The transboundary trade of hazardous wastes, 2000-2006

Environmental Justice

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 55-62

  Thomas, John K ^a   Fannin, Darrell ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EXPORT; GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; GLOBAL TRADE; HAZARDOUS WASTE; IMPORT; LAW OF THE SEA; TRADE FLOW; TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION; WASTE TRANSPORT;

EUROPE; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 79952758080     PISSN: 19394071     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/env.2010.0022     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Deanna Lewis and Ron Chepesiuk, "The International Trade in Toxic Waste: A Selected Bibliography", Electronic Green Journal 1(1994), available from .
2. Kate O'Neill, "Regulations as Arbiters of Risk: Great Britain, Germany, and the Hazardous Waste Trade in Western Europe", International Studies Quarterly 41(1997):687-718.
3. Jennifer Clapp. Toxic Exports: The Transfer of Hazardous Wastes from Rich to Poor Countries. (Cornell University Press, 2001), 7, 106-109;
4. Basil Enwegbara, "Toxic Colonialism: Lawrence Summers and Let Africans Eat Pollution", The Tech, Online Edition 121, 16 (April 6, 2001), available from ;
5. Filomina C. Steady, "Environmental Justice Cross Culturally: Theory and praxis in the African Diaspora and in Africa", in Filomina C. Steady (ed). Environmental Justice in the New Millennium: Global Perspectives on Race, Ethnicity, and Human Rights. (Palgrave/MacMillan, 2009), 47-89.
6. Brian Wynne, "The Toxic Waste Trade: International Regulatory Issues and Options", Third World Quarterly 11, 3(1989):120-146.
7. David Jolly, "Settlement Near in Ivory Coast Toxic Dumping Case", The New York Times, September 17, 2009.
8. For other examples, see Advisory Committee of the Seaport Environmental Security Network. The International Hazardous Waste Trade through Seaports. The International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement. Working paper (Nov. 2009), available from .
9. Jennifer Clapp, "Seeping Through the Regulatory Cracks", SAIS Review 22, 1(2002):141-155.
10. Robert D. Bullard, Paul Mohai, Robin Saha, and Beverly Wright. Toxic Wastes and Race at Twenty: 1987-2007. (United Church of Christ and Witness Ministries, 2007);
11. Paul Mohai and Robin Saha, "Racial Inequality in the Distribution of Hazardous Wastes: A National Level Reassessment", Social Problems 54, 3(2007):343-370.
12. Jonathan Krueger, "The Basel Convention and the International Trade in Hazardous Wastes", in Olav Schram Stokke and østein B. Thommessen (eds). Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development 2001/2002. (London: Earthscan Publications, 2001), 44.
13. David Farber, "The Unfair Trade-off: Globalization and the Export of Ecological Hazards", in Leslie King and Deborah McCarthy (eds). Environment and Society: From Analysis to Action, 2nd ed. (Roman and Littlefield, 2009), 181-199.
14. Kaixian Hu, Keith W. Hipel, and Liping Fang. "A Conflict Model for the International Hazardous Waste Disposal Dispute", Journal of Hazardous Materials 172(2009):138-146.
15. Clapp, "Regulatory Cracks", 141-155.
16. Krueger, "International Trade", 45, 50.
17. Clapp, Toxic Exports, 56;
18. Kreuger, "International Trade", 43;
19. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Introduction to Hazardous Waste Identification (2008), available from ;
20. Brian Wynne, "The Toxic Waste Trade: International Regulatory Issues and Options", Third World Quarterly 11, 3(1989):120-146.
21. Kate O'Neill, "Hazardous Waste Disposal", Foreign Policy In Focus 4, 1(1999):1-4.
22. The Convention defines hazardous wastes in its Annex I, with additional clarifications given in Annexes VIII and IX. Annex II of the Convention identifies other wastes such as household wastes that require special consideration. Nations may also inform the Convention Secretariat of additional wastes that are considered or defined as hazardous wastes under their national legislation and of any requirements concerning transboundary movement procedures applicable to such wastes. United Nations/Basel Convention, Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (Geneva, Switzerland, n. d.), available from .
23. Advisory Committee of the Seaport Environmental Security Network. Waste Trade through Seaports, available from .
24. United Nations/Basel Convention, Basel Convention, available from .
25. Clapp, Toxic Exports, 53-80.
26. Clapp, "Regulatory Cracks", 141-155.
27. Krueger, "International Trade", 46, 47;
28. Jim Puckett, "Disposing of the Waste Trade: Closing the Recycling Loophole", The Ecologist 24, 2(1994):53-58. (Pubitemid 24390463)
29. Clapp, Toxic Exports, 24, 56;
30. Kreuger, "International Trade", 43.
31. Basel Convention, available from .
32. The United Nations has 192 members; the United States recognizes 194 independent countries. Taiwan, U. S. protectorates, Scotland, Bermuda, and components of the United Kingdom are not fully independent countries or states; see .
33. Krueger, "International Trade", 47.
34. Barry Johnson. Impact of Hazardous Waste on Human Health: Hazard, Health Effects, Equity, and Communication Issues. (Lewis Publishers, 1999).
35. Countries with PRTRs are: Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States. All, except the United States, have ratified the Basel Convention. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, U. S. TRI Program a Leader in International Chemical Release Reporting (2009b), available from .
36. Countries with PRTRs are: Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States. All, except the United States, have ratified the Basel Convention. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, U. S. TRI Program a Leader in International Chemical Release Reporting (2009b), available from .
37. Facilities that are subject to TRI reporting are categorized using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes. Detailed information is located at U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, TRI Explorer-Background, (2009a), available from .
38. In April 2000, President Clinton issued Executive Order 113148 that required federal and military facilities that meet TRI reporting requirements to submit annual reports to the EPA. See Presidential, Proclamation, "Federal Register, Greening the Government through Leadership in Environmental Management, "' Federal Register 65, 81 (April 26, 2000):24595-24606, available from . Federal and military data reported to the TRI are included in this study.
39. An on-site release is a discharge of a toxic chemical to the environment that occurs at the location of a reporting facility. Onsite releases include emissions to the air, discharges to bodies of water, releases at the facility to land, as well as disposal into underground injection wells. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, TRI Explorer-Background, available from .
40. Kees Wielega. Basel Convention: Global Trends in Generation and Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Other Wastes. Châtelaine, Switzerland: International Environment House, Basel Convention Series/SBC No. 02/14 (2002).
41. Krueger, "International Trade", 48.
42. We deleted 24 chemicals and particular compounds due to changes in the TRI program. The EPA delisted two chemicals and no longer monitors them. It also changed the reporting status on 14 chemicals and added 6 new chemicals in 2000. By deleting these chemicals, we created a standard set of chemicals for the study period. Catherine Miller, personal communication with author, February 2009, Hampshire Research Institute, Alexandria, VA.
43. We omitted data reported by publically owned treatment works (POTWs) because any particular toxic waste metal could be transferred to multiple POTW addresses. POTWs accounted for less than one percent of the total amount transfers. Transfers by oil and gas facilities and transfers to non-TRI facilities are also not included because they do not have to be reported to the TRI. Stephen DeVito, personal communication with authors, January 2009. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory Program. Washington, DC.
44. See also U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Introduction to Hazardous Waste Identification. (2008), available from ;
45. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. RCRA, Superfund and EPCRA Hotline Training Module. Definition of Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Recycling. (Solid Waste and Emergency Response, EPA 530-R-96-026, 1996).
46. Jen Baggs, "International Trade in Hazardous Waste", Review of International Economics 17, 1(2009):12.
47. Advisory Committee of the Seaport Environmental Security Network. Trade through Seaports, available from .
48. Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner, "Corporate Responsibility for Toxins", in Leslie King and Deborah McCarthy (eds). Environment and Society: From Analysis to Action, 2nd ed. (Roman and Littlefield, 2009), 164-177;
49. David N. Pellow, "Environmental Justice and The Political Process: Movements, Corporations, and the State", The Sociological Quarterly 42, 1(2001):47-67. (Pubitemid 33394927)
50. U. S. Geological Survey. Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. (2010), available from .
51. Clapp, Toxic Exports, 161;
52. Markowitz and Rosner, "Corporate Responsibility", 164-177.
53. Jennifer Clapp, "Regulatory Cracks", 141-155;
54. Steady, "Environmental Justice Cross Culturally", 47-89.