Role of high tibial osteotomy in chronic injuries of posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner

Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-17

  Savarese, Eugenio ^a,b   Bisicchia, Salvatore ^b   Romeo, Rocco ^a   Amendola, Annunziato ^c  

^a SAN CARLO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF IOWA HOSPITALS AND CLINICS   (United States)

Author keywords

High tibial osteotomy; Knee; Posterior instability; Tibial slope; Varus deformity

Indexed keywords

ANAMNESIS; BIOMECHANICS; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; KNEE INSTABILITY; KNEE LIGAMENT INJURY; KNEE RADIOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURGICAL ANATOMY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TIBIA OSTEOTOMY; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; JOINT INSTABILITY; KNEE INJURIES; OSTEOTOMY; POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; TIBIA; WEIGHT-BEARING;

EID: 79952819022     PISSN: 15909921     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10195-010-0120-0     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Y Fujisawa K Masuhara S Shiomi 1979 The effect of high tibial osteotomy on osteoarthritis of the knee. An arthroscopic study of 54 knee joints Orthop Clin North Am 10 585 608 460834 1:STN:280:DyaE1M3it1yhsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9247258)
2. S Odenbring N Egund A Lindstrand LS Lohmander H Willen 1992 Cartilage regeneration after proximal tibial osteotomy for medial gonarthrosis. An arthroscopic, roentgenographic, and histologic study Clin Orthop Relat Res 277 210 216 1555344
3. FR Noyes SD Barber-Westin M Rankin 2004 Meniscal transplantation in symptomatic patients less than 50 years old J Bone Joint Surg Am 86 1392 1404 15252085 (Pubitemid 38886526)
4. MB Coventry DM Ilstrup SL Wallrichs 1993 Proximal tibial osteotomy: a critical long-term study of 87 cases J Bone Joint Surg Am 75 196 201 8423180 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7jvFWjsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23093969)
5. D Naudie RB Bourne CH Rorabeck TJ Bourne 1999 The install award. Survivorship of the high tibial valgus osteotomy. A 10-22 year followup study Clin Orthop Relat Res 367 18 27 10546594 (Pubitemid 29503674)
6. L Camarda V Condello V Madonna F Cortese M D'Arienzo C Zorzi 2010 Results of isolated posterolateral corner reconstruction J Orthop Traumatol 11 2 73 79 20229214
7. P Christel 2003 Basic principles for surgical reconstruction of the PCL in chronic posterior knee instability Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 11 289 296 13680106 (Review) (Pubitemid 38251118)
8. JN Insall DM Joseph C Msika 1984 High tibial osteotomy for varus gonarthritis. A long-term follow-up study J Bone Joint Surg Am 66 1040 1048 6480633 1:STN:280:DyaL2M%2FgslSjuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14011460)
9. P Neyret ST Donell H Dejour 1993 Results of partial meniscectomy related to the state of the anterior cruciate ligament. Review at 20-35 years J Bone Joint Surg Br 75 36 40 8421030 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7jt1SnsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23052412)
10. VK Goradia J Van Allen 2002 Chronic lateral knee instability treated with a high tibial osteotomy Arthroscopy 18 807 811 12209441 (Pubitemid 36114637)
11. SM Lephart DM Pincivero SL Rozzi 1998 Proprioception of the ankle and knee Sports Med 25 149 155 9554026 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3hsVKntg%3D%3D (Review) (Pubitemid 28152013)
12. RF LaPrade F Wentorf 2002 Diagnosis and treatment of posterolateral knee injuries Clin Orthop Relat Res 402 110 121 12218476 (Review) (Pubitemid 35006583)
13. FR Noyes SX Goebel J West 2005 Opening wedge tibial osteotomy: the 3-triangle method to correct axial alignment and tibial slope Am J Sports Med 33 378 387 15716253 (Pubitemid 40270874)
14. MJ Strobel A Weiler HJ Eichhorn 2000 Diagnosis and therapy of fresh and chronic posterior cruciate ligament lesions Chirurg 71 1066 1081 11043124 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvpvFKqsw%3D%3D (Review)
15. WK Krudwig U Witzel K Ullrich 2002 Posterolateral aspect and stability of the knee joint. II. Posterolateral instability and effect of isolated and combined posterolateral reconstruction on knee stability: a biomechanical study Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 10 91 95 11914766
16. P Hernigou D Medevielle J Debeyre D Goutallier 1987 Proximal tibial osteotomy for osteoarthritis with varus deformity. A 10-13 year follow-up study J Bone Joint Surg Am 69 332 354 3818700 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7jslOntw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 17067952)
17. A Nagel JN Insall GR Scuderi 1996 Proximal tibial osteotomy: a subjective outcome study J Bone Joint Surg Am 78 1353 1358 8816650 1:STN:280: DyaK28vhtlCqtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26336886)
18. NP Badhe IW Forster 2002 High tibial osteotomy in knee instability: the rationale of treatment and early results Knee Surg Sports Traumtol Arthrosc 10 38 43
19. PJ Fowler A Kirkley J Roe 1994 Osteotomy of the proximal tibia in the treatment of chronic anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency J Bone Joint Surg Br 76B Supp 26
20. FR Noyes LA Dunworth TP Andriacchi M Andrews TE Hewett 1996 Knee hyperextension gait abnormalities in unstable knees. Recognition and preoperative gait retraining Am J Sports Med 24 35 45 8638751 1:STN:280:DyaK283gtleluw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26036325)
21. H Dejour M Bonnin 1994 Tibial translation after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Two radiological tests compared J Bone Joint Surg Br 76 745 749 8083263 1:STN:280:DyaK2czmsFSltw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24289562)
22. JL Lerat B Moyen C Garin A Mandrino JL Besse E Brunet-Guedj 1993 Anterior laxity and internal arthritis of the knee. Results of the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament associated with tibial osteotomy Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 79 365 374 8066285 1:STN:280:DyaK2czksFWquw%3D%3D
23. Dejour H, Neyret P, Bonnin M (1994) Instability and osteoarthritis. In: Fu FH, Harner CD, Vince KG (eds) Knee surgery. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 859-875
24. FR Noyes SD Barber-Westin TE Hewett 2000 High tibial osteotomy and ligament reconstruction for varus angulated anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees Am J Sports Med 28 282 296 10843117 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvnsFCmtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30394748)
25. C Lattermann RP Jakob 1996 High tibial osteotomy alone or combined with ligament reconstruction in anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 4 32 38 8819061 1:STN:280:DyaK28vhs1Wmtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 126508114)
26. DC Neuschwander D Drez Jr RM Paine 1993 Simultaneous high tibial osteotomy and ACL reconstruction for combined genu varum and symptomatic ACL tear Orthopedics 16 679 684 8321758 1:STN:280:DyaK3szhtVWnsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23174743)
27. FR Noyes SD Barber-Westin R Simon 1993 High tibial osteotomy and ligament reconstruction in varus angulated, anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees. A 2-7 year follow-up study Am J Sports Med 21 2 12 8427363 1:STN:280: DyaK3s7ltFemsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23026938)
28. FR Noyes SD Barber-Westin TE Hewett 2000 High tibial osteotomy and ligament reconstruction for varus angulated anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees Am J Sports Med 28 282 296 10843117 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvnsFCmtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30394748)
29. Hoppenfeld S, deBoer P (2003) The tibia and fibula. In: Surgical exposures in orthopaedics: the anatomic approach, 3rd edn. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
30. CS Ahmad ZA Cohen WN Levine TR Gardner GA Ateshian VC Mow 2003 Codominance of the individual posterior cruciate ligament bundles. An analysis of bundle lengths and orientation Am J Sports Med 31 221 225 12642256 (Pubitemid 36343327)
31. M Takahashi T Matsubara M Doi D Suzuki A Nagano 2006 Anatomical study of the femoral and tibial insertions of the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles of human posterior cruciate ligament Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14 1055 1059 16897069 (Pubitemid 44705149)
32. AA Amis CM Gupte AM Bull A Edwards 2006 Anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament and the meniscofemoral ligaments Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14 257 263 16228178 1:STN:280:DC%2BD287jtVCgtg%3D%3D (Review) (Pubitemid 43333893)
33. JR Seebacher AE Inglis JL Marshall RF Warren 1982 The structure of the posterolateral aspect of the knee J Bone Joint Surg Am 64 536 541 7068696 1:STN:280:DyaL387mslOjtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 12107706)
34. Paley DR (1992) Principles of deformity correction. Springer, berlin
35. MD Miller DE Cooper GC Fanelli CD Harner RF LaPrade 2002 Posterior cruciate ligament: current concepts Instr Course Lect 51 347 351 12064124 (Review)
36. A Chang K Hayes D Dunlop D Hurwitz J Song S Cahue R Genge L Sharma 2004 Thrust during ambulation and the progression of knee osteoarthritis Arthritis Rheum 50 3897 3903 15593195 (Pubitemid 39643936)
37. J Hoher CD Harner TM Vogrin GH Baek GJ Carlin SL Woo 1998 In situ forces in the posterolateral structures of the knee under posterior tibial loading in the intact and posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee J Orthop Res 16 675 681 9877391 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2Fptlaiug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29021897)
38. G Li TJ Gill LE DeFrate S Zayontz V Glatt B Zarins 2002 Biomechanical consequences of PCL deficiency in the knee under simulated muscle loads-an in vitro experimental study J Orthop Res 20 887 892 12168683 (Pubitemid 34823014)
39. M Kumagai Y Mizuno SM Mattessich JJ Elias AJ Cosgarea EY Chao 2002 Posterior cruciate ligament rupture alters in vitro knee kinematics Clin Orthop Relat Res 395 241 248 11937888 (Pubitemid 34136679)
40. MR Safran AA Allen SM Lephart PA Borsa FH Fu CD Harner 1999 Proprioception in the posterior cruciate ligament deficient knee Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 7 310 317 10525701 1:STN:280:DyaK1MvlslWqtg%3D%3D
41. MJ Skyhar RF Warren GJ Ortiz E Schwartz JC Otis 1993 The effects of sectioning of the posterior cruciate ligament and the posterolateral complex on the articular contact pressures within the knee J Bone Joint Surg Am 75 694 699 8501084 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3ntlOmsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23199102)
42. NA Ramaniraka A Terrier N Theumann O Siegrist 2005 Effects of the posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on the biomechanics of the knee joint: a finite element analysis Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 20 434 442 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M7gslaksw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40292917)
43. M Ochi T Murao Y Sumen K Kobayashi N Adachi 1999 Isolated posterior cruciate ligament insufficiency induces morphological changes of anterior cruciate ligament collagen fibrils Arthroscopy 15 292 296 10231108 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3ks1Wguw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29238804)
44. PJ Fowler SS Messieh 1987 Isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries in athletes Am J Sports Med 15 553 557 3425783 1:STN:280:DyaL1c7gsVersQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 18018430)
45. WB Geissler TL Whipple 1993 Intraarticular abnormalities in association with posterior cruciate ligament injuries Am J Sports Ed 21 846 849 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7itFWruw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23333206)
46. M Hamada K Shino T Mitsuoka Y Toritsuka T Natsu-Ume S Horibe 2000 Chondral injury associated with acute isolated posterior cruciate ligament injury Arthroscopy 16 59 63 10627346 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2Fpt1Klsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30043463)
47. GC Fanelli CJ Edson 1995 Posterior cruciate ligament injuries in trauma patients: Part II Arthroscopy 11 526 529 8534292 1:STN:280:DyaK287hvFKqtw%3D%3D
48. Noyes FR, Simon R (1994) The role of high tibial osteotomy in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee with varus alignment. In: DeLee JC, Drez D (eds) Orthopaedic sports medicine. Principles and Practice, Philadelphia, pp 1401-1443
49. J Brazier H Migaud F Gougeon A Cotten C Fontaine A Duquennoy 1996 Evaluation of methods for radiographic measurement of the tibial slope. A study of 83 healthy knee Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 82 195 200 9005456 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7gsVGiuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26000634)
50. F Lecuire JL Lerat G Bousquet H Dejour A Trillat 1980 The treatment of genu recurvatum Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 66 95 103 6451907 1:STN:280:DyaL3M7ltF2qtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 10113445)
51. JN Insall 1993 Total knee arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis Ryumachi 33 472 8134884 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7ot1Wqsg%3D%3D
52. D Paley JE Herzenberg K Tetsworth J McKie A Bhave 1994 Deformity planning for frontal and sagittal plane corrective osteotomies Orthop Clin North Am 25 425 465 8028886 1:STN:280:DyaK2czgtFKmtg%3D%3D (Review) (Pubitemid 24226718)
53. S Matsuda H Miura R Nagamine K Urabe T Ikenoue K Okazaki Y Iwamoto 1999 Posterior tibial slope in the normal and varus knee Am J Knee Surg 12 165 168 10496466 1:STN:280:DyaK1MvisVOrtw%3D%3D
54. KY Chiu SD Zhang GH Zhang 2000 Posterior slope of tibial plateau in Chinese J Arthroplasty 15 224 227 10708090 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7ntVelsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30115444)
55. P Genin G Weill R Julliard 1993 The tibial slope. Proposal for a measurement method J Radiol 74 27 33 8483148 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3kslSnuw%3D%3D Review (Pubitemid 23049221)
56. A Amendola CH Rorabeck RB Bourne PM Apyan 1989 Total knee arthroplasty following high tibial osteotomy for osteoarthritis J Arthroplasty 4 Suppl S11 S17 2584982
57. Levigne Ch, Bonnin M (1991) Osteotomie tibiale de valgisation pour arthrose femoro-tibale interne. In: 7e'mes journees lyonnaise de chirurgie di genu, Lyon, pp 142-168
58. Boileau P, Neyret PH (1991) Resultats des osteotomies tibialis de valgisation assoiees aux plasties du ligament croise' anterieur dans le traitment des laxites anterieures chronique evoluees. In: 7emes journees lyonnaises de chirurgie du genu, Lyon, pp 232-249
59. E Hohmann A Bryant AB Imhoff 2006 The effect of closed wedge high tibial osteotomy on tibial slope: a radiographic study Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14 454 459 16292683 (Pubitemid 44112879)
60. JR Giffin KJ Stabile T Zantop TM Vogrin SL Woo CD Harner 2007 Importance of tibial slope for stability of the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee Am J Sports Med 35 1443 1449 17641101 (Pubitemid 47301090)
61. CM Rodner DJ Adams V Diaz-Doran JP Tate SA Santangelo AD Mazzocca RA Arciero 2006 Medial opening wedge tibial osteotomy and the sagittal plane: the effect of increasing tibial slope on tibiofemoral contact pressure Am J Sports Med 34 1431 1441 16636350
62. CB Marti E Gautier SW Wachtl RP Jakob 2004 Accuracy of frontal and sagittal plane correction in open-wedge high tibial osteotomy Arthroscopy 20 366 372 15067275 (Review) (Pubitemid 38544421)
63. Bonnin M (1990) La subluxation tibiale anterieure en appui monopodal dans les ruptures du ligament croise anterieur. Etude clinic et biomechanique (thesis). Université Claude Bernard, Lyon
64. DD Naudie A Amendola PJ Fowler 1994 Opening wedge high tibial osteotomy for symptomatic hyperextension-varus thrust Am J Sports Med 32 60 70
65. JR Giffin TM Vogrin T Zantop SL Woo CD Harner 2004 Effects of increasing tibial slope on the biomechanics of the knee Am J Sports Med 32 376 382 14977661 (Pubitemid 38235504)
66. E Nakamura H Mizuta S Kudo K Takagi K Sakamoto 2001 Open-wedge osteotomy of the proximal tibia hemicallotasis J Bone Joint Surg Br 83 1111 1115 11764421 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FjvVaksQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 33138675)
67. P Maquet 1976 Valgus osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the knee Clin Orthop Relat Res 120 143 148 975649
68. DG Viskontas MD MacLeod DW Sanders 2006 High tibial osteotomy with use of the Taylor Spatial frame external fixator for osteoarthritis of the knee Can J Surg 49 245 250 16948882 (Pubitemid 44432801)
69. S Ohsawa K Hukuda Y Inamori N Yasui 2006 High tibial osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the knee with varus deformity utilizing the hemicallotasis method Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 126 588 593 16838154 (Pubitemid 44524051)
70. HM Klinger F Lorenz T Harer 2001 Open wedge tibial osteotomy by hemicallotasis for medial compartment osteoarthritis Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 121 245 247 11409551 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mzks1Ohuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32487460)
71. E Cullù S Aydogdu B Alparslan H Sur 2005 Tibial slope changes following dome-type high tibial osteotomy Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 13 38 43 15045163 (Pubitemid 40174534)
72. JD Agneskirchner C Hurschler C Stukenborg-Colsman AB Imhoff P Lobenhoffer 2004 Effect of high tibial flexion osteotomy on cartilage pressure, joint kinematics: a biomechanical study in human cadaveric knees. Winner of the AGA-DonJoy Award 2004 Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 124 575 584 15480717 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2crgvFOktg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 39462455)
73. FA Petrigliano DR McAllister 2006 Isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries of the knee Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 14 206 212 (Pubitemid 44760338)
74. RF LaPrade GC Terry 1997 Injuries to the posterolateral aspect of the knee: association of anatomic injury patterns with clinical instability Am J Sports Med 25 433 438 9240974 1:STN:280:DyaK2szot12rsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27328066)
75. AW Mayo Robson 1903 Ruptured cruciate ligament and their repair by operation Ann Surg Engl 37 716 718
76. TM Barton JS Torg M Das 1984 Posterior cruciate ligament insufficiency A review of the literature. Sports Med 1 419 430 1:STN:280:DyaL2M%2FmsFamsw%3D%3D (Review)
77. RA Rubinstein Jr KD Shelbourne JR McCarroll CD VanMeter AC Rettig 1994 The accuracy of the clinical examination in the setting of posterior cruciate ligament injuries Am J Sports Med 22 550 557 7943523 (Pubitemid 24225762)
78. Strobel M, Stedtfeld HW, Feagia JA, Telger TC (1990) Diagnostic evaluation of the knee. Springer, New York
79. HH Paessler D Michel 1992 How new is the Lachman test? Am J Sports Med 20 95 98 1554082 1:STN:280:DyaK383gs1GrsA%3D%3D
80. DM Daniel ML Stone P Barnett R Sachs 1988 Use of the quadriceps active test to diagnose posterior cruciate-ligament disruption and measure posterior laxity of the knee J Bone Joint Surg Am 70 386 391 3346263 1:STN:280: DyaL1c7ltlyiug%3D%3D
81. RL Loomer 1991 A test for knee posterolateral rotatory instability Clin Orthop Relat Res 264 235 238 1997240
82. DM Veltri RF Warren 1994 Anatomy, biomechanics, and physical findings in posterolateral knee instability Clin Sports Med 13 599 614 7954886 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2Fkt1yhtA%3D%3D (Review) (Pubitemid 24231005)
83. JC Hughston LA Norwood Jr 1980 The posterolateral drawer test and external rotational recurvatum test for posterolateral rotatory instability of the knee Clin Orthop Relat Res 147 82 87 7371321 (Pubitemid 10098139)
84. I Palmer 1938 On injuries the ligaments of the knee joint. A clinical study Acta Chir Scand Suppl 53 282
85. JC Hughston JR Andrews MJ Cross A Moschi 1976 Classification of knee ligament instabilities: Part II. The lateral compartment J Bone Joint Surg Am 58 173 179 1254620 1:STN:280:DyaE287kt1Gmsg%3D%3D
86. JC Hughston LA Norwood Jr 1980 The posterolateral drawer test and external rotational recurvatum test for posterolateral rotator instability of the knee Clin Orthop Relat Res 136 82 87 (Pubitemid 10098139)
87. RP Jakob H Hassler HU Staubli 1981 Observations on rotator instability of the lateral compartment of the knee. Experimental studies of the functional anatomy and pathomechanism of the true and reverse pivot shift sign Acta Orthop Scand 52 1 32
88. DE Cooper 1991 Tests for posterolateral instability of the knee in normal subjects J Bone Joint Surg Am 73 30 36 1985992 1:STN:280:DyaK3M%2FptlehsA%3D%3D
89. TW Dugdale FR Noyes D Styer 1992 Preoperative planning for high tibial osteotomy. The effect of lateral tibiofemoral separation and tibiofemoral length Clin Orthop Relat Res 274 248 264 1729010 (Review)
90. JR Moreland LW Bassett GJ Hanker 1987 Radiographic analysis of the axial alignment of the lower extremity J Bone Joint Surg Am 69 745 749 3597474 1:STN:280:DyaL2s3ltVOisg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 17093668)
91. TM Moore JP Harvey Jr 1974 Roentgenographic measurement of tibial-plateau depression due to fracture J Bone Joint Surg Am 56 155 160 4812159 1:STN:280:DyaE2c%2FptlWqsA%3D%3D
92. AC Merchant RL Mercer RH Jacobsen CR Cool 1974 Roentgenographic analysis of patellofemoral congruence J Bone Joint Surg Am 56 1391 1396 4433362 1:STN:280:DyaE2M%2FlsVGitg%3D%3D
93. TD Rosenberg LE Paulos RD Parker DB Coward SM Scott 1988 The forty-five-degree posteroanterior flexion weight-bearing radiograph of the knee J Bone Joint Surg Am 70 1479 1483 3198672 1:STN:280:DyaL1M%2Fms1ymsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19038641)
94. K Jacobsen 1976 Stress radiographical measurement of the anteroposterior, medial and lateral stability of the knee joint Acta Orthop Scand 47 334 335
95. MJ Strobel A Weiler MS Schulz K Russe HJ Eichhorn 2002 Fixed posterior subluxation in posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees: diagnosis and treatment of a new clinical sign Am J Sports Med 30 32 38 11798993 (Pubitemid 34083712)
96. S Louisia R Siebold J Canty RJ Bartlett 2005 Assessment of posterior stability in total knee replacement by stress radiographs: prospective comparison of two different types of mobile bearing implants Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 6 476 482 (Pubitemid 41367103)
97. VDF Chassaing R Touzard, et al. 1995 Etude radiologique du L.C.P'.a 90 de flexion Rev Chir Orthop 81 35 38
98. TM Jung C Reinhardt SU Scheffler A Weiler 2006 Stress radiography to measure posterior cruciate ligament insufficiency: a comparison of five different techniques Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14 1116 1121 16799824 (Pubitemid 44705157)
99. HU Staubli RP Jakob 1990 Posterior instability of the knee extension. A clinical and stress radiographic analysis of acute injuries of the posterior cruciate ligament J Bone Joint Surg Br 2 225 230 (Pubitemid 20087428)
100. G Puddu E Gianni P Chambat F De Paulis 2000 The axial view in evaluating tibial translation in cases of insufficiency of the posterior cruciate ligament Arthroscopy 16 217 220 10705337 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7ntV2qtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30140684)
101. F Margheritini L Mancini CS Mauro PP Mariani 2003 Stress radiography for quantifying posterior cruciate ligament deficiency Arthroscopy 19 706 711 12966377 (Pubitemid 37108226)
102. G Puddu M Cipolla G Cerullo V Franco E Gianni 2007 Osteotomies: the surgical treatment of the valgus knee Sports Med Arthrosc 15 15 22 17301698 (Review)
103. ML Gross JS Grover LW Bassett LL Seeger GA Finerman 1992 Magnetic resonance imaging of the posterior cruciate ligament. Clinical use to improve diagnostic accuracy Am J Sports Med 20 732 737 1456368 1:STN:280: DyaK3s%2FovFChuw%3D%3D
104. A Bellelli P Mancini M Polito V David PP Mariani 2006 Magnetic resonance imaging of posterior cruciate ligament injuries: a new classification of traumatic tears Radiol Med (Torino) 111 828 835 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28nitVGqtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 44496530)
105. JS Yu DC Salonen J Hodler P Haghighi D Trudell D Resnick 1996 Posterolateral aspect of the knee: improved MR imaging with a coronal oblique technique Radiology 198 199 204 8539378 1:STN:280:DyaK287itlWltQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26008264)
106. RF LaPrade TJ Gilbert TS Bollom F Wentorf G Chaljub 2000 The magnetic resonance imaging appearance of individual structures of the posterolateral knee. A prospective study of normal knees and knees with surgically verified grade III injuries Am J Sports Med 28 191 199 10750995 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3c3htlSntQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30174188)
107. S Akizuki A Shibakawa T Takizawa I Yamazaki H Horiuchi 2008 The long-term outcome of high tibial osteotomy: a 10-20 year follow-up J Bone Joint Surg Br 90 592 596 18450624 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1c3ovVKhsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 351685003)
108. MA Catagni F Guerreschi TS Ahmad R Cattaneo 1994 Treatment of genu varum in medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee using the Ilizarov method Orthop Clin North Am 25 509 514 8028891 1:STN:280:DyaK2czgtFKmuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24226723)
109. K Watanabe H Tsuchiya H Matsubara S Kitano K Tomita 2008 Revision high tibial osteotomy with the Taylor spatial frame for failed opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy J Orthop Sci 13 145 149 18392919 (Pubitemid 351502764)
110. WB Kibler J Press A Sciascia 2006 The role of core stability in athletic function Sports Med 36 189 198 16526831