메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 294, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 589-609

Exploring Femoral Diaphyseal Shape Variation in Wild and Captive Chimpanzees by Means of Morphometric Mapping: A Test of Wolff's Law

Author keywords

Cross sectional geometry; Cylindrical parameterization; Femur; Functional bone adaptation; Geometric morphometrics; Long bone; Ontogeny

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; CHIMPANZEE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORTICAL BONE; DIAPHYSIS; FEMUR; GEOMETRY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MORPHOLOGY; MORPHOMETRICS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; WOLFF REARRANGEMENT;

EID: 79952727538     PISSN: 19328486     EISSN: 19328494     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ar.21346     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (59)

References (89)
  • 2
    • 3042936855 scopus 로고
    • Über die Verteilung der Corticalisdichte im menschlichen Femurschaft und ihre Bedeutung für die Bestimmung der Knochenfestigkeit
    • Amtmann E, Schmitt H. 1968. Über die Verteilung der Corticalisdichte im menschlichen Femurschaft und ihre Bedeutung für die Bestimmung der Knochenfestigkeit. Zeit Anat Entwick 127: 25-41.
    • (1968) Zeit Anat Entwick , vol.127 , pp. 25-41
    • Amtmann, E.1    Schmitt, H.2
  • 3
    • 0036894709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of mechanical loading on the size and shape of bone in pre-, peri-, and postpubertal girls: a study in tennis players
    • Bass S, Saxon L, Daly R, Turner C, Robling A, Seeman E, Stuckey S. 2002. Effect of mechanical loading on the size and shape of bone in pre-, peri-, and postpubertal girls: a study in tennis players. J Bone Miner Res 17: 2274-2280.
    • (2002) J Bone Miner Res , vol.17 , pp. 2274-2280
    • Bass, S.1    Saxon, L.2    Daly, R.3    Turner, C.4    Robling, A.5    Seeman, E.6    Stuckey, S.7
  • 6
    • 0025908495 scopus 로고
    • The law of bone transformation - a case of crying Wolff
    • Bertram JEA, Swartz SM. 1991. The law of bone transformation - a case of crying Wolff. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 66: 245-273.
    • (1991) Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc , vol.66 , pp. 245-273
    • Bertram, J.E.A.1    Swartz, S.M.2
  • 9
    • 0024315054 scopus 로고
    • Structural adaptations of the femur and humerus to arboreal and terrestrial environments in 3 species of macaque
    • Burr DB, Ruff CB, Johnson C. 1989. Structural adaptations of the femur and humerus to arboreal and terrestrial environments in 3 species of macaque. Am J Phys Anthropol 79: 357-367.
    • (1989) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.79 , pp. 357-367
    • Burr, D.B.1    Ruff, C.B.2    Johnson, C.3
  • 10
    • 57649210720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of Nonbehavioral Factors in Adjusting Long Bone Diaphyseal Structure in Free-ranging Pan troglodytes
    • Carlson K, Sumner D, Morbeck M, Nishida T, Yamanaka A, Boesch C. 2008a. Role of Nonbehavioral Factors in Adjusting Long Bone Diaphyseal Structure in Free-ranging Pan troglodytes. Int J Primatol 29: 1401-1420.
    • (2008) Int J Primatol , vol.29 , pp. 1401-1420
    • Carlson, K.1    Sumner, D.2    Morbeck, M.3    Nishida, T.4    Yamanaka, A.5    Boesch, C.6
  • 11
    • 20444419017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating the form-function interface in African apes: Relationships between principal moments of area and positional behaviors in femoral and humeral diaphyses
    • Carlson KJ. 2005. Investigating the form-function interface in African apes: Relationships between principal moments of area and positional behaviors in femoral and humeral diaphyses. Am J Phys Anthropol 127: 312-334.
    • (2005) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.127 , pp. 312-334
    • Carlson, K.J.1
  • 13
    • 34948905803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased non-linear locomotion alters diaphyseal bone shape
    • Carlson KJ, Judex S. 2007. Increased non-linear locomotion alters diaphyseal bone shape. J Exp Biol 210: 3117-3125.
    • (2007) J Exp Biol , vol.210 , pp. 3117-3125
    • Carlson, K.J.1    Judex, S.2
  • 14
    • 51849122601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do different locomotor modes during growth modulate trabecular architecture in the murine hind limb?
    • Carlson KJ, Lublinsky S, Judex S. 2008b. Do different locomotor modes during growth modulate trabecular architecture in the murine hind limb? Integr Comp Biol 48: 385-393.
    • (2008) Integr Comp Biol , vol.48 , pp. 385-393
    • Carlson, K.J.1    Lublinsky, S.2    Judex, S.3
  • 16
    • 36348985439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humeral torsion revisited: a functional and ontogenetic model for populational variation
    • Cowgill LW. 2007. Humeral torsion revisited: a functional and ontogenetic model for populational variation. Am J Phys Anthropol 134: 472-480.
    • (2007) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.134 , pp. 472-480
    • Cowgill, L.W.1
  • 17
    • 79952717132 scopus 로고
    • Musculature of the hip and thigh of the chimpanzee: a comparison to man and other primates. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin.
    • Crass E. 1952. Musculature of the hip and thigh of the chimpanzee: a comparison to man and other primates. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin.
    • (1952)
    • Crass, E.1
  • 18
    • 34247562654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo bone strain and bone functional adaptation
    • Demes B. 2007. In vivo bone strain and bone functional adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol 133: 717-722.
    • (2007) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.133 , pp. 717-722
    • Demes, B.1
  • 19
    • 67650517307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotor variation and bending regimes of capuchin limb bones
    • Demes B, Carlson KJ. 2009. Locomotor variation and bending regimes of capuchin limb bones. Am J Phys Anthropol 139: 558-571.
    • (2009) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.139 , pp. 558-571
    • Demes, B.1    Carlson, K.J.2
  • 20
    • 0001920138 scopus 로고
    • Long-bone cross-sectional dimensions, locomotor adaptations and body-size in prosimian primates
    • Demes B, Jungers WL. 1993. Long-bone cross-sectional dimensions, locomotor adaptations and body-size in prosimian primates. J Hum Evol 25: 57-74.
    • (1993) J Hum Evol , vol.25 , pp. 57-74
    • Demes, B.1    Jungers, W.L.2
  • 23
    • 0000708201 scopus 로고
    • The ontogeny of chimpanzee and pygmy chimpanzee locomotor behavior - a case-study of paedomorphism and its behavioral-correlates
    • Doran DM. 1992. The ontogeny of chimpanzee and pygmy chimpanzee locomotor behavior - a case-study of paedomorphism and its behavioral-correlates. J Hum Evol 23: 139-157.
    • (1992) J Hum Evol , vol.23 , pp. 139-157
    • Doran, D.M.1
  • 24
    • 0031113808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontogeny of locomotion in mountain gorillas and chimpanzees
    • Doran DM. 1997. Ontogeny of locomotion in mountain gorillas and chimpanzees. J Hum Evol 32: 323-344.
    • (1997) J Hum Evol , vol.32 , pp. 323-344
    • Doran, D.M.1
  • 25
    • 42249105368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enthesis bilateral asymmetry in humans and African apes
    • Drapeau MSM. 2008. Enthesis bilateral asymmetry in humans and African apes. Homo-J Comparat Hum Biol 59: 93-109.
    • (2008) Homo-J Comparat Hum Biol , vol.59 , pp. 93-109
    • Drapeau, M.S.M.1
  • 26
    • 84979135443 scopus 로고
    • Torsion of the lower extremity
    • Elftman H. 1945. Torsion of the lower extremity. Am J Phys Anthropol-New Ser 3: 255-265.
    • (1945) Am J Phys Anthropol-New Ser , vol.3 , pp. 255-265
    • Elftman, H.1
  • 29
    • 77950851616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technical note: a new method for measuring long bone curvature using 3D landmarks and semi-landmarks
    • Groote ID, Lockwood AC, Aiello CL. 2010. Technical note: a new method for measuring long bone curvature using 3D landmarks and semi-landmarks. Am J Phys Anthropol 141: 658-664.
    • (2010) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.141 , pp. 658-664
    • Groote, I.D.1    Lockwood, A.C.2    Aiello, C.L.3
  • 31
    • 33846559267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The shape of the hominoid proximal femur: a geometric morphometric analysis
    • Harmon EH. 2007. The shape of the hominoid proximal femur: a geometric morphometric analysis. J Anat 210: 170-185.
    • (2007) J Anat , vol.210 , pp. 170-185
    • Harmon, E.H.1
  • 32
    • 67049099268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The shape of the early hominin proximal femur
    • Harmon EH. 2009. The shape of the early hominin proximal femur. Am J Phys Anthropol 139: 154-171.
    • (2009) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.139 , pp. 154-171
    • Harmon, E.H.1
  • 33
    • 77950520838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geometric morphometric analyses of hominid proximal femora: taxonomic and phylogenetic considerations
    • Holliday TW, Hutchinson VT, Morrow MMB, Livesay GA. 2010. Geometric morphometric analyses of hominid proximal femora: taxonomic and phylogenetic considerations. Homo-J Comparat Hum Biol 61: 3-15.
    • (2010) Homo-J Comparat Hum Biol , vol.61 , pp. 3-15
    • Holliday, T.W.1    Hutchinson, V.T.2    Morrow, M.M.B.3    Livesay, G.A.4
  • 34
    • 0009772416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of enclosure size and complexity on the behaviors of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
    • Jensvold MLA, Sanz CM, Fouts RS, Fouts DH. 2001. Effect of enclosure size and complexity on the behaviors of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Appl Anim Welf Sci 4: 53-69.
    • (2001) J Appl Anim Welf Sci , vol.4 , pp. 53-69
    • Jensvold, M.L.A.1    Sanz, C.M.2    Fouts, R.S.3    Fouts, D.H.4
  • 36
    • 0018427703 scopus 로고
    • Computed tomography and biomechanical analysis of fossil long bones
    • Jungers WL, Minns RJ. 1979. Computed tomography and biomechanical analysis of fossil long bones. Am J Phys Anthropol 50: 285-290.
    • (1979) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.50 , pp. 285-290
    • Jungers, W.L.1    Minns, R.J.2
  • 37
    • 0002909860 scopus 로고
    • Long and robust limb bones of primates
    • Ehara A, Kimura T, Takenaka O, Iwamoto M, editors. New York: Elsevier.
    • Kimura T. 1991. Long and robust limb bones of primates. In: Ehara A, Kimura T, Takenaka O, Iwamoto M, editors. Primatology today. New York: Elsevier. p 495-498.
    • (1991) Primatology today , pp. 495-498
    • Kimura, T.1
  • 38
    • 0001255164 scopus 로고
    • Long bone characteristics of primates
    • Kimura T. 1995. Long bone characteristics of primates. Z Morphol Anthropol 80: 265-280.
    • (1995) Z Morphol Anthropol , vol.80 , pp. 265-280
    • Kimura, T.1
  • 39
    • 0000759336 scopus 로고
    • Kinesiological characteristics of primate walking: its significance in human walking
    • Morbeck M, Preuschoft H, Gomberg N, editors. New York: Gustav Fischer.
    • Kimura T, Okada M, Ishida H. 1979. Kinesiological characteristics of primate walking: its significance in human walking. In: Morbeck M, Preuschoft H, Gomberg N, editors. Environment, behavior, and morphology: dynamic interactions in primates. New York: Gustav Fischer. p 297-312.
    • (1979) Environment, behavior, and morphology: dynamic interactions in primates , pp. 297-312
    • Kimura, T.1    Okada, M.2    Ishida, H.3
  • 40
    • 0019999399 scopus 로고
    • Elliptic Fourier features of a closed contour
    • Kuhl F, Giardina C. 1982. Elliptic Fourier features of a closed contour. Comput Graphics Image Process 18: 236-258.
    • (1982) Comput Graphics Image Process , vol.18 , pp. 236-258
    • Kuhl, F.1    Giardina, C.2
  • 41
    • 0023516779 scopus 로고
    • Functional strain in bone tissue as an objective, and controlling stimulus for adaptive bone remodeling
    • Lanyon LE. 1987. Functional strain in bone tissue as an objective, and controlling stimulus for adaptive bone remodeling. J Biomech 20: 1083-1093.
    • (1987) J Biomech , vol.20 , pp. 1083-1093
    • Lanyon, L.E.1
  • 42
    • 0017192188 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical function as an influence on structure and form of bone
    • Lanyon LE, Baggott DG. 1976. Mechanical function as an influence on structure and form of bone. J Bone Joint Surg-Br Vol 58: 436-443.
    • (1976) J Bone Joint Surg-Br , vol.58 , pp. 436-443
    • Lanyon, L.E.1    Baggott, D.G.2
  • 43
    • 0018408051 scopus 로고
    • Influence of mechanical function on the development and remodeling of the tibia - experimental-study in sheep
    • Lanyon LE, Bourn S. 1979. Influence of mechanical function on the development and remodeling of the tibia - experimental-study in sheep. J Bone Joint Surg-Am Vol 61: 263-273.
    • (1979) J Bone Joint Surg-Am , vol.61 , pp. 263-273
    • Lanyon, L.E.1    Bourn, S.2
  • 44
    • 1642539154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting long bone loading from cross-sectional geometry
    • Lieberman DE, Polk JD, Demes B. 2004. Predicting long bone loading from cross-sectional geometry. Am J Phys Anthropol 123: 156-171.
    • (2004) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.123 , pp. 156-171
    • Lieberman, D.E.1    Polk, J.D.2    Demes, B.3
  • 45
    • 0017074482 scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical analysis of bone strength - method and its application to platycnemia
    • Lovejoy CO, Burstein AH, Heiple KG. 1976. Biomechanical analysis of bone strength - method and its application to platycnemia. Am J Phys Anthropol 44: 489-505.
    • (1976) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.44 , pp. 489-505
    • Lovejoy, C.O.1    Burstein, A.H.2    Heiple, K.G.3
  • 46
    • 70349687238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining prehension and propulsion: The foot of Ardipithecus ramidus
    • Lovejoy CO, Latimer B, Suwa G, Asfaw B, White TD. 2009a. Combining prehension and propulsion: The foot of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science 326: 72.
    • (2009) Science , vol.326 , pp. 72
    • Lovejoy, C.O.1    Latimer, B.2    Suwa, G.3    Asfaw, B.4    White, T.D.5
  • 48
    • 0036785121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Maka femur and its bearing on the antiquity of human walking: applying contemporary concepts of morphogenesis to the human fossil record
    • Lovejoy CO, Meindl RS, Ohman JC, Heiple KG, White TD. 2002. The Maka femur and its bearing on the antiquity of human walking: applying contemporary concepts of morphogenesis to the human fossil record. Am J Phys Anthropol 119: 97-133.
    • (2002) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.119 , pp. 97-133
    • Lovejoy, C.O.1    Meindl, R.S.2    Ohman, J.C.3    Heiple, K.G.4    White, T.D.5
  • 49
    • 70349658844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Careful climbing in the Miocene: The forelimbs of Ardipithecus ramidus and humans are primitive
    • Lovejoy CO, Simpson SW, White TD, Asfaw B, Suwa G. 2009b. Careful climbing in the Miocene: The forelimbs of Ardipithecus ramidus and humans are primitive. Science 326: 70.
    • (2009) Science , vol.326 , pp. 70
    • Lovejoy, C.O.1    Simpson, S.W.2    White, T.D.3    Asfaw, B.4    Suwa, G.5
  • 50
    • 70349687237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Great divides: Ardipithecus ramidus reveals the postcrania of our last common ancestors with African apes
    • Lovejoy CO, Suwa G, Simpson SW, Matternes JH, White TD. 2009c. The Great divides: Ardipithecus ramidus reveals the postcrania of our last common ancestors with African apes. Science 326: 100-106.
    • (2009) Science , vol.326 , pp. 100-106
    • Lovejoy, C.O.1    Suwa, G.2    Simpson, S.W.3    Matternes, J.H.4    White, T.D.5
  • 51
    • 60849096951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ontogenetic trajectory of the phenotypic covariance matrix, with examples from craniofacial shape in rats and humans
    • Mitteroecker P, Bookstein F. 2009. The ontogenetic trajectory of the phenotypic covariance matrix, with examples from craniofacial shape in rats and humans. Evolution 63: 727-737.
    • (2009) Evolution , vol.63 , pp. 727-737
    • Mitteroecker, P.1    Bookstein, F.2
  • 52
    • 0029855957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass is the primary determinant of midfemoral bone acquisition during adolescent growth
    • Moro M, vanderMeulen MCH, Kiratli BJ, Marcus R, Bachrach LK, Carter DR. 1996. Body mass is the primary determinant of midfemoral bone acquisition during adolescent growth. Bone 19: 519-526.
    • (1996) Bone , vol.19 , pp. 519-526
    • Moro, M.1    vanderMeulen, M.C.H.2    Kiratli, B.J.3    Marcus, R.4    Bachrach, L.K.5    Carter, D.R.6
  • 53
    • 0031724058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facial growth in Cercocebus torquatus: an application of three-dimensional geometric morphometric techniques to the study of morphological variation
    • O'Higgins P, Jones N. 1998. Facial growth in Cercocebus torquatus: an application of three-dimensional geometric morphometric techniques to the study of morphological variation. J Anat 193: 251-272.
    • (1998) J Anat , vol.193 , pp. 251-272
    • O'Higgins, P.1    Jones, N.2
  • 54
    • 33745190701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The aging of Wolff's "Law": ontogeny and responses to mechanical loading in cortical bone
    • Pearson OM, Lieberman DE. 2004. The aging of Wolff's "Law": ontogeny and responses to mechanical loading in cortical bone. Yearb Phys Anthropol 47: 63-99.
    • (2004) Yearb Phys Anthropol , vol.47 , pp. 63-99
    • Pearson, O.M.1    Lieberman, D.E.2
  • 55
    • 0036223871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontogenetic study of the skull in modern humans and the common chimpanzees: neotenic hypothesis reconsidered with a tridimensional Procrustes analysis
    • Penin X, Berge C, Baylac M. 2002. Ontogenetic study of the skull in modern humans and the common chimpanzees: neotenic hypothesis reconsidered with a tridimensional Procrustes analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 118: 50-62.
    • (2002) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.118 , pp. 50-62
    • Penin, X.1    Berge, C.2    Baylac, M.3
  • 56
    • 0033813776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of primate, carnivoran and rodent limb bone cross-sectional properties: are primates really unique?
    • Polk JD, Demes B, Jungers WL, Biknevicius AR, Heinrich RE, Runestad JA. 2000. A comparison of primate, carnivoran and rodent limb bone cross-sectional properties: are primates really unique? J Hum Evol 39: 297-325.
    • (2000) J Hum Evol , vol.39 , pp. 297-325
    • Polk, J.D.1    Demes, B.2    Jungers, W.L.3    Biknevicius, A.R.4    Heinrich, R.E.5    Runestad, J.A.6
  • 57
    • 0035797392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neanderthal cranial ontogeny and its implications for late hominid diversity
    • Ponce de Leon MS, Zollikofer CPE. 2001. Neanderthal cranial ontogeny and its implications for late hominid diversity. Nature 412: 534-538.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 534-538
    • Ponce de Leon, M.S.1    Zollikofer, C.P.E.2
  • 58
    • 56349146110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolic cost of walking in humans, chimpanzees, and early hominins
    • Pontzer H, Raichlen DA, Sockol MD. 2009. The metabolic cost of walking in humans, chimpanzees, and early hominins. J Hum Evol 56: 43-54.
    • (2009) J Hum Evol , vol.56 , pp. 43-54
    • Pontzer, H.1    Raichlen, D.A.2    Sockol, M.D.3
  • 59
    • 0022104068 scopus 로고
    • Stresses on the limbs of quadrupedal primates
    • Reynolds TR. 1985. Stresses on the limbs of quadrupedal primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 67: 351-362.
    • (1985) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.67 , pp. 351-362
    • Reynolds, T.R.1
  • 60
    • 0035992661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved bone structure and strength after long-term mechanical loading is greatest if loading is separated into short bouts
    • Robling AG, Hinant FM, Burr DB, Turner CH. 2002. Improved bone structure and strength after long-term mechanical loading is greatest if loading is separated into short bouts. J Bone Miner Res 17: 1545-1554.
    • (2002) J Bone Miner Res , vol.17 , pp. 1545-1554
    • Robling, A.G.1    Hinant, F.M.2    Burr, D.B.3    Turner, C.H.4
  • 61
    • 0003042557 scopus 로고
    • Rotational fit (Procrustes) methods
    • Rohlf F, Bookstein F, editors. Univ.of Michigan Museum of Zoology (Special Publication no. 2).
    • Rohlf FJ. 1990. Rotational fit (Procrustes) methods. In: Rohlf F, Bookstein F, editors. Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop: Univ.of Michigan Museum of Zoology (Special Publication no. 2). p 227-236.
    • (1990) Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop , pp. 227-236
    • Rohlf, F.J.1
  • 62
    • 0041331736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth in bone strength, body size, and muscle size in a juvenile longitudinal sample
    • Ruff C. 2003a. Growth in bone strength, body size, and muscle size in a juvenile longitudinal sample. Bone 33: 317-329.
    • (2003) Bone , vol.33 , pp. 317-329
    • Ruff, C.1
  • 63
    • 0242413914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontogenetic adaptation to bipedalism: age changes in femoral to humeral length and strength proportions in humans, with a comparison to baboons
    • Ruff C. 2003b. Ontogenetic adaptation to bipedalism: age changes in femoral to humeral length and strength proportions in humans, with a comparison to baboons. J Hum Evol 45: 317-349.
    • (2003) J Hum Evol , vol.45 , pp. 317-349
    • Ruff, C.1
  • 64
    • 58149524813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative limb strength and locomotion in Homo habilis
    • Ruff C. 2009. Relative limb strength and locomotion in Homo habilis. Am J Phys Anthropol 138: 90-100.
    • (2009) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.138 , pp. 90-100
    • Ruff, C.1
  • 65
    • 33645235979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who's afraid of the big bad wolff? "Wolff is law" and bone functional adaptation
    • Ruff C, Holt B, Trinkaus E. 2006. Who's afraid of the big bad wolff? "Wolff is law" and bone functional adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol 129: 484-498.
    • (2006) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.129 , pp. 484-498
    • Ruff, C.1    Holt, B.2    Trinkaus, E.3
  • 66
    • 0036891101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long bone articular and diaphyseal structure in old world monkeys and apes. I: locomotor effects
    • Ruff CB. 2002. Long bone articular and diaphyseal structure in old world monkeys and apes. I: locomotor effects. Am J Phys Anthropol 119: 305-342.
    • (2002) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.119 , pp. 305-342
    • Ruff, C.B.1
  • 67
    • 0020615624 scopus 로고
    • Cross-sectional geometry of Pecos Pueblo femora and tibiae-a biomechanical investigation: I. Method and general patterns of variation
    • Ruff CB, Hayes WC. 1983. Cross-sectional geometry of Pecos Pueblo femora and tibiae-a biomechanical investigation: I. Method and general patterns of variation. Am J Phys Anthropol 60: 359-381.
    • (1983) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.60 , pp. 359-381
    • Ruff, C.B.1    Hayes, W.C.2
  • 68
    • 0001179604 scopus 로고
    • Primate limb bone structural adaptations
    • Ruff CB, Runestad JA. 1992. Primate limb bone structural adaptations. Ann Rev Anthropol 21: 407-433.
    • (1992) Ann Rev Anthropol , vol.21 , pp. 407-433
    • Ruff, C.B.1    Runestad, J.A.2
  • 69
    • 0027195461 scopus 로고
    • Postcranial robusticity in Homo. I: temporal trends and mechanical interpretation
    • Ruff CB, Trinkaus E, Walker A, Larsen CS. 1993. Postcranial robusticity in Homo. I: temporal trends and mechanical interpretation. Am J Phys Anthropol 91: 21-53.
    • (1993) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.91 , pp. 21-53
    • Ruff, C.B.1    Trinkaus, E.2    Walker, A.3    Larsen, C.S.4
  • 71
    • 0036085879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origins of primate locomotion: gait mechanics of the woolly opossum
    • Schmitt D, Lemelin P. 2002. The origins of primate locomotion: gait mechanics of the woolly opossum. Am J Phys Anthropol 118: 231-238.
    • (2002) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.118 , pp. 231-238
    • Schmitt, D.1    Lemelin, P.2
  • 72
    • 0019834599 scopus 로고
    • Relative growth of the limbs and trunk in the African apes
    • Shea BT. 1981. Relative growth of the limbs and trunk in the African apes. Am J Phys Anthropol 56: 179-201.
    • (1981) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.56 , pp. 179-201
    • Shea, B.T.1
  • 73
    • 78649645746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of accounting for the area of the medullary cavity in cross-sectional geometry: a test based on the femoral midshaft
    • Sparacello VS, Pearson OM. 2010. The importance of accounting for the area of the medullary cavity in cross-sectional geometry: a test based on the femoral midshaft. Am J Phys Anthropol 143: 612-624.
    • (2010) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.143 , pp. 612-624
    • Sparacello, V.S.1    Pearson, O.M.2
  • 74
    • 36048933329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visualizing shape transformation between chimpanzee and human braincases
    • Specht M, Lebrun R, Zollikofer CPE. 2007. Visualizing shape transformation between chimpanzee and human braincases. Visual Comput 23: 743-751.
    • (2007) Visual Comput , vol.23 , pp. 743-751
    • Specht, M.1    Lebrun, R.2    Zollikofer, C.P.E.3
  • 75
    • 20944451707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standring S, editor., 39 ed. Edinburgh/London/New York: Churchill Livingstone.
    • Standring S, editor. 2004. Gray's Anatomy, 39 ed. Edinburgh/London/New York: Churchill Livingstone.
    • (2004) Gray's Anatomy
  • 76
    • 0015344082 scopus 로고
    • Anatomical and functional specializations of human gluteus maximus
    • Stern JT. 1972. Anatomical and functional specializations of human gluteus maximus. Am J Phys. Anthropol. 36: 315.
    • (1972) Am J Phys. Anthropol. , vol.36 , pp. 315
    • Stern, J.T.1
  • 77
    • 0030220576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation to differential loading: comparison of growth-related changes in cross-sectional properties of the human femur and humerus
    • Sumner DR, Andriacchi TP. 1996. Adaptation to differential loading: comparison of growth-related changes in cross-sectional properties of the human femur and humerus. Bone 19: 121-126.
    • (1996) Bone , vol.19 , pp. 121-126
    • Sumner, D.R.1    Andriacchi, T.P.2
  • 79
    • 0026507026 scopus 로고
    • In vivo strain analysis of the greyhound femoral diaphysis
    • Szivek JA, Johnson EM, Magee FP. 1992. In vivo strain analysis of the greyhound femoral diaphysis. J Investig Surg 5: 91-108.
    • (1992) J Investig Surg , vol.5 , pp. 91-108
    • Szivek, J.A.1    Johnson, E.M.2    Magee, F.P.3
  • 83
    • 17644424598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone adaptation to a mechanical loading program significantly increases skeletal fatigue resistance
    • Warden SJ, Hurst JA, Sanders MS, Turner CH, Burr DB, Li J. 2005. Bone adaptation to a mechanical loading program significantly increases skeletal fatigue resistance. J Bone Miner Res 20: 809-816.
    • (2005) J Bone Miner Res , vol.20 , pp. 809-816
    • Warden, S.J.1    Hurst, J.A.2    Sanders, M.S.3    Turner, C.H.4    Burr, D.B.5    Li, J.6
  • 84
    • 5444243980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding muscle markers: Lower limbs
    • Weiss E. 2004. Understanding muscle markers: Lower limbs. Am J Phys Anthropol 125: 232-238.
    • (2004) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.125 , pp. 232-238
    • Weiss, E.1
  • 87
    • 17244367574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Curvature, length, and cross-sectional geometry of the femur and humerus in anthropoid primates
    • Yamanaka A, Gunji H, Ishida H. 2005. Curvature, length, and cross-sectional geometry of the femur and humerus in anthropoid primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 127: 46-57.
    • (2005) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.127 , pp. 46-57
    • Yamanaka, A.1    Gunji, H.2    Ishida, H.3
  • 88
    • 77952754401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computer-assisted morphometry of hominoid fossils: the role of morphometric maps
    • De Bonis L, Koufos G, Andrews P, editors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Zollikofer CPE, Ponce de León MSP. 2001. Computer-assisted morphometry of hominoid fossils: the role of morphometric maps. In: De Bonis L, Koufos G, Andrews P, editors. Phylogeny of the neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 50-59.
    • (2001) Phylogeny of the neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia , pp. 50-59
    • Zollikofer, C.P.E.1    Ponce de León, M.S.P.2
  • 89
    • 85045110129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neanderthals and modern humans-chimps and bonobos: similarities and differences in development and evolution
    • Harvati K, Harrison T, editors. New York: Springer.
    • Zollikofer CPE, Ponce de León MSP. 2006. Neanderthals and modern humans-chimps and bonobos: similarities and differences in development and evolution. In: Harvati K, Harrison T, editors. Neanderthals revisited: new approaches and perspectives. New York: Springer. p 71-88.
    • (2006) Neanderthals revisited: new approaches and perspectives , pp. 71-88
    • Zollikofer, C.P.E.1    Ponce de León, M.S.P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.