777)
    • (1987) Biometrics , vol.43 , Issue.4 , pp. 913-928
    • Edwards, D.1    Berry, J.J.2
  • 12
    • 2542473500 scopus 로고
    • Unpublished Report, Series No 20, Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, Nairobi, Kenya
    • EPP, H. & AGATSIVA, J. (1980) Habitat types of the Mara-Narok Area, Western Kenya. Unpublished Report, Series No 20. Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, Nairobi, Kenya.
    • (1980) Habitat Types of the Mara-Narok Area, Western Kenya
    • Epp, H.1    Agatsiva, J.2
  • 14
    • 0010827574 scopus 로고
    • A study of the feeding habits of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius Linn.) in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, with some management implications
    • FIELD, C.R. (1970) A study of the feeding habits of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius Linn.) in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, with some management implications. Zoologica Africana, 5, 71-86.
    • (1970) Zoologica Africana , vol.5 , pp. 71-86
    • Field, C.R.1
  • 15
    • 0342618855 scopus 로고
    • The Afrotropical hippopotamuses Hippopotamus and Hexaprotodon
    • ed. W.R.L. Oliver IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
    • GRUBB, P. (1993) The Afrotropical hippopotamuses Hippopotamus and Hexaprotodon. Anatomy and description. In Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos (ed. W.R.L. Oliver), pp. 41-43. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
    • (1993) Anatomy and Description Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos , pp. 41-43
    • Grubb, P.1
  • 16
    • 0035940436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term changes in Mara-Serengeti wildlife and land cover: Pastoralists, population or policies?
    • Academy of Science
    • HOMEWOOD, K., LAMBIN, E.F., COAST, E., KARIUKI, A., KIKULA, I., KIVELIA, J. et al. (2001) Long-term changes in Mara-Serengeti wildlife and land cover: pastoralists, population or policies? Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 98, 12544-12549.
    • (2001) Proceedings of the National , vol.98 , pp. 12544-12549
    • Homewood, K.1    Lambin, E.F.2    Coast, E.3    Kariuki, A.4    Kikula, I.5    Kivelia, J.6
  • 18
    • 0030880605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small sample inference for fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood
    • DOI 10.2307/2533558
    • KENWARD, M.G. & ROGER, J.H. (1997) Small sample inference for fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood. Biometrics, 53, 983-997. (Pubitemid 27391027)
    • (1997) Biometrics , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 983-997
    • Kenward, M.G.1    Roger, J.H.2
  • 20
    • 0032469734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent trends and implications of group ranch sub-division and fragmentation in Kajiado District, Kenya
    • KIMANI, K. & PICKARD, J. (1998) Recent trends and implications of group ranch subdivision and fragmentation in Kajiado District, Kenya. Geographical Journal, 164, 202-213. (Pubitemid 29080124)
    • (1998) Geographical Journal , vol.164 , Issue.2 , pp. 202-213
    • Kimani, K.1    Pickard, J.2
  • 22
    • 0042667338 scopus 로고
    • The social organization and behaviour of Hippopotamus amphibius
    • eds I.B. Kayanja & E.L. Edroma ICSU, Paris, France
    • KL INGEL, H. (1991) The social organization and behaviour of Hippopotamus amphibius. In African Wildlife: Research and Management (eds I.B. Kayanja & E.L. Edroma), pp. 73-75. ICSU, Paris, France.
    • (1991) African Wildlife: Research and Management , pp. 73-75
    • Klingel, H.1
  • 23
    • 2542420273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expansion of human settlement in Kenya's Maasai Mara: What future for pastoralism and wildlife?
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01062.x
    • LAMPREY, R.H. & REID, R.S. (2004) Expansion of human settlement in Kenya's Masai Mara: what future for pastoralism and wildlife? Journal of Biogeography, 31, 997-1032. (Pubitemid 38681839)
    • (2004) Journal of Biogeography , vol.31 , Issue.6 , pp. 997-1032
    • Lamprey, R.H.1    Reid, R.S.2
  • 24
    • 0010735638 scopus 로고
    • Observation on reproduction in the hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibious
    • LAWS, R.M. & CLOUGH, G. (1966) Observation on reproduction in the hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibious. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London. 15, 117-140.
    • (1966) Symposium of the Zoological Society of London , vol.15 , pp. 117-140
    • Laws, R.M.1    Clough, G.2
  • 26
    • 0001531320 scopus 로고
    • The effects of hippopotamus grazing on grasslands
    • LOCK, J.M. (1972) The effects of hippopotamus grazing on grasslands. Journal of Ecology, 60, 445-467.
    • (1972) Journal of Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 445-467
    • Lock, J.M.1
  • 27
    • 0010735121 scopus 로고
    • Population ecology and response to cropping of a hippopotamus population in eastern Zambia
    • MARSHALL, P.J. & SAYER, J.A. (1976) Population ecology and response to cropping of a hippopotamus population in eastern Zambia. Journal of Applied Ecology, 13, 391-402.
    • (1976) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.13 , pp. 391-402
    • Marshall, P.J.1    Sayer, J.A.2
  • 29
    • 84995267347 scopus 로고
    • Density, distribution, population structure and social organization of the black rhinoceros in Masai Mara Reserve
    • MUKINYA, J.G. (1973) Density, distribution, population structure and social organization of the black rhinoceros in Masai Mara Reserve. East African Wildlife Journal, 11, 385-400.
    • (1973) East African Wildlife Journal , vol.11 , pp. 385-400
    • Mukinya, J.G.1
  • 30
    • 84990095653 scopus 로고
    • Hippopotamus numbers in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia, in 1981
    • NORTON, P.M. (1988) Hippopotamus numbers in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia, in 1981. African Journal of Ecology, 26, 337-339.
    • (1988) African Journal of Ecology , vol.26 , pp. 337-339
    • Norton, P.M.1
  • 32
    • 0022912841 scopus 로고
    • Hippopotamus habitat relationships on the Lundi River, Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe
    • O?CONNOR, T.G. & CAMPBELL, B.M. (1986) Hippopotamus habitat relationships on the Lundi River, Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology, 24, 7-26. (Pubitemid 17247963)
    • (1986) African Journal of Ecology , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-26
    • O'Connor, T.G.1    Campbell, B.M.2
  • 33
    • 44849110645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño-Southern Oscillation, rainfall, temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index fluctuations in the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00821.x
    • OGUTU, J.O., PIEPHO, H.-P., DUBLIN, H.T., BHOLA, N. & RE ID, R.S. (2007) El Nino-southern oscillation, rainfall, temperature and normalized difference vegetation fluctuations in the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem. African Journal of Ecology, 46, 132-143. (Pubitemid 351798696)
    • (2008) African Journal of Ecology , vol.46 , Issue.2 , pp. 132-143
    • Ogutu, J.O.1    Piepho, H.-P.2    Dublin, H.T.3    Bhola, N.4    Reid, R.S.5
  • 35
    • 30744443253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA variation of the common hippopotamus: Evidence for a recent population expansion
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800711, PII 6800711
    • OKELLO, J.B.A., NYAKAANA, S., MASEMBE, C., SI EGISMUND, H.R. & ARCTANDER, P. (2005) Mitochondrial DNA variation of the common hippopotamus: evidence for a recent population expansion. Heredity, 95, 206-215. (Pubitemid 43093234)
    • (2005) Heredity , vol.95 , Issue.3 , pp. 206-215
    • Okello, J.B.A.1    Nyakaana, S.2    Masembe, C.3    Siegismund, H.R.4    Arctander, P.5
  • 37
    • 84995256215 scopus 로고
    • Habitat utilization by hippopotamus in the Mara River
    • OL IVIER, R.C.D. & LAURIE, W.A. (1974) Habitat utilization by hippopotamus in the Mara River. East African Wildlife Journal, 12, 249-271.
    • (1974) East African Wildlife Journal , vol.12 , pp. 249-271
    • Olivier, R.C.D.1    Laurie, W.A.2
  • 38
    • 0024568146 scopus 로고
    • Large herbivore grass offtake in Masai Mara National Reserve: Implications for the Serengeti-Mara migrants
    • ONYEANUSI, A.E. (1988) Large herbivore grass offtake in Masai Mara National Reserve: implication for the Serengeti-Mara migrants. Journal of Arid Environments, 16, 203-209. (Pubitemid 19324828)
    • (1989) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 203-209
    • Onyeanusi, A.E.1
  • 39
    • 0033835081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population trends of large non-migratory wild herbivores and livestock in the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya, between 1977 and 1997
    • OTTICHILO, W.K., DE LEEUW, J., SKIDMORE, A.K., PRINS, H.H.T. & SAID, M.Y. (2000) Population trends of large non-migratory wild herbivores and livestock in the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya, between 1977 and 1997. African Journal of Ecology, 38, 202-216.
    • (2000) African Journal of Ecology , vol.38 , pp. 202-216
    • Ottichilo, W.K.1    De Leeuw, J.2    Skidmore, A.K.3    Prins, H.H.T.4    Said, M.Y.5
  • 41
    • 1842320815 scopus 로고
    • Population densities and the range carrying capacity for large mammals in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda
    • PETRIDES, G.A. & SWANK, W.G. (1965) Population densities and the range carrying capacity for large mammals in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Zoologica Africana, 1, 209-225.
    • (1965) Zoologica Africana , vol.1 , pp. 209-225
    • Petrides, G.A.1    Swank, W.G.2
  • 43
    • 0003526297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAS INSTITUTE INC. SAS Institute Inc., Carey, USA
    • SAS INSTITUTE INC. (2006) SAS System for Windows v. 9.1.3. SAS Institute Inc., Carey, USA.
    • (2006) SAS System for Windows V. 9.1.3
  • 44
    • 84995215100 scopus 로고
    • The age of puberty of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Luangwa River in eastern Zambia
    • SAYER, J.A. & RAKHA, A.M. (1974) The age of puberty of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Luangwa River in eastern Zambia. East African Wildlife Journal, 12, 227-232.
    • (1974) East African Wildlife Journal , vol.12 , pp. 227-232
    • Sayer, J.A.1    Rakha, A.M.2
  • 45
    • 0034963088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of land-use changes on the wildebeest migration in the northern part of the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00557.x
    • SERNEELS, S., SAID, M.Y. & LAMB IN, E.F. (2001a) Impact of land use changes on the wildebeest migration in the northern part of the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. Journal of Biogeography, 28, 391-407. (Pubitemid 32602255)
    • (2001) Journal of Biogeography , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 391-407
    • Serneels, S.1    Lambin, E.F.2
  • 46
    • 0035923261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land cover changes around a major east African wildlife reserve: The Mara Ecosystem (Kenya)
    • DOI 10.1080/01431160152609236
    • SERNEELS, S., SAID, M.Y. & LAMBIN, E.F. (2001b) Land cover changes around a major East Africa wildlife reserve: the Mara ecosystem (Kenya). International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22, 3397-3420. (Pubitemid 33028410)
    • (2001) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.22 , Issue.17 , pp. 3397-3420
    • Serneels, S.1    Said, M.Y.2    Lambin, E.F.3
  • 47
    • 0002865669 scopus 로고
    • Serengeti in the context of worldwide conservation efforts
    • eds A.R.E. Sinclair & P. Arcese University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA
    • SINCLAIR, A.R.E. & ARCESE, P. (1995) Serengeti in the context of worldwide conservation efforts. In Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem (eds A.R.E. Sinclair & P. Arcese), pp. 31-46. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.
    • (1995) Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of An Ecosystem , pp. 31-46
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1    Arcese, P.2
  • 48
    • 79952974032 scopus 로고
    • The density of Hippopotamus amphibious linnnaeus at Lake Naivasha, Kenya
    • SMART, A.C. (1990) The density of Hippopotamus amphibious linnnaeus at Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 2, 241-247.
    • (1990) Tropical Freshwater Biology , vol.2 , pp. 241-247
    • Smart, A.C.1
  • 49
    • 0019737205 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between reproduction and environment in the hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius in the Kruger National Park
    • SMUTS, G.L. & WHYTE, I.J. (1981) Relationships between reproduction and environment in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe, 24, 169-185. (Pubitemid 13287040)
    • (1981) Koedoe , vol.24 , pp. 169-185
    • Smuts, G.L.1    Whyte, I.J.2
  • 50
    • 0022833914 scopus 로고
    • Herbivore dynamics in southern Narok, Kenya
    • STELFOX, J.G., PEDEN, D.G., EPP, H., HUDSON, R.J., MBUGUA, S.W., AGATSIVA, J.L. & AMUYUNZU, C.L. (1986) Herbivore dynamics in southern Narok, Kenya. Journal of Wildlife Management, 50, 339-347. (Pubitemid 17250457)
    • (1986) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.50 , Issue.2 , pp. 339-347
    • Stelfox, J.G.1
  • 51
    • 0001551064 scopus 로고
    • First wildlife census of the entire Serengeti-Mara region, East Africa
    • TALBOT, L.M. & STEWART, D.R.M. (1964) First wildlife census of the entire Serengeti-Mara region, East Africa. Journal of Wildlife Management, 28, 815-827.
    • (1964) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.28 , pp. 815-827
    • Talbot, L.M.1    Stewart, D.R.M.2
  • 52
    • 79952906029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Total count of hippopotamus in Tanzania
    • TAWIRI (TANZANIA WILDLIFE RESEARCH INSTITUTE) Arusha, Tanzania
    • TAWIRI (TANZANIA WILDLIFE RESEARCH INSTITUTE) (2001) Total count of hippopotamus in Tanzania. Unpublished Report to Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania.
    • (2001) Report to Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute
  • 53
    • 84990148878 scopus 로고
    • Population status of the hippopotamus on the Luangwa River, Zambia
    • TEMBO, A. (1987) Population status of the hippopotamus on the Luangwa River, Zambia. African Journal of Ecology, 25, 71-77.
    • (1987) African Journal of Ecology , vol.25 , pp. 71-77
    • Tembo, A.1
  • 54
    • 84995240711 scopus 로고
    • The effect of complete removal of hippopotamus on grassland in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda
    • THORNTON, D.D. (1971) The effect of complete removal of hippopotamus on grassland in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. East African Wildlife Journal, 9, 47-53.
    • (1971) East African Wildlife Journal , vol.9 , pp. 47-53
    • Thornton, D.D.1
  • 55
    • 1042293284 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and numbers of the hippopotamus in the Olifants and Blyde rivers
    • VI L JOEN, P.C. (1980) Distribution and numbers of the hippopotamus in the Olifants and Blyde rivers. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 10, 129-132.
    • (1980) South African Journal of Wildlife Research , vol.10 , pp. 129-132
    • Viljoen, P.C.1
  • 56
    • 0029472965 scopus 로고
    • Changes in number and distribution of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Sabie River, Kruger National Park, during the 1992 drought
    • VI L JOEN, P.C. (1995) Changes in the number and distribution of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Sabie River, Kruger National Park, during the 1992 drought. Koedoe, 38, 115-121. (Pubitemid 26477038)
    • (1995) Koedoe , vol.38 , Issue.2 , pp. 115-121
    • Viljoen, P.C.1
  • 57
    • 0034985810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics and future conservation of a free-ranging black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) population in Kenya
    • DOI 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00219-6, PII S0006320700002196
    • WALPOLE, M.J., MORGAN-DAVIE S, M., MILLEDGE, S., BETT, P. & LEADER-WILL IAMS, N. (2001) Population dynamics and future conservation of a free-ranging black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) population in Kenya. Biological Conservation, 99, 237-243. (Pubitemid 32497544)
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.99 , Issue.2 , pp. 237-243
    • Walpole, M.J.1    Morgan-Davies, M.2    Milledge, S.3    Bett, P.4    Leader-Williams, N.5
  • 58
    • 34548043357 scopus 로고
    • Recent trends in the international trade of hippopotamus ivory
    • WEILLER, P., DE-MEULENNAER, T. & VANDEN-BLOCK, A. (1994) Recent trends in the international trade of hippopotamus ivory. TRAFFIC Bulletin, 15, 47-49.
    • (1994) TRAFFIC Bulletin , vol.15 , pp. 47-49
    • Weiller, P.1    De-Meulennaer, T.2    Vanden-Block, A.3
  • 59
    • 69249213422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of subdivision and sedentarization of pastoral lands on wildlife in an African savannah ecosystem
    • WESTERN, D., GROOM, R. & WORDEN, J. (2009) The impact of subdivision and sedentarization of pastoral lands on wildlife in an African savannah ecosystem. Biological Conservation, 142, 2538-2546.
    • (2009) Biological Conservation , vol.142 , pp. 2538-2546
    • Western, D.1    Groom, R.2    Worden, J.3
  • 60
    • 79952965314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tackling the ivories: The status of the US trade in elephant and hippo ivory
    • Washington, DC, USA
    • WILL IAMSON, D.F. (2004) Tackling the Ivories: The Status of the US Trade in Elephant and Hippo Ivory. Unpublished Report to WWF-TRAFFIC, Washington, DC, USA.
    • (2004) Unpublished Report to WWF-TRAFFIC
    • Will Iamson, D.F.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.