Reanimation of the middle and lower face in facial paralysis: Review of the literature and personal approach

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Volumn 64, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 423-431

  Ghali, Shadi ^a   MacQuillan, Anthony ^a   Grobbelaar, Adriaan O ^a  

^a ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cross facial nerve graft; Facial nerve; Facial paralysis; Facial reanimation; Free functional muscle transfer; Pectoralis minor

Indexed keywords

ANASTOMOSIS; BELL PALSY; CHEEK; CHEEK RECONSTRUCTION; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; CROSS FACE NERVE GRAFTING; FACE; FACE MUSCLE; FACE SURGERY; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FACIAL NERVE; FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS; FACIAL NERVE SURGERY; FREE TISSUE GRAFT; HUMAN; LIP RECONSTRUCTION; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MUSCLE GRAFT; MUSCLE INNERVATION; NERVE GRAFT; NEUROANATOMY; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SUTURING METHOD; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

BOTULINUM TOXINS, TYPE A; FACIAL NERVE; FACIAL PARALYSIS; FASCIA LATA; HUMANS; MEDICAL HISTORY TAKING; MICROSURGERY; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; NERVE REGENERATION; NERVE TRANSFER; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROMUSCULAR AGENTS; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; TENDONS;

EID: 79952706500     PISSN: 17486815     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.04.008     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Coulson SE, O'Dwyer NJ, Adams RD, et al. Expression of emotion and quality of life after facial nerve paralysis. Otol Neurotol 2004;25:1014-9. (Pubitemid 39491688)
2. van de Graaf RC, Nicolai JP. Bell's palsy before Bell: Cornelis Stalpart van der Wiel's observation of Bell's palsy in 1683. Otol Neurotol 2005;26:1235-8.
3. van de Graaf RC, Nicolai JP.Was Thomasz Drobnik really the first to operate on the facial nerve? Otol Neurotol 2003;24:686-90.
4. Miehike A. Surgery of the Facial Nerve. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1973.
5. Harii K, Ohmori K, Torii S. Free gracilis muscle transplantation, with microneurovascular anastomoses for the treatment of facial paralysis. A preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg 1976; 57:133-43.
6. Anderl H. Reconstruction of the face through cross-face nerve transplantation in facial paralyses. Chir Plast 1973;2:17-46.
7. Freilinger G. A new technique to correct facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1975;56:44-8.
8. Millesi H, Berger A, Meissl G. Fascicular nerve grafting using microsurgical techniques. In: Heuston VT, editor. Transcripts of the Fifth International Congress of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Butterworth: Austrailia; 1971. p. 586-92.
9. Smith JW. A new technique of facial animation. In: Transcripts of the Fifth International Congress of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Butterworth: Austrailia; 1971.
10. Bencze J. Dental caries experience after Bell's palsy. Caries Res 1967;1:162-6.
11. Peitersen E. Bell's palsy: the spontaneous course of 2500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl; 2002:4-30.
12. Peitersen E. Natural History of Bell's Palsy. New York: Raven Press; 1982.
13. Harrison DH. The treatment of unilateral and bilateral facial palsy using free muscle transfers. Clin Plast Surg 2002;29:539-49. vi.
14. Laing JH, Harrison DH, Jones BM, et al. Is permanent congenital facial palsy caused by birth trauma? Arch Dis Child 1996; 74:56-8.
15. Coker NJ, Kendall KA, Jenkins HA, et al. Traumatic intratemporal facial nerve injury: management rationale for preservation of function. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987;97: 262-9. (Pubitemid 18009439)
16. Frijters E, Hofer SO, Mureau MA. Long-term subjective and objective outcome after primary repair of traumatic facial nerve injuries. Ann Plast Surg 2008;61:181-7.
17. Baker DC, Conley J. Avoiding facial nerve injuries in rhytidectomy. Anatomical variations and pitfalls. Plast Reconstr Surg 1979;64:781-95.
18. Seckel B. Facial Danger Zones. Avoiding Nerve Injury in Facial Plastic Surgery. St.Louis, Missouri: QMP, Inc.; 1994.
19. Ross BG, Fradet G, Nedzelski JM. Development of a sensitive clinical facial grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;114:380-6. (Pubitemid 26097125)
20. House JW, Brackmann DE. Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985;93:146-7. (Pubitemid 15064413)
21. Coulson SE, Croxson GR, Adams RD, et al. Reliability of the "Sydney," "Sunnybrook," and "House Brackmann" facial grading systems to assess voluntary movement and synkinesis after facial nerve paralysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 132:543-9.
22. Manktelow RT, Zuker RM, Tomat LR. Facial paralysis measurement with a handheld ruler. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121:435-42. (Pubitemid 351642902)
23. Bulstrode NW, Harrison DH. The phenomenon of the late recovered Bell's palsy: treatment options to improve facial symmetry. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115:1466-71. (Pubitemid 40604713)
24. Gillies H. Experience with fascia latae grafts in the operative treatment of facial paralysis. Proc R Soc Med 1934;27:1372.
25. McLaughlin CR. Permanent facial paralysis; the role of surgical support. Lancet 1952;2:647-51.
26. Labbe D. [Lengthening of temporalis myoplasty and reanimation of lips. Technical notes]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 1997;42:44-7.
27. Labbe D. [Lengthening temporalis myoplasty]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac 2002;103:79-83.
28. Thompson N. Autogenous free grafts of skeletal muscle. A preliminary experimental and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg 1971;48:11-27.
29. Scaramella L. L'anastomosi tra i due nervi faciali. Arch Otolaryngol 1971;82:209-15.
30. Thompson N, Gustavson E. The use of neuromuscular free autograft with microneural anastomosis to restore elevation to the paralysed angle of the mouth in cases of unilateral facial paralysis. Chir Plast (Berlin) 1976;3:165-74.
31. Tamai S, Komatsu S, Sakamoto H, et al. Free muscle transplants in dogs, with microsurgical neurovascular anastomoses. Plast Reconstr Surg 1970;46:219-25.
32. Harii K. Microneurovascular free muscle transplantation for reanimation of facial paralysis. Clin Plast Surg 1979;6:361-75. (Pubitemid 10225797)
33. Manktelow RT, Zuker RM. Muscle transplantation by fascicular territory. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984;73:751-7.
34. Manktelow RT. Free muscle transplantation for facial paralysis. Clin Plast Surg 1984;11:215-20. (Pubitemid 14130051)
35. O'Brien BM, Pederson WC, Khazanchi RK, et al. Results of management of facial palsy with microvascular free-muscle transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990;86:12e22. discussion 23-24.
36. Kumar PA. Cross-face reanimation of the paralysed face, with a single stage microneurovascular gracilis transfer without nerve graft: a preliminary report. Br J Plast Surg 1995;48:83-8.
37. Ueda K, Harii K, Asato H, et al. Neurovascular free muscle transfer combined with cross-face nerve grafting for the treatment of facial paralysis in children. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;101:1765-73. (Pubitemid 28262303)
38. Kumar PA, Hassan KM. Cross-face nerve graft with free-muscle transfer for reanimation of the paralyzed face: a comparative study of the single-stage and two-stage procedures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;109:451-62, discussion 63-64.
39. Chuang DC. Technique evolution for facial paralysis reconstruction using functioning free muscle transplantation-experience of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Clin Plast Surg 2002;29:449-59. v.
40. Dellon AL, Mackinnon SE. Segmentally innervated latissimus dorsi muscle. Microsurgical transfer for facial reanimation. J Reconstr Microsurg 1985;2:7-12. (Pubitemid 16227039)
41. Mackinnon SE, Dellon AL. Technical considerations of the latissimus dorsi muscle flap: a segmentally innervated muscle transfer for facial reanimation. Microsurgery 1988;9:36-45.
42. Hata Y, Yano K, Matsuka K, et al. Treatment of chronic facial palsy by transplantation of the neurovascularized free rectus abdominis muscle. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990;86:1178-87, discussion 88-89.
43. Mayou BJ, Watson JS, Harrison DH, et al. Free microvascular and microneural transfer of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle for the treatment of unilateral facial palsy. Br J Plast Surg 1981;34:362-7. (Pubitemid 12226465)
44. O'Brien BM, Franklin JD, Morrison WA. Cross-facial nerve grafts and microneurovascular free muscle transfer for long established facial palsy. Br J Plast Surg 1980;33:202-15. (Pubitemid 10038125)
45. Tolhurst DE, Bos KE. Free revascularized muscle grafts in facial palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;69:760-1.
46. Terzis JK, Manktelow RT. Pectoralis Minor: a new concept in facial reanimation. Plast Surg Forum 1982;5:106-10.
47. Harrison DH. The pectoralis minor vascularized muscle graft for the treatment of unilateral facial palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985;75:206-16.
48. Terzis JK. Pectoralis minor: a unique muscle for correction of facial palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989;83:767-76. (Pubitemid 19129648)
49. MacQuillan A, Horlock N, Grobbelaar A, et al. Arterial and venous anatomical features of the pectoralis minor muscle flap pedicle. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004;113:872-6. (Pubitemid 39195746)
50. Scevola S, Cowan J, Harrison DH. Does the removal of pectoralis minor impair the function of pectoralis major? Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;112:1266-73.
51. O'Brien BM. One-stage reconstruction of facial paralysis using the gracilis muscle transfer. In: The 10th Symposium of the International Society of Reconstructive Microsurgery; 1991.
52. Urso-Baiarda F, Grobbelaar AO. A comparison of one- versus two-stage surgery in an experimental model of functional muscle transfer with interposed nerve grafting. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009;62:1042-7.
53. Ueda K, Harii K, Yamada A. Electromyographic study of functional recovery of free vascularized muscles grafted to the face. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;95:296-304.
54. Terzis JK, Noah ME. Analysis of 100 cases of free-muscle transplantation for facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 99:1905-21. (Pubitemid 27255130)
55. Takushima A, Harii K, Asato H, et al. Revisional operations improve results of neurovascular free muscle transfer for treatment of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;116:371-80. (Pubitemid 41077180)
56. Horlock N, Sanders R, Harrison DH. The SOOF lift: its role in correcting midfacial and lower facial asymmetry in patients with partial facial palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;109:839-49, discussion 50-54.
57. Tulley P, Webb A, Chana JS, et al. Paralysis of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve: treatment options. Br J Plast Surg 2000;53:378-85. (Pubitemid 30479640)
58. Curtin JW, Greeley PW, Gleason M, et al. A supplementary procedure for the improvement of facial nerve paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull 1960;26:73-9.
59. Niklison J. Contribution to the subject of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg (1946) 1956;17:276-93.
60. Edgerton MT. Surgical correction of facial paralysis: a plea for better reconstructions. Ann Surg 1967;165:985-98.
61. Conley J, Baker DC, Selfe RW. Paralysis of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;70:569-77.
62. Terzis JK, Kalantarian B. Microsurgical strategies in 74 patients for restoration of dynamic depressor muscle mechanism: a neglected target in facial reanimation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;105:1917-31. discussion 32-34.
63. Terzis JK, Noah EM. Mobius and Mobius-like patients: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options. Clin Plast Surg 2002;29:497-514.
64. Terzis JK, Noah EM. Dynamic restoration in Mobius and Mobiuslike patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;111:40-55. (Pubitemid 36015151)
65. Terzis JK, Konofaos P. Nerve transfers in facial palsy. Facial Plast Surg 2008;24:177-93. (Pubitemid 351717351)
66. Zuker RM, Goldberg CS, Manktelow RT. Facial animation in children with Mobius syndrome after segmental gracilis muscle transplant. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;106:1-8, discussion 9.