The low down on the down low: Origins, risk identification and intervention

Health Sociology Review

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 478-490

  Barnshaw, John ^a   Letukas, Lynn ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

Author keywords

Down low; HIV; Intersectionality; Race; Sexual risk; Sociology

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952653706     PISSN: 14461242     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5172/hesr.2010.19.4.478     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Barnshaw, J. (2005) Age differences in sexual risk taking behaviour among men who have sex with men, M.A. Thesis, University of North Carolina - Charlotte, Charlotte, NC.
2. Berger, R. (1982/2006) Gay and gray: The older homosexual, Man Harrington Park Press: New York.
3. Binson, D., Michaels, S., Stall, R., Coates, T., Gagnon, J. and Catania, J. (1995) Prevalence and social distribution of men who have sex with men: United States and its urban centers, The Journal of Sex Research 32(3): 245-254.
4. Binson, D., Woods, W., Pollack, L., Paul, J., Stall, R. and Catania, J. (2001) Differential HIV risk in bathhouses and public cruising areas, American Journal of Public Health 91(9): 1482-1486.
5. Boykin, K. (2005) Beyond the down low: Sex, lies and denial in Black America, Carroll & Graf: New York.
6. Brandt, A. (2000) AIDS in historical perspective: Four lessons from the history of sexually transmitted diseases, in Lemelle, A., Harrington, C. and Le Blanc, A. (eds) Readings in the sociology of AIDS, Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, pp. 3-14.
7. Brewer, P. (1996) Communities of colour: HIV among latinos, Harvard AIDS Review 19(1): 96-103.
8. Carballo-Dieguez, A., Ventuneac, A., Bauermeister, J., Dowsett, G., Dolezal, C., Remien, R., Balan, I. and Rowe, M. (2009) Is 'bareback' a useful construct in primary HIV-prevention? Definitions, identity and research, Culture, Health and Sexuality 11(1): 51-65.
9. Catania, J. (2000) Methods, in Catania, J. (ed.) 1996-1998 Urban men's health study, Centre for AIDS Prevention Studies: San Francisco, CA, pp. 1-17.
10. Catania, J., Osmond, D., Stall, R., Pollack, L., Paul, J., Blower, S., Binson, D., Canchola, J., Mills, T., Fisher, L., Choi, K., Porco, T., Turner, C., Blair, J., Henne, J., Bye, L. and Coates, T. (2001) The continuing HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men, American Journal of Public Health 91(6): 907-914.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006a) HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, Volume 18, CDCP: Atlanta, GA.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006b) Fact sheet: HIV/AIDS among African Americans, CDCP: Atlanta, GA.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2010) Fact sheet: HIV among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM), CDCP: Atlanta, GA.
14. Clark, K. (1965) Dark ghetto: Dilemmas of social power, Harper & Row: New York.
15. Collins, P. (2000) Black feminist thought, Routledge: New York.
16. Collins, P. (2005) Black sexual politics, Routledge: New York.
17. Cooper, B. and Terrill, T. (2009) The American south, Volume II, McGraw-Hill: New York.
18. Denizet-Lewis, B. (2003) Double lives on the down low, New York Times Magazine 48: 28-53.
19. Diaz, R. (1997) Macho, Latino, HIV positive, The Advocate 9: 1.
20. Dolcini, M., Catania, J., Stall, R. and Pollack, L. (2003) The HIV epidemic among older men who have sex with men, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 33(2): S115-S121.
21. Ekstrand, M., Coates, T., Guydish, J., Hauck, W., Collette, L. and Hulley, S. (1994) Are bisexually identified men in San Francisco a common vector for spreading HIV infection to women? American Journal of Public Health 84(6): 915-919.
22. El Zabar, K. (2001) A word from the editor, Lifelines: The Journal of African American Health 3:2.
23. Feagin, J., Vera, H. and Batur, P. (2000) White racism, Routledge: New York.
24. Ford, C., Whetten, K., Hall, S., Kaufman, J. and Thrasher, A. (2007) Black sexuality, social construction, and research targeting the 'down low' (the 'DL'), Annals of Epidemiology 17(3): 209-216.
25. Gagnon, J. and Simon, W. (1987) The sexual scripting of oral genital contacts, Archives of Sexual Behavior 16(1): 1-25.
26. Greenwood, G., Relf, M., Huang, B., Pollack, L., Canchola, J. and Catania, J. (2002) Battering victimization among a probability-based sample of men who have sex with men, American Journal of Public Health 92(12): 1964-1969.
27. Harris, E. (1994) Invisible life, Anchor: New York.
28. Herek, G. (1998) Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men and bisexuals, Volume 4, Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.
29. Herek, G., Wildman, K. and Capitanio, J. (2005) When sex equals AIDS: Symbolic stigma and heterosexual adults' inaccurate beliefs about sexual transmission of AIDS, Social Problems 52(1): 15-37.
30. Icard, L. (2008) Researching African American men on the 'down low': Sampling hidden populations: Implications for HIV prevention, Journal of Homosexuality 55(3): 437-449.
31. Kaiser, C. (1997) The gay metropolis: 1940-1996, Harcourt Brace: Orlando, FL.
32. Kalton, G. (1993) Sampling considerations in research on HIV risk and illness, in Ostrow, D. and Kessler, R. (eds) Methodological issues in AIDS behavioral research, Plenum Press: New York, pp. 53-74.
33. King, J. and Hunter, K. (2004) On the down low: A journey into the lives of 'straight' Black men who sleep with men, Random House: New York.
34. Kingdon, J. (2003) Agendas, alternatives, and public policies, Longman: New York.
35. Lichtenstein, B. (2000) Secret encounters: Black men, bisexuality and AIDS in Alabama, Medical Anthropology Quarterly 14(3): 374-393.
36. Litwack, L. (1998) Trouble in mind, Knopf: New York.
37. Loseke, D. (2003) Thinking about social problems (2nd edn.) Aldine de Gruyter: Hawthorne, NY.
38. Malebranche, D. (2008) Bisexually active black men in the United States and HIV: Acknowledging more than the 'down low', Archives of Sexual Behavior 37(5): 810-816.
39. McKee, J. (1993) Sociology and the race problem: The failure of a perspective, University of Illinois: Chicago.
40. Mills, T., Stall, R., Pollack, L., Paul, J., Binson, D., Canchola, J. and Catania, J. (2001) Health-related characteristics of men who have sex with men: A comparison of those living in 'gay ghettos' with those living elsewhere, American Journal of Public Health 91(6): 980-983.
41. Nero, C. (2005) Why are gay ghettos white? In Johnson, E. and Henderson, M. (eds) Black queer studies: A critical anthology, Duke University Press: Durham, NC, pp. 228-248.
42. Neuman, L. (2003) Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (5th edn.) Allyn & Bacon: Boston, MA.
43. Nichols, J., Speer, D., Watson, B., Watson, M., Vergon, T., Vallee, C. and Meah, J. (2002) Aging with HIV: Psychological, social and health issues, Academic Press: San Diego, CA.
44. Omi, M. and Winant, H. (1994) Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s, Routledge: New York.
45. Paul, J., Catania, J., Pollack, L. and Stall, R. (2001) Understanding childhood sexual abuse as a predictor of sexual risk-taking among men who have sex with men: The urban men's health study, Child Abuse and Neglect 25(4): 557-584.
46. Phillips, L. (2005) Deconstructing 'down low' discourse: The politics of sexuality, gender, race, AIDS, and anxiety, Journal of African American Studies 9(2): 3-15.
47. Reiss, A. (1961) The social origins of peers and queers, Social Problems 9(2): 102-130.
48. Ross, M. (2007) An anatomy of the straight Black sissy as theoretical intervention, in Wright, M. and Schumann, A. (eds) Blackness and sexualities, Springer-Verlag: Berlin, pp. 41-58.
49. Schneider, B. (1997) Owning an epidemic: The impact of AIDS on small-city lesbian and gay communities, in Levine, M., Nardi, P. and Gagnon, J. (eds) In changing times: Gay men and lesbians encounter HIV/AIDS, University of Chicago Press: Chicago, pp. 145-169.
50. Seidman, S. (1997) Difference troubles: Queering social theory and sexual politics, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
51. Stall, R., Paul, J., Greenwood, G., Pollack, L., Bein, E., Crosby, G., Mills, T., Binson, D., Coates, T. and Catania, J. (2001) Alcohol use, drug use and alcohol-related problems among men who have sex with men: The urban men's health study, Addiction 96(12): 1589-1601.
52. Stine, G. (2005) AIDS update 2005: An annual overview of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Pearson: San Francisco.
53. Wentworth, E. (1993) Survey responses: An evaluation of their validity, Academic Press: New York.
54. Wolitski, R., Jones, K., Wasserman, J. and Smith, J. (2006) Self-identification as 'down low' among men who have sex with men from 12 US cities, AIDS and Behavior 10(5): 519-529.
55. Wright, L. (1995) One drop of blood, in C. Gallagher (ed.) Rethinking the colour line: Readings in race and ethnicity, Mayfield: London, pp. 46-56.