Multiple myeloma

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 364, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1046-1060

  Palumbo, Antonio ^a   Anderson, Kenneth ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^b DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIANEMIC AGENT; BORTEZOMIB; CODEINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; GABAPENTIN; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; LENALIDOMIDE; MELPHALAN; MORPHINE; OXYCODONE; PARACETAMOL; PREDNISONE; PREGABALIN; PROTEIN; THALIDOMIDE; WARFARIN;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANEMIA; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; BONE MARROW; CELL CLONING; CELL PROLIFERATION; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG MEGADOSE; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INCIDENCE; INFECTION; LOW DRUG DOSE; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEOPLASM; NEUROPATHY; NEUTROPENIA; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PAIN; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PLASMA CELL; PLASMACYTOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSORY NEUROPATHY; SURVIVAL TIME; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOEMBOLISM; VEIN THROMBOSIS; WESTERN HEMISPHERE;

EID: 79952781038     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1011442     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1860-73. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 2005;352:1163.]
2. Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Krapcho M, et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975- 2007. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. (http://seer.cancer.gov/ csr/1975-2007/index.html.)
3. Kristinsson SY, Landgren O, Dickman PW, Derolf AR, Björkholm M. Patterns of survival in multiple myeloma: a population- based study of patients diagnosed in Sweden from 1973 to 2003. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:1993-9.
4. Brenner H, Gondos A, Pulte D. Recent major improvement in long-term survival of younger patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2008;111:2521-6.
5. Kumar SK, Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, et al. Improved survival in multiple myeloma and the impact of novel therapies. Blood 2008;111:2516-20.
6. Kuehl WM, Bergsagel PL. Multiple myeloma: evolving genetic events and host interactions. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:175-87. (Pubitemid 37328787)
7. Avet-Loiseau H, Attal M, Moreau P, et al. Genetic abnormalities and survival in multiple myeloma: the experience of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome. Blood 2007;109:3489-95. (Pubitemid 46572539)
8. Bergsagel PL, Kuehl WM. Molecular pathogenesis and a consequent classification of multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:6333-8. (Pubitemid 46218843)
9. Roccaro AM, Sacco A, Thompson B, et al. MicroRNAs 15a and 16 regulate tumor proliferation in multiple myeloma. Blood 2009;113:6669-80.
10. Zhan F, Huang Y, Colla S, et al. The molecular classification of multiple myeloma. Blood 2006;108:2020-8. (Pubitemid 44395016)
11. Podar K, Tai YT, Lin BK, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced migration of multiple myeloma cells is associated with beta 1 integrin- and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent PKC alpha activation. J Biol Chem 2002;277:7875-81. (Pubitemid 34968236)
12. Hideshima T, Mitsiades C, Tonon G, Richardson PG, Anderson KC. Understanding multiple myeloma pathogenesis in the bone marrow to identify new therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cancer 2007;7:585-98. (Pubitemid 47106630)
13. Roodman GD. Pathogenesis of myeloma bone disease. Leukemia 2009;23:435-41.
14. Adams J. The proteasome: a suitable antineoplastic target. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:349-60. (Pubitemid 38579481)
15. Quach H, Ritchie D, Stewart AK, et al. Mechanism of action of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2010;24:22-32.
16. Durie BG, Kyle RA, Belch A, et al. Myeloma management guidelines: a consensus report from the Scientific Advisors of the International Myeloma Foundation. Hematol J 2003;4:379-98. [Erratum, Hematol J 2004;5:285.]
17. Durie BG, Harousseau JL, Miguel JS, et al. International uniform response criteria for multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2006;20:1467-73. [Errata, Leukemia 2006; 20:2220, 2007;21:1134.]
18. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2009;23:3-9.
19. Birgegård G, Gascón P, Ludwig H. Evaluation of anaemia in patients with multiple myeloma and lymphoma: findings of the European Cancer Anaemia Survey. Eur J Haematol 2006;77:378-86. (Pubitemid 44483940)
20. Kyle RA, Gertz MA, Witzig TE, et al. Review of 1027 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:21-33. (Pubitemid 36033957)
21. Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou V, Bamias A, Gika D, et al. Renal failure in multiple myeloma: incidence, correlations, and prognostic significance. Leuk Lymphoma 2007;48:337-41. (Pubitemid 46994883)
22. Dimopoulos MA, Kastritis E, Rosinol L, Bladé J, Ludwig H. Pathogenesis and treatment of renal failure in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2008;22:1485-93.
23. Nucci M, Anaissie E. Infections in patients with multiple myeloma in the era of high-dose therapy and novel agents. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1211-25.
24. Fonseca R, Bergsagel PL, Drach J, et al. International Myeloma Working Group molecular classification of multiple myeloma: spotlight review. Leukemia 2009;23:2210-21.
25. Dimopoulos M, Terpos E, Comenzo RL, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2009;23:1545-56.
26. Greipp PR, San Miguel J, Durie BG, et al. International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:3412-20.
27. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Treatment of multiple myeloma: a comprehensive review. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2009;9:278-88.
28. Kyle RA, Remstein ED, Therneau TM, et al. Clinical course and prognosis of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2582-90. (Pubitemid 46961003)
29. Kyle RA, Durie BG, Rajkumar SV, et al. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives, risk factors for progression, and guidelines for monitoring and management. Leukemia 2010;24:1121-7.
30. Anderson KC, Alsina M, Bensinger W, et al. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: multiple myeloma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2009;7:908-42.
31. Stewart AK, Richardson PG, San-Miguel JF. How I treat multiple myeloma in younger patients. Blood 2009;114:5436-43. [Erratum, Blood 2010;115:4006.]
32. Palumbo A, Gay F, Falco P, et al. Bortezomib as induction before autologous transplantation, followed by lenalidomide as consolidation- maintenance in untreated multiple myeloma patients. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:800-7. [Erratum, J Clin Oncol 2010;28:2314.]
33. Palumbo A, Sezer O, Kyle R, et al. International Myeloma Working Group guidelines for the management of multiple myeloma patients ineligible for standard high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation. Leukemia 2009;23:1716-30.
34. Dispenzieri A, Kyle R, Merlini G, et al. International Myeloma Working Group guidelines for serum-free light chain analysis in multiple myeloma and related disorders. Leukemia 2009;23:215-24.
35. Paiva B, Vidriales MB, Cerveró J, et al. Multiparameter flow cytometric remission is the most relevant prognostic factor for multiple myeloma patients who undergo autologous stem cell transplantation. Blood 2008;112:4017-23.
36. Ladetto M, Pagliano G, Ferrero S, et al. Major tumor shrinking and persistent molecular remissions after consolidation with bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone in patients with autografted myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:2077-84.
37. Lahuerta JJ, Mateos MV, Martínez- López J, et al. Influence of pre- and posttransplantation responses on outcome of patients with multiple myeloma: sequential improvement of response and achievement of complete response are associated with longer survival. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:5775-82.
38. van de Velde HJ, Liu X, Chen G, Cakana A, Deraedt W, Bayssas M. Complete response correlates with long-term survival and progression-free survival in highdose therapy in multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2007;92:1399-406. (Pubitemid 350144158)
39. Gay F, Larocca A, Petrucci MT, et al. Achievement of complete remission is a strong prognostic factor in 895 elderly myeloma patients treated with melphalanprednisone based-regimens: results of 3 multicenter Italian trials. Haematologica 2010;95:570. abstract.
40. Attal M, Harousseau JL, Leyvraz S, et al. Maintenance therapy with thalidomide improves survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2006;108:3289-94.
41. Spencer A, Prince HM, Roberts AW, et al. Consolidation therapy with lowdose thalidomide and prednisolone prolongs the survival of multiple myeloma patients undergoing a single autologous stem-cell transplantation procedure. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:1788-93.
42. Barlogie B, Tricot G, Anaissie E, et al. Thalidomide and hematopoietic-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1021-30. (Pubitemid 43357806)
43. Morgan GJ, Jackson GH, Davies FE, et al. Maintenance thalidomide may improve progression free but not overall survival: results from the Myeloma IX maintenance randomisation. Blood 2008;112:656.
44. Ludwig H, Adam Z, Tóthová E, et al. Thalidomide maintenance treatment increases progression-free but not overall survival in elderly patients with myeloma. Haematologica 2010;95:1548-54.
45. Attal M, Cristini C, Marit G, et al. Lenalidomide maintenance after transplantation for myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:577s. abstract.
46. McCarthy PL, Owzar K, Anderson KC, et al. Phase III intergroup study of lenalidomide versus placebo maintenance therapy following single autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) for multiple myeloma (MM):CALGB 100104. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:577s. abstract.
47. Palumbo A, Falco P, Benevolo G, et al. A multicenter, open label study of oral lenalidomide and prednisone (RP) followed by oral lenalidomide melphalan and prednisone (MPR) and oral lenalidomide maintenance in newly diagnosed elderly multiple myeloma patients. Blood 2010;116:1940. abstract.
48. Kumar SK, Mikhael JR, Buadi FK, et al. Management of newly diagnosed symptomatic multiple myeloma: updated Mayo Stratification of Myeloma and Risk- Adapted Therapy (mSMART) consensus guidelines. Mayo Clin Proc 2009;84:1095-110.
49. San-Miguel J, Harousseau JL, Joshua D, Anderson KC. Individualizing treatment of patients with myeloma in the era of novel agents. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:2761-6.
50. Avet-Loiseau H, Soulier J, Fermand JP, et al. Impact of high-risk cytogenetics and prior therapy on outcomes in patients with advanced relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone. Leukemia 2010;24:623-8.
51. Avet-Loiseau H, Leleu X, Roussel M, et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone induction improves outcome of patients with t(4;14) myeloma but not outcome of patients with del(17p). J Clin Oncol 2010;28:4630-4.
52. Rajkumar SV, Rosiñol L, Hussein M, et al. Multicenter, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:2171-7.53.
53. Harousseau JL, Attal M, Avet-Loiseau H, et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone is superior to vincristine plus doxorubicin plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the IFM 2005-01 phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:4621-9.
54. Rajkumar SV, Jacobus S, Callander NS, et al. Lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:29-37. [Erratum, Lancet Oncol 2010;11:14.]
55. Sonneveld P, Schmidt-Wolf I, van der Holt B, et al. HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 randomized phase III trial comparing bortezomib, doxorubicin, dexamethasone (PAD) vs. VAD followed by high-dose melphalan (HDM) and maintenance with bortezomib or thalidomide in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM). Blood 2010;116:40. abstract.
56. Reeder CB, Reece DE, Kukreti V, et al. Cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone induction for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: high response rates in a phase II clinical trial. Leukemia 2009;23:1337-41.
57. Cavo M, Tacchetti P, Patriarca F, et al. A phase III study of double autotransplantation incorporating bortezomib-thalidomide- dexamethasone (VTD) or thalidomide- dexamethasone (TD) for multiple myeloma: Superior clinical outcomes with VTD compared to TD. Blood 2009;114:148. abstract.
58. Richardson PG, Weller E, Lonial S, et al. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone combination therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood 2010;116:679-86.
59. Nair B, van Rhee F, Shaughnessy JD Jr, et al. Superior results of Total Therapy 3 (2003-33) in gene expression profilingdefined low-risk multiple myeloma confirmed in subsequent trial 2006-66 with VRD maintenance. Blood 2010;115:4168-73.
60. Attal M, Harousseau JL, Facon T, et al. Single versus double autologous stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2495-502. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 2004;350:2628.]
61. Cavo M, Tosi P, Zamagni E, et al. Prospective, randomized study of single compared with double autologous stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: Bologna 96 clinical study. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:2434-41. (Pubitemid 46999214)
62. Fermand JP, Katsahian S, Divine M, et al. High-dose therapy and autologous blood stem-cell transplantation compared with conventional treatment in myeloma patients aged 55 to 65 years: long-term results of a randomized control trial from the Group Myelome-Autogreffe. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:9227-33.
63. Palumbo AP, Cavallo F, Di Raimondo F, et al. A phase III trial of melphalan/ prednisone/lenalidomide (MPR) versus melphalan (200 mg/m2) and autologous transplantation (MEL200) in newly diagnosed myeloma patients. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:Suppl:576s. abstract.
64. Garban F, Attal M, Michallet M, et al. Prospective comparison of autologous stem cell transplantation followed by dose-reduced allograft (IFM99-03 trial) with tandem autologous stem cell transplantation (IFM99-04 trial) in high-risk de novo multiple myeloma. Blood 2006; 107:3474-80.
65. Bruno B, Rotta M, Patriarca F, et al. A comparison of allografting with autografting for newly diagnosed myeloma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1110-20. (Pubitemid 46425595)
66. Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Caravita T, et al. Oral melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphalan and prednisone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367:825-31. (Pubitemid 43363369)
67. Facon T, Mary JY, Hulin C, et al. Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide versus melphalan and prednisone alone or reduced-intensity autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with multiple myeloma (IFM 99-06): a randomised trial. Lancet 2007;370:1209-18. (Pubitemid 47516593)
68. Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Liberati AM, et al. Oral melphalan, prednisone, and thalidomide in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: updated results of a randomized controlled trial. Blood 2008;112:3107-14.
69. Wijermans P, Schaafsma M, Termorshuizen F, et al. Phase III study of the value of thalidomide added to melphalan plus prednisone in elderly patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: the HOVON 49 Study. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:3160-6.
70. Hulin C, Facon T, Rodon P, et al. Efficacy of melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide in patients older than 75 years with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: IFM 01/01 trial. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3664-70.
71. Waage A, Gimsing P, Fayers P, et al. Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide or placebo in elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2010;116:1405-12.
72. Waage A, Palumbo AP, Fayers P, et al. MP versus MPT for previously untreated elderly patients with multiple myeloma: A meta-analysis of 1,682 individual patient data from six randomized clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:Suppl:605s. abstract.
73. San Miguel JF, Schlag R, Khuageva NK, et al. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2008;359:906-17.
74. Mateos MV, Richardson PG, Schlag R, et al. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone compared with melphalan and prednisone in previously untreated multiple myeloma: updated follow-up and impact of subsequent therapy in the phase III VISTA trial. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:2259-66.
75. Zonder JA, Crowley J, Hussein MA, et al. Lenalidomide and high-dose dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for multiple myeloma: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group trial (S0232). Blood 2010;116:5838-41.
76. Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Rossi D, et al. Bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone- thalidomide followed by maintenance with bortezomib-thalidomide compared with bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:5101-9.
77. Mateos MV, Oriol A, Martinez-Lopez J, et al. Bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone versus bortezomib, thalidomide, and prednisone as induction therapy followed by maintenance treatment with bortezomib and thalidomide versus bortezomib and prednisone in elderly patients with untreated multiple myeloma: a randomized trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:934-41.
78. Kastritis E, Palumbo A, Dimopoulos MA. Treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Semin Hematol 2009;46:143-57.
79. Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, Schuster MW, et al. Bortezomib or high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2487-98. (Pubitemid 41007864)
80. Mikhael JR, Belch AR, Prince HM, et al. High response rate to bortezomib with or without dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: results of a global phase 3b expanded access program. Br J Haematol 2009;144:169-75.
81. Dimopoulos M, Spencer A, Attal M, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2123-32. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 2009;361:544.]
82. Weber DM, Chen C, Niesvizky R, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma in North America. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2133-42. (Pubitemid 350146108)
83. Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, Schuster M, et al. Extended follow-up of a phase 3 trial in relapsed multiple myeloma: final time-to-event results of the APEX trial. Blood 2007;110:3557-60. (Pubitemid 350159621)
84. Alvares CL, Davies FE, Horton C, Patel G, Powles R, Morgan GJ. The role of second autografts in the management of myeloma at first relapse. Haematologica 2006;91:141-2. (Pubitemid 43235400)
85. Orlowski RZ, Nagler A, Sonneveld P, et al. Randomized phase III study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plus bortezomib compared with bortezomib alone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: combination therapy improves time to progression. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3892-901. (Pubitemid 47477266)
86. van de Donk NW, Wittebol S, Minnema MC, Lokhorst HM. Lenalidomide (Revlimid) combined with continuous oral cyclophosphamide (Endoxan) and prednisone (REP) is effective in lenalidomide/ dexamethasone-refractory myeloma. Br J Haematol 2010;148:335-7.
87. Rizzo JD, Somerfield MR, Hagerty KL, et al. Use of epoetin and darbepoetin in patients with cancer: 2007 American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Society of Hematology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:132-49. [Erratum, J Clin Oncol 2008;26:1192.]
88. Cancer pain relief and palliative care: report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1990; 804:1-75.
89. Leigh BR, Kurtts TA, Mack CF, Matzner MB, Shimm DS. Radiation therapy for the palliation of multiple myeloma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993;25:801-4. (Pubitemid 23123383)
90. Hussein MA, Vrionis FD, Allison R, et al. The role of vertebral augmentation in multiple myeloma: International Myeloma Working Group Consensus Statement. Leukemia 2008;22:1479-84.
91. Terpos E, Sezer O, Croucher PI, et al. The use of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma: recommendations of an expert panel on behalf of the European Myeloma Network. Ann Oncol 2009;20:1303-17.
92. Morgan G, Davies F, Gregory W, et al. Zoledronic acid (Zol) prolongs time to first skeletal-related event (SRE) and survival versus clodronate in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM): MRC Myeloma IX trial results - zoledronic acid (Zol) significantly increases progressionfree survival (PFS) versus clodronate and may improve response rates in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM): MRC Myeloma IX trial results. Haematologica 2010;95:Suppl:232. abstract.
93. Dickinson M, Prince HM, Kirsa S, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw complicating bisphosphonate treatment for bone disease in multiple myeloma: an overview with recommendations for prevention and treatment. Intern Med J 2009;39:304-16.
94. Stewart AF. Hypercalcemia associated with cancer. N Engl J Med 2005;352:373-9.
95. Palumbo A, Gay F. How to treat elderly patients with multiple myeloma: combination of therapy or sequencing. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009:566-77.
96. Palumbo A, Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Prevention of thalidomideand lenalidomide-associated thrombosis in myeloma. Leukemia 2008;22:414-23. (Pubitemid 351255436)
97. Lonial S, Richardson PG, San Miguel J, et al. Characterisation of haematological profiles and low risk of thromboembolic events with bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2008;143:222-9.
98. Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, Schuster MW, et al. Reversibility of symptomatic peripheral neuropathy with bortezomib in the phase III APEX trial in relapsed multiple myeloma: impact of a dose-modification guideline. Br J Haematol 2009;144:895-903.
99. Zhou Y, Barlogie B, Shaughnessy JD Jr. The molecular characterization and clinical management of multiple myeloma in the post-genome era. Leukemia 2009;23:1941-56.
100. Ocio EM, Mateos MV, Maiso P, Pandiella A, San-Miguel JF. New drugs in multiple myeloma: mechanisms of action and phase I/II clinical findings. Lancet Oncol 2008;9:1157-65.