Energy efficiency in the future internet: A survey of existing approaches and trends in energy-aware fixed network infrastructures

IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 223-244

  Bolla, Raffaele ^a   Bruschi, Roberto ^b   Davoli, Franco ^a   Cucchietti, Flavio ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^b CNIT   (Italy)

^c TELECOM ITALIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

energy efficient network devices; Green networking; wired networks energy efficiency

Indexed keywords

CARBON FOOTPRINT; EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES; ENERGY AWARE; ENERGY COST; ENERGY EFFICIENT; ENERGY REQUIREMENTS; ENERGY-AWARE NETWORKS; ENERGY-SAVING TECHNIQUES; FIXED NETWORKS; FUTURE INTERNET; GREEN NETWORKING; LOW CONSUMPTION; NETWORK DEVICES; NETWORKING EQUIPMENT; NETWORKING RESEARCHERS; NEXT GENERATION NETWORK; SILICON TECHNOLOGIES; WIRED NETWORKS; WORK-IN-PROGRESS;

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS; SURVEYS; TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS;

ENERGY EFFICIENCY;

EID: 79952808548     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1553877X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/SURV.2011.071410.00073     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Commission of the European Communities, "Addressing the Challenge of Energy Efficiency through Information and Communication Technologies", comm. from the Commission to the EU Parliament, the Council, the EU Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions, Brussels, 2008, http://ec.europa.eu/information-society/activities/sustainable-growth/docs/ com-2008-2411en.pdf.
2. K. Roth, R. Ponoum, and F. Goldstein, "U.S. Residential Information Technology Energy Consumption in 2005 and 2010", TIAX Reference No. D0295, Mar. 2006.
3. G.-Q. Zhang, Q.-F. Yang, S.-Q. Cheng, T. Zhou, "Evolution of the Internet and Its Cores," New Journal of Physics, IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, vol. 10, no 12, pp. 1-11, Dec. 2008.
4. C. Bianco, F. Cucchietti, G. Griffa, "Energy Consumption Trends in the Next Generation Access Network-A Telco Perspective," Proc. 29th Internat. Telecommunications Energy Conf. (INTELEC 2007), Rome, Italy, Sept. 2007, pp.737-742.
5. Telecom Italia Website, "The Environment," URL: http://www.tele-comitalia.it/sostenibilita2006/English/05.html
6. British Telecom Group, "Sustainability Report 2009", http://www. btplc. com/Societyandenvironment/Ourapproach/Sustainabilityreport/ index.aspx.
7. BT Press, "BT Announces Major Wind Power Plans," 2007, http://www. btplc. com/News/Articles/Showarticle.cfm?ArticleID=dd615e9c-71ad- 4daa-951a-55651baae5bb.
8. ITWales, "Green Evangelist to Call for Big Changes in Computer Use to Aid Environment" at ITWales Conf, Nov. 2007, http://www. itwales. com/997539.htm.
9. Deutsche Telekom Group, "Ecological Indicators", http://cr-report.telekom.de/site08/en/daten-fakten/kennzahlen/ oekologische-kennzahlen-/index.php.
10. S. N. Roy, "Energy Logic: A Road Map to Reducing Energy Consumption in Telecommunications Networks," Proc. 30th Internat. Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC 2008), San Diego, CA, USA, Sept. 2008.
11. H. Ikebe, N. Yamashita, R. Nishii, "Green Energy for Telecommunications," Proc. 29th Internat. Telecommunications Energy Conf. (INTELEC 2007), Rome, Italy, Sept. 2007, pp. 750-755.
12. European Commission DG INFSO, "Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Energy Efficiency," final report, Sept. 2008, http://ec.europa.eu/information-society/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item-id= 4441.
13. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Governement, website http://www.eia.doe.gov.
14. Global e-Sustainibility Initiative (GeSI), "SMART 2020: Enabling the Low Carbon Economy in the Information Age", http://www.theclimategroup. org/assets/re-sources/publications/Smart2020Report.pdf.
15. H. S. Matthews, W. S. Loh, H. M. Chong, "Electricity Use of Wired and Wireless Telecommunications Networks in the United States" Proc. IEEE Internat. Symp. on Electronics and the Environment, Boston, MA, USA, May 2003, pp. 131-136, 2003
16. M. Etoh, T. Ohya, Y. Nakayama, "Energy Consumption Issues on Mobile Network Systems," Proc. Internat. Symp. on Applications and the Internet (SAINT 2008), Turku, Finland, 2008, pp. 365-368.
17. R. S. Tucker, R. Parthiban, J. Baliga, K. Hinton, R. W. A. Ayre, W. V. Sorin, "Evolution of WDM Optical IP Networks: A Cost and Energy Perspective", IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 243-252, Feb 2009.
18. R. S. Tucker, "Optical Packet-switched WDM Networks-a Cost and Energy Perspective," Proc. Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. Expo. (OFC 2008), San Diego, CA, USA, March 2008.
19. J. Baliga, R. Ayre, K. Hinton, and R. S. Tucker, "Photonic Switching and the Energy Bottleneck," Proc. Internat. Conf. Photonics in Switching 2007, San Francisco, CA, 2007.
20. J. Baliga, K. Hinton, and R. S. Tucker, "Energy Consumption of the Internet," Proc. COIN-ACOFT, Melbourne, Australia, 2007.
21. J. Baliga, R. Ayre, W. Sorin, K. Hinton, and R. S. Tucker, "Energy Consumption in Access Networks," Proc. Optical Fiber Commun. Conf. Expo, San Diego, CA, March 2008
22. Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ ps5763/index.html
23. Juniper T1600 Core Router, http://www.juniper.net/us/en/products- services/routing/t-tx-series/t1600/.
24. Huawei, Qudway NetEngine 5000E Core Router, http://www.huawei. com/products/datacomm/catalog. do?id=25
25. Brocade NetIron XMR 160000 and 320000 Internet backbone routers, http://www. brocade. com/sites/dotcom/products-solutions/products/ethernet- switches-routers/service-provider/product-details/netiron-xmr-series/.
26. F Cucchietti, G. Griffa, L. Radice, "Eco-Efficiency Indicator: An Operator's Energy Performance Indicator," Proc. 29th Internat. Telecommunications Energy Conf. (INTELEC 2007), Rome, Italy, Sept. 2007, pp. 743-748
27. The Advanced Configuration & Power Interface (ACPI) Specification-Revision 4.0, http://www.acpi.info/.
28. Neilson, D.T., "Photonics for Switching and Routing," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics (JSTQE), vol. 12, no.4, pp.669-678, July-Aug. 2006.
29. M. Bohr, "A 30 Year Retrospective on Dennard's MOSFET Scaling Paper," IEEE SSCS Newsletter, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 11-13, Winter 2007.
30. N. A. Pantazis, D. D. Vergados, "A Survey on Power Control Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks," IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutorials, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 86-107, Fourth Quarter 2007.
31. M. L. Roberts, M. A. Temple, R. F Mills, R. A. Raines, "Evolution of the Air Interface of Cellular Communications Systems toward 4G Realization," IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutorials, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 2-23, First Quarter 2006.
32. L. G. Roberts, "A Radical New Router", IEEE Spectrum, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 34-39, July 2009.
33. D. Harris, "Reducing FPGA Power Consumption", Electronic Design, Penton Media Inc., Feb. 2008.
34. J. Noguera, I.O. Kennedy, "Power Reduction in Network Equipment Through Adaptive Partial Reconfiguration," Proc. 2007 Internat. Conf. on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL 2007), Aug. 2007, pp. 240-245.
35. M. B. Srivastava, A.P. Chandrakasan, R.W. Brodersen, "Predictive System Shutdown and Other Architectural Techniques for Energy Efficient Programmable Computation," IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 42-55, Mar. 1996. (Pubitemid 126780553)
36. L. Benini, A. Bogliolo, G. Paleologo, and G. De Micheli, "Policy Optimization for Dynamic Power Management," IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 813-833, June 1999.
37. E. Y. Chung, L. Benini, A. Bogliolo, Y.-H. Lu, and G. De Micheli, "Dynamic Power Management for Nonstationary Service Requests," IEEE Trans. Comp., vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 1345-1361, Nov. 2002. (Pubitemid 35421768)
38. A. Miyoshi, C. Lefurgy, E. Van Hensbergen, R. Rajamony, R. Rajkumar, "Critical Power Slope: Understanding the Runtime Effects of Frequency Scaling," Proc. 16th Internat. Conf. on Supercomputing (ICS'02), New York, NY, USA, June 2002.
39. Z. Ren, B. Krogh, and R. Marculescu, "Hierarchical Adaptive Dynamic Power Management," IEEE Trans. Comp., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 409-420, Apr. 2005. (Pubitemid 40556085)
40. R. Golding, P. Bosch, and J. Wilkes, "Idleness Is Not Sloth," Technical Report HPL-96-140, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Oct. 1996.
41. S. Gochman et al., "The Intel Pentium M Processor: Microarchitecture and Performance," Intel Technology J., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 21-36, May 2003.
42. S. Herbert, D. Marculescu, "Analysis of Dynamic Voltage/Frequency Scaling in Chip-Multiprocessors," Proc. 2007 Internat. Symp. on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED '07), Portland, OR, USA, Aug. 2007, pp. 38-43. (Pubitemid 350239900)
43. R. Chabukswar, "Maximizing Performance and Energy-Efficiency on Intel Core Microarchitecture using Multi-Threading", Intel White paper.
44. R. H. Nielsen, M. T. Riaz, J. M. Pedersen, O. B. Madsen, "On the Potential of Using the Cable Trench Problem in Planning of ICT Access Networks," Proc. 50th Internat. Symp. ELMAR-2008, Zadar, Croatia, Sept. 2008, pp. 585-588.
45. A. Gladisch, C. Lange, R. Leppla, "Power Efficiency of Optical Versus Electronic Access Networks," Proc. 34th European Conf. and Exhibition on Optical Communication (ECOC 2008), Bruxel, Belgium, Sept. 2008.
46. G. Griffa, "NGN2 and Energy OPEX Savings" http://www. telecomitalia.it/TIPortale/docs/innovazione/04-Griffa.pdf.
47. W. K. Park, C. S. Choi, H. Lee, K. R. Park, "Energy Efficient Home Gateway Based on User Service Traffic in Always-On Home Network Environment," Proc. Internat. Conf. on Advances in Electronics and Micro-electronics (ENICS 2008), Valencia, Spain, Sept. 2008, pp. 121-125.
48. M. Guenach, C. Nuzman, J. Maes, M. Peeters, "On Power Optimization in DSL Systems," Proc. Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009.
49. W. Shing-Wa, L. Valcarenghi, Y She-Hwa, D. R. Campelo, S. Yamashita, L. Kazovsky, "Sleep Mode for Energy Saving PONs: Advantages and Drawbacks," Proc. 2nd Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE GLOBECOM '09 (GreenComm09), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, Dec. 2009.
50. J. Malmodin, "The Carbon Footprint of Mobile Telecommunications and ICT", Proc. 1st Internat. Workshop on Green Wireless, Lapland, Finland, Sept. 2008.
51. H. O. Scheck, J. Louhi, "Energy Efficiency of Cellular Networks," Proc. 1st Internat. Workshop on Green Wireless, Lapland, Finland, Sept. 2008.
52. A. P. Jardosh, G. Iannaccone, K. Papagiannaki, B. Vinnakota, "Towards an Energy-Star WLAN Infrastructure," Proc. 8th Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (HotMobile 2007), pp.85-90, Mar. 2007.
53. A. P. Jardosh, K. Papagiannaki, E. Belding, K. Almeroth, G. Iannaccone, B. Vinnakota, "Green WLANs: On-demand WLAN Infrastructures," Mobile Networks and Applications Journal, Springer Netherlands, Dec. 2008. DOI 10.1007/s11036-008-0123-8.
54. T. Edler, S. Lundberg, "Energy Efficiency Enhancements in Radio Access Networks," Ericsson Review, No. 1, 2004.
55. M. Ajmone Marsan, L. Chiaraviglio, D. Ciullo, M. Meo, "Optimal Energy Savings in Cellular Access Networks," Proc. Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009.
56. M. Ajmone Marsan, L. Chiaraviglio, D. Ciullo, M. Meo, "Energy-Aware UMTS Access Networks," Proc. First International Workshop on Green Wireless (WGREEN 2008) in conjunction with WPMC, Lappland, Finland, Sept. 2008.
57. M. Ajmone Marsan, L. Chiaraviglio, D. Ciullo, M. Meo, "Energy-Efficient Management of UMTS Access Networks," Proc. 21st International Teletraffic Congress (ITC 21), Paris, France, Sept. 2009.
58. J.T Louhi, "Energy efficiency of modern cellular base stations," Proc. 29th Internat. Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC 2007), Rome, Italy, Sept. 2007, pp. 475-476.
59. M. Gupta and S. Singh, "Greening of the Internet," Proc. ACM SIG-COMM Conf. (SIGCOMM 03), Karlshue, Germany, Aug. 2003, pp. 19-26.
60. M. Gupta, S. Grover, S. Singh, "A Feasibility Study for Power Management in LAN Switches," Proc. 12th IEEE Internat. Conf. Network Protocols (ICNP), Berlin, Germany, pp. 361-371, Oct. 2004. (Pubitemid 40574725)
61. M. Gupta, S. Singh, "Dynamic Ethernet Link Shutdown for Energy Conservation on Ethernet Links," Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Commun. 2007 (ICC 2007), Glasgow, Scotland, June 2007, pp. 6156-6161. (Pubitemid 351146514)
62. M. Gupta, S. Singh, "Using Low-Power Modes for Energy Conservation in Ethernet LANs," Proc. 26th IEEE Conf. on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2007), Anchorage, Alaska, May 2007, pp. 2451-2455. (Pubitemid 47334499)
63. P. Barford, J. Chabarek, C. Estan, J. Sommers, D. Tsiang, S. Wright, "Power Awareness in Network Design and Routing," Proc. IEEE 27th IEEE Conf. on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2008), Phoenix, AZ, April 2008, pp. 457-465.
64. L. Ceuppens, A. Sardella, D. Kharitonov, "Power Saving Strategies and Technologies in Network Equipment Opportunities and Challenges, Risk and Rewards," Proc. Internat. Symp. on Applications and the Internet (SAINT 2008), Turku, Finland, July 2008, pp. 381-384.
65. G. Ananthanarayanan, R. H. Katz, "Greening the Switch", Workshop on Power Aware Computing and Systems (HotPower 2008), Dec. 2008, San Diego, CA, USA.
66. R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Ranieri, "Green Support for PC-based Software Router: Performance Evaluation and Modeling," Proc. 2009 IEEE Internat. Conf. on Communications (ICC 2009), Dresden, Germany, June 2009, best paper award.
67. R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Ranieri, "Performance and Power Consumption Modeling for Green COTS Software Router," Proc. 1st Internat. Conf. on Communications Systems and Networks (COMSNETS 2009), Bangalore, India.
68. R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Ranieri, "Energy-Aware Equipment for Next-Generation Networks", Proc. of 4th Internat. Conf. on Future Internet Technologies (CFI 2009), Seoul, Korea, June 2009, pp. 8-11.
69. R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, A. Ranieri, "Performance Constrained Power Consumption Optimization in Distributed Network Equipment," Proc. Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009.
70. R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, "Energy-aware Performance Optimization for Next Generation Green Network Equipment", Proc. of the ACM SIGCOMM 2009 Workshop on Programmable Routers for Extensible Services of Tomorrow (PRESTO 2009), Barcelona, Spain, Aug. 2009, pp-49-55.
71. R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, "Energy-aware Resource Adaptation for Next Generation Network Equipment," Proc. 2009 IEEE Global Communications Conference (IEEE GLOBECOM 2009), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, Dec. 2009.
72. M. Mandviwalla, N. F. Tzeng, "Energy-Efficient Scheme for Multiprocessor-Based Router Linecards," Proc. Internat. Symp. on Applications on Internet (SAINT 2008), Turku, Finland, 2008, pp. 156-163. (Pubitemid 44499900)
73. S. Nedevschi, L. Popa, G. Iannaccone, D. Wetherall, S. Ratnasamy, "Re-ducing network energy consumption via sleeping and rate-adaptation, " Proc. 5th USENIX Symp. on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI '08), San Francisco, CA, 2008, pp. 323-336.
74. M. Yamada, T. Yazaki, N. Matsuyama, T. Hayashi, "Power Efficient Approach and Performance Control for Routers,", Proc. Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009.
75. A. Kennedy, X. Wang, Z. Liu, B. Liu, "Low power architecture for high speed packet classification," Proc. 4th ACM/IEEE Symp. on Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems (ANCS '08), San Jose, CA, Nov. 2008.
76. A. Kennedy, X. Wang, Z. Liu, B. Liu, "Energy efficient packet classification hardware accelerator," Proc. IEEE Internat. Symp. on Parallel and Distributed Processing (IPDPS 2008), Miami, FL, USA, Apr. 2008, pp. 1-8.
77. Y. Luo, J. Yu, J.Yang, L. N. Bhuyan, "Conserving Network Processor Power Consumption by Exploiting Traffic Variability," ACM Trans. On Architecture And Code Optimization, vol. 4, no. 1, March 2007.
78. N. Wang, K. Ho, G. Pavlou, M. Howarth, "An Overview of Routing Optimization for Internet Traffic Engineering," IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutorials, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 36-56, First Quarter 2008.
79. L. Chiaraviglio, M. Mellia, F. Neri, "Energy-Aware UMTS Core Network Design", Proc. 1st Internat. Workshop on Green Wireless (WGREEN 2008) in conjunction with WPMC, Lapland, Finland, Sept. 2008.
80. L. Chiaraviglio, M. Mellia, F. Neri, "Reducing Power Consumption in Backbone Networks", Proc. 2009 IEEE Internat. Conf. on Communications (ICC 2009), Dresden, Germany, June 2009.
81. L. Chiaraviglio, M. Mellia, F. Neri, "Energy-aware Backbone Networks: A Case Study," Proc. Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009.
82. R. Tucker, J. Baliga, R. Ayre, K. Hinton, W. Sorin, "Energy Consumption in IP Networks," Proc. 34th European Conf. and Exhibition on Optical Communication, (ECOC 2008), Brussels, Belgium, Sept. 2008.
83. J. C. Cardona Restrepo, C. G. Gruber, C. Mas Machuca, "Energy Profile Aware Routing," Proc. Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009.
84. V. Soteriou, L.-S. Peh, "Dynamic Power Management for Power Optimization of Interconnection Networks Using On/Off Links," Proc. 11th IEEE Symp. on High Performance Interconnects (Hot Interconnects 2003), Stanford, CA, Aug. 2003, pp. 15-20.
85. M. Baldi, Y. Ofek, "Time for a "Greener" Internet," Proc. Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009.
86. A. Chen, "Berkeley Lab Researchers Are Developing Energy-Efficient Digital Network Technology," Research News Berkley Lab, March 2007. http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/EETD-efficient-networks.html.
87. Berkeley Lab, "Energy Efficient Digital Networks project," http://efficientnetworks.lbl.gov/
88. A. Meyer, B. Nordman, "Buildings as Networks: Danger, Opportunity, and Guiding Principles for Energy Efficiency," Background Discussion, IEA Workshop on Digital Networks, Paris, France, July 2007.
89. University of Florida, "The Energy Efficient Internet project", funded by NSF and Cisco. http://www.csee.usf.edu/christen/energy/main.html
90. G. Goth, "The Net's Going Green-Multipronged Approach Might Save Costs, Energy-and the Climate," IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 7-9, Jan./Feb. 2008.
91. K. Christensen, B. Nordman, R. Brown, "Power Management in Networked Devices," IEEE Computer, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 91-93, Aug. 2004.
92. C. Gunaratne, K. Christensen, S. Suen, B. Nordman, "Reducing the Energy Consumption of Ethernet with an Adaptive Link Rate (ALR)," IEEE Trans. on Computers, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 448-461, Apr. 2008. (Pubitemid 351411555)
93. C. Gunaratne, K. Christensen, S. Suen, "Ethernet Adaptive Link Rate (ALR): Analysis of a Buffer Threshold," Proc. IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf. (GLOBECOM 2006), San Feancisco, CA, USA, Nov. 2006.
94. C. Gunaratne, K. Christensen, "Ethernet Adaptive Link Rate: System Design and Performance Evaluation," Proc. 31st IEEE Conf. Local Computer Networks (LCN 2006), Tampa, FL, USA, Nov. 2006, pp. 28-35.
95. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), IEEE 802.3az Energy Efficient Ethernet Task Force, http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/az/ public/index.html.
96. Energy Star Computer Specification, http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm? c=revisions.computer-spec
97. R. Hays, "Active/Idle Toggling with 0BASE-x for Energy Efficient Ethernet," presentation to the IEEE 802.3az Task Force, Nov. 2007 http://www.ieee802.org/3/az/public/nov07/hays-1 1107.pdf
98. Y. Chen, T. X. Wang, R. H. Katz, "Energy Efficient Ethernet Encodings," Proc. IEEE Conf. on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2008), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Oct. 2008, pp. 122-129.
99. F Blanquicet, K. Christensen, "Managing Energy Use in a Network with a New SNMP Power State MIB," Proc. IEEE Conf. on Local Computer Networks, pp. 509-511, Oct. 2008.
100. K. Christensen, C. Gunaratne, B. Nordman, and A. George, "The Next Frontier for Communications Networks: Power Management," Computer Comm., vol. 27, no. 18, pp. 1758-1770, Dec. 2004.
101. K. Christensen, C. Gunaratne, B. Nordman, "Managing Energy Consumption Costs in Desktop PCs and LAN Switches with Proxying, Split TCP Connections, and Scaling of Link Speed," Internat. Journal of Network Management, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 297-310, Sept./Oct. 2005. (Pubitemid 41353595)
102. M. Allman, K. Christensen, B. Nordman, V. Paxson, "Enabling an Energy-Efficient Future Internet Through Selectively Connected End Systems," Proc. ACM SIGCOMM HotNets Workshop (HotNets 07), Atlanta, GA, Nov. 2007.
103. M. Jimeno, K. Christensen, B. Nordman, "A Network Connection Proxy to Enable Hosts to Sleep and Save Energy," Proc. IEEE Internat. Performance Computing and Communications Conf, pp. 101-110, Dec. 2008.
104. J. Blackburn, K. Christensen, "A Simulation Study of a New Green BitTorrent," Proc. Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009.
105. M. Jimeno, K. Christensen, "P2P Directory Search: Signature Array Hash Table," Proc. IEEE Conf. on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2008), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Oct. 2008, pp. 506-508.
106. M. Jimeno, K. Christensen, "A Prototype Power Management Proxy for Gnutella Peer-to-Peer File Sharing," Proc. IEEE Conf. on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2007), Dublin, Ireland, Oct. 2007, pp. 210-212.
107. K. Sabhanatarajan, A. Gordon-Ross, "A Resource Efficient Content Inspection System for Next Generation Smart NICs," Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Design, Oct. 2008.
108. K. Sabhanatarajan, A. Gordon-Ross, M. Oden, M. Navada, A. George, "Smart-NICs: Power Proxying for Reduced Power Consumption in Network Edge Devices," IEEE Computer Society Annual Symp. on VLSI (ISVLSI), Apr. 2008.
109. Y. Agarwal, S. Hodges, R. Chandra, J. Scott, P. Bahl, R. Gupta, "Somniloquy: Augmenting Network Interfaces to Reduce PC Energy Usage," Proc. 6th ACM/USENIX Symp. On Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 2009), Boston, MA, USA, Apr. 2009.
110. S. Nedevschi, J. Chandrashekar, J. Liu, B. Nordman, S. Ratnasamy, N. Taft, "Skilled in the Art of Being Idle: Reducing Energy Waste in Networked Systems," Proc. 6th ACM/USENIX Symp. On Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 2009), Boston, MA, USA, Apr. 2009.
111. A. Wierman, L. L. H. Andrew, A. Tang, "Power-Aware Speed Scaling in Processor Sharing Systems," Proc. of the 28th IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2009), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Apr. 2009.
112. S. Bradner, J. McQuaid, "Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices," IETF Request for Comments 2544 (RFC 2544), March 1999, http://ietfreport.isoc.org/rfc/rfc2544.txt.
113. Juniper Networks, "Network and Telecom Equipment-Energy and Performance Assessment, Test Procedure and Measurement Methodology", White Paper, Draft, version 1.0.6, 2009.
114. N. Ayari, D. Barbaron, L. Lefevre, P. Primet, "Fault tolerance for highly available internet services: concepts, approaches, and issues," IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutorials, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 34-46, Second Quarter 2008.
115. Y. Wang, E. Keller, B. Biskeborn, J. van der Merwe, J. Rexford, "Virtual Routers on the Move: Live Router Migration as a Network-Management Primitive," Proc. ACM 2008 SIGCOMM Conf., Aug. 2008, pp. 231-242.
116. G. Rossi, P. Salamandra, A Schiavoni, "Testing of Green Cooling Mechanism in Telecom Italia Laboratories", Proc. 2009 Green Teleco World Congress, Paris, France, Jan. 2009.
117. R. H. Nielsen, M. T. Riaz, J. M. Pedersen, O. B. Madsen, "On the Potential of Using the Cable Trench Problem in Planning of ICT Access Networks," Proc. 50th Internat. Symp. ELMAR-2008, Zadar, Croatia, Sept. 2008, pp. 585-588.
118. The NeTS-FIND project: Architectural Support for Selectively-Connected End Systems: Enabling an Energy-Efficient Future Internet. Founded by NSF Sept. 2007-Aug. 2009. http://www.winlab.rutgers.edu/docs/focus/CNF/.
119. The "low Energy COnsumption NETworks" (ECONET) project. IP project funded by the EC in ICT-Call 5 of the 7th Work-Programme, Grant agreement no. 258454.
120. "Design and Analysis of High-Performance, Energy-Efficient, and Secure Clusters project", founded by NSF. April 2006-March 2009.
121. Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry (METI),
122. A. Göthenberg, "Japan's New Generation Network-beyond next generation network", Swedish Institute For Growth Policy Studies, http://www.itps.se/Archive/Documents/Swedish/Publikationer/Rapporter/PM-serien/ 2009/2009-001%20webb.pdf.
123. EU FP7 ICT-BOOM: Terabit-on-chip: micro and nano-scale silicon photonic integrated components and sub-systems enabling Tb/s capacity, scalable and fully integrated photonic routers. May 2008-April 2011
124. EU FP7 ICT-APACHE: Agile Photonic Integrated Systems-on-Chip enabling WDM Terabit Networks. April 2008-March 2011.
125. R. Tucker, "Will optical replace electronic packet switching?", SPIE Newsroom, 2007.
126. EU FP7 ICT-EMUCO: Embedded multi-core processing for mobile communication systems. Feb. 2008-Jan. 2010. http://www.emuco.eu/
127. EU FP7 ICT-MOSART: Mapping optimisation for scalable multi-core architecture. Jan. 2008-Dec.2010. http://www.mosart-project.org.
128. EU FP7 ICT-AIM: A novel architecture for modelling, virtualising and managing the energy consumption of household appliances. Jun 2008-May 2010. http://www.ict-aim.eu.
129. Cisco EnergyWise, http://wwwcisco.com/en/US/prod/switches/ps5718/ps10195/ white-paper-c11-514539.html
130. Cisco Energy Efficient Data Centers, http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ citizenship/environment/data-centers.html
131. The Green Touch initiative, http://www2.alcatellucent.com/blog/2010/01/ green-touch-making-communicationsnetworks-1000-times-more-energy-efficient/
132. The ICT for Energy Efficiency forum (ICT4EE), http://www.digitaleurope. org/index.php?id=1145.
133. IBM,"The Big-Green project", http://www03.ibm. com/press/us/en/presskit/21440. wss.
134. "Green Computing and DLink", white paper, Feb. 2009, ftp://ftp10.dlinkcom/pdfs/products/D-Link-Green-whitepaper.pdf.
135. Juniper Networks, "Network and Telecom Equipment-Energy and Performance Assessment, Test Procedure and Measurement Methodology", White Paper, Draft, version 1.0.6, 2009.
136. Juniper Networks, "Energy Efficiency for the Network Equipment: Two Steps beyond Greenwashing", White Paper, 2009, http://www.juniper.net/us/ en/local/pdf/whitepapers/2000284-en.pdf.
137. Juniper Networks, "Energy Efficiency-Penguin-friendly Networking in Design," White Paper, 2009.
138. B. Gorini, "ETSI Work Programme on Energy Saving," Proc. 29th Internat. Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC 2007), Rome, Italy, Sept. 2007, pp. 174-181.
139. W.Schulz, "ETSI standards and guides for efficient powering of telecommunication and datacom," Proc. 29th Internat. Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC 2007), Rome, Italy, Sept. 2007, pp. 168-173.
140. D. Marquet, "New ETSI IP-XML Power and Cooling System Monitoring and Control Interface Standard," Proc. 29th Internat. Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC 2007), Rome, Italy, Sept. 2007, pp. 393-400.
141. D. Roche, "Efficient broadband deployment & multi-service implementation", Proc. Symp. on Transforming the Network through Global Collaboration (GSC13), Boston, USA, Jan. 2008.
142. The Home Gateway Initiative (HGI), "HGI puts Energy Saving on the Agenda", White paper, http://wwwhomegatewayinitiative.org/press/PR010.pdf
143. ETNO Energy Task Team, Annual Report 2008
144. The EU Broadband Communication Code of Conduct working group. http://www.iea.org/textbase/work/2007/set-top/day3/EC-CodeofConduct.pdf
145. quot;EU Stand-by Initiative, Minutes of the Third Meeting on Energy Consumption of Broadband Communication Equipment and Networks," European Commission DG JRC, Ispra, http://energyefficiencyjrc.cec.eu.int/html/standby- initiative.htm, Nov. 2005.
146. EU Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption of Broadband Communication Equipment," EU Stand-by Initiative",http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ energyefficiency/html/standby-initiative-broadbandcommunication.htm
147. Official Journal of the European Union. 2005. "Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using products." Brussels. 6 July. http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/eco- design/directive-2005-32.pdf
148. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), IEEE 802.3 Energy Efficient Ethernet Study Group, http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/eee- study/index.html, 2006.
149. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), IEEE 802.3 LAN/MAN CSMA/CD Access Method, http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.3.html, 2006
150. ITU Recommendation G.992.3: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Transceivers 2 (ADSL2), http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.992.3/en, 2006
151. ITU Recommendation G.992.5: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Transceivers, http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.992.5/en, 2006.
152. G. Ginis, "Low Power Modes for ADSL2 and ADSL2+," SPAA021, Broadband Comm. Group, Texas Instruments, Jan. 2005
153. ITU Recommendation G.993.1: Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line Transceivers, http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.993.1/en, 2006
154. ITU-T Focus Group on FG ICT & Climate Change, http://www.itu.int/ITU- T/focusgroups/climate/index.html.