Mental health and health service use among post-national service veterans: Results from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of England

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 363-372

  Woodhead, C ^a   Rona, R J ^a   Iversen, A ^a   MacManus, D ^a   Hotopf, M ^a   Dean, K ^a   McManus, S ^b   Meltzer, H ^c   Brugha, T ^c   Jenkins, R ^a   Wessely, S ^a   Fear, N T ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL CENTRE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Mental health; military; post national service; treatment seeking; veteran

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RISK FACTOR; SEX RATIO; STATISTICAL MODEL; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED KINGDOM; UTILIZATION REVIEW; VETERAN;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ENGLAND; FEMALE; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE; RISK FACTORS; SEX DISTRIBUTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VETERANS;

EID: 79952816305     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: 14698978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291710000759     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Aldwin CM, Levenson MR, Spiro III A (1994). Vulnerability and resilience to combat exposure: can stress have lifelong effects? Psychology and Aging 9, 34-44. (Pubitemid 24281669)
2. Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro M (2001). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (2nd edn.) World Health Organization: Geneva.
3. Bowling A (2005). Mode of questionnaire administration can have serious effects on data quality. Journal of Public Health 27, 281-291. (Pubitemid 41298086)
4. Brewin CR, Rose S, Andrews B, Green J, Tata P, McEvedy C, Turner SW, Foa E (2002). A brief screening instrument for post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 181, 158-162. (Pubitemid 34864499)
5. British Army (2009). (www.army.mod.uk). Accessed 15 March 2009.
6. Brugha TS, Morgan Z, Bebbington P, Jenkins R, Lewis G, Farrell M, Meltzer H (2003). Social support networks and type of neurotic symptom among adults in British households. Psychological Medicine 33, 307-318. (Pubitemid 36221462)
7. Defence Analytical Services and Advice (2009). (http://www.dasa.mod.uk/). Accessed 18 March 2009.
8. Di Blasi Z, Harkness E, Ernst E, Georgiou A, Kleijnen J (2001). Influence of context effects on health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet 357, 757-762. (Pubitemid 32217684)
9. Dohrenwend BP, Turner JB, Turse NA, Adams BG, Koenen KC, Marshall R (2006). The psychological risks of Vietnam for U.S. veterans: a revisit with new data and methods. Science 313, 979-982. (Pubitemid 44267391)
10. Engelhard IM, van den Hout MA, Weerts J, Arntz A, Hox JJ, McNally RJ (2007). Deployment-related stress and trauma in Dutch soldiers returning from Iraq. Prospective study. British Journal of Psychiatry 191, 140-145. (Pubitemid 47204534)
11. Fear NT, Iversen I, Meltzer H, Workman L, Hull L, Geenberg N, Barker C, Browne T, Earnshaw M, Horn O, Jones M, Murphy D, Rona R, Hotopf M, Wessely S (2007). Patterns of drinking in the UK Armed Forces. Addiction 102, 1749-1759. (Pubitemid 47573063)
12. Foa EB, Riggs DS, Dancu CV, Rothbaum BO (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 6, 459-473. (Pubitemid 24208473)
13. Fontana A, Rosenheck R (1994). Traumatic war stressors and psychiatric symptoms among World War II, Korean, and Vietnam War veterans. Psychology and Aging 9, 27-33. (Pubitemid 24281668)
14. Groves RM (2006). Nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias in household surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly 70, 646-675.
15. Helzer JE, Robins LN, McEvoy L (1987). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. Findings of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area survey. New England Journal of Medicine 317, 1630-1634. (Pubitemid 18010467)
16. Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman R (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine 351, 13-22. (Pubitemid 38857243)
17. Hotopf M, Hull L, Fear N, Browne T, Horn O, Iversen A, Jones M, Murphy D, Bland D, Earnshaw M, Greenberg N, Hacker-Hughes J, Tate R, Dandeker C, Rona R, Wessely S (2006). The health of UK military personnel who deployed to the 2003 Iraq war: a cohort study. Lancet 367, 1731-1734.
18. Ikin JF, Sim MR, McKenzie DP, Horsley KA, Wilson EJ, Moore MR, Jelfs P, Harrex WK, Henderson S (2007). Anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in Korean War veterans 50 years after the war. British Journal of Psychiatry 190, 475-483. (Pubitemid 46868830)
19. Iversen A, Dyson C, Smith N, Greenberg N, Walwyn R, Unwin C, Hull L, Hotopf M, Dandeker C, Ross J, Wessely S (2005a). 'Goodbye and good luck': the mental health needs and treatment experiences of British ex-service personnel. British Journal of Psychiatry 186, 480-486. (Pubitemid 40834867)
20. Iversen A, Fear NT, Simonoff E, Hull L, Horn O, Greenberg N, Hotopf M, Rona RJ, Wessely S (2007). Pre-enlistment vulnerability factors and their influence on health outcomes in UK Military personnel. British Journal of Psychiatry 191, 506-511. (Pubitemid 350273211)
21. Iversen A, Nicolaou V, Unwin C, Greenberg N, Dandeker C, Ross J, Wessely S (2005b). What happens to British veterans when they leave the armed forces? European Journal of Public Health 15, 175-184. (Pubitemid 40835264)
22. Jones N, Fear NT, Greenberg N, Hull L, Wessely S (2009). Occupational outcomes in soldiers hospitalized with mental health problems. Occupational Medicine 59, 459-465. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqp115, published online 10 August 2009.
23. Kang HK, Natelson BH, Mahan CM, Lee KY, Murphy F (2003). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-like illness among Gulf War veterans: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. American Journal of Epidemiology 157, 141-148. (Pubitemid 36077445)
24. Kessler R (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 61, 4-12.
25. Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Grady D (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation: Report of Findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. Brunner Mazel Publishers: New York.
26. Lewis G, Pelosi AJ, Araya R, Dunn G (1992). Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: a standardized assessment for use by lay interviewers. Psychological Medicine 22, 465-486.
27. Lidz CW, Mulvey E, Gardner W (1993). The accuracy of predictions of violence to others. Journal of the American Medical Association 269, 1007-1011. (Pubitemid 23066638)
28. McManus S, Meltzer H, Brugha T, Bebbington P, Jenkins R (2009). Adult Psychiatric Morbidity in England, 2007: Results of a Household Survey. (http://www.ic.nhs.uk/pubs/psychiatricmorbidity07). Accessed 18 March 2009.
29. Murphy D, Hooper R, French C, Jones M, Rona RJ, Wessely S (2006). Is the increased reporting of symptomatic ill health in Gulf War veterans related to how one asks the question? Journal of Psychosomatic Research 61, 181-186. (Pubitemid 44137369)
30. Norquist GS, Hough RL, Golding JM, Escobar JI (1990). Psychiatric disorder in male veterans and nonveterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 178, 328-335. (Pubitemid 20167671)
31. O'Brien L, Hughes S (1991). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in Falklands War veterans five years after the conflict. British Journal of Psychiatry 59, 135-141.
32. Office for National Statistics (2009). NS-SEC classes and collapses. (http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/classifications/current/ns-sec/ cats-and-classes/ns-sec-classes-and-collapses/index.html). Accessed 18 March 2009.
33. Orner RJ, Lynch T, Seed P (1992). Long-term traumatic stress reactions in British Falklands War veterans. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 32, 457-459. (Pubitemid 23343619)
34. Piccinelli M, Tessari E, Bortolomasi M, Piasere O, Semenzin M, Garzotto N, Tansella M (1997). Efficacy of the alcohol use disorders identification test as a screening tool for hazardous alcohol intake and related disorders in primary care: a validity study. British Medical Journal 314, 420-424. (Pubitemid 27067805)
35. Rona RJ, Fear NT, Hull L, Greenberg N, Earnshaw M, Hotopf M, Wessely S (2007). Mental health consequences of overstretch in the UK armed forces: first phase of a cohort study. British Medical Journal 33, 603-610.
36. Schell TF, Marshall G (2008). Survey of individuals previously deployed for OEF/OIF. In Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery (ed. T. Tanielian and L. H. Jaycox), pp. 217-244.
37. RAND Center for Military Health Policy Research: Santa Monica, CA (http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND-MG720.pdf). Accessed 21 April 2009.
38. Seltzer C, Jablon S (1974). Effects of selection on mortality. American Journal of Epidemiology 100, 367-372.
39. Solomon Z, Neria Y, Ohry A, Waysman M, Ginzburg K (1994). PTSD among Israeli former prisoners of war and soldiers with combat stress reaction: a longitudinal study. American Journal of Psychiatry 151, 554-559. (Pubitemid 24115821)
40. Solomon Z, Waysman M, Belkin R, Levy G, Mikulincer M, Enoch D (1992). Marital relations and combat stress reaction: the wives' perspective. Journal of Marriage & the Family 54, 316-326.
41. Stockwell T, Murphy D, Hogson R (1983). The severity of alcohol dependence questionnaire: its use, reliability and validity. British Journal of Addiction 78, 145-155. (Pubitemid 13096761)
42. Sundin J, Fear NT, Iversen A, Rona RJ, Wessely S (2009). PTSD after deployment to Iraq: conflicting rates, conflicting claims. Psychological Medicine 40, 367-382.
43. Taft CT, Schumm JA, Panuzio J, Proctor S (2008). An examination of family adjustment among Operation Desert Storm veterans. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 76, 648-656.
44. Thornicroft G (2006). Shunned: Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
45. Wessely S, Jones E (2004). Psychiatry and the 'lessons of Vietnam?': what were they, and are they still relevant ? War and Society 22, 89-103.
46. Zaidi L, Foy D (1994). Childhood abuse experiences and combat-related PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress 7, 33-42. (Pubitemid 24250529)