Evaluating land use and livelihood impacts of early forest carbon projects: Lessons for learning about REDD+

Environmental Science and Policy

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 152-167

  Caplow, Susan ^a,b   Jagger, Pamela ^a,b,d   Lawlor, Kathleen ^a,b   Sills, Erin ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^c NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH   (Indonesia)

Author keywords

Conservation; Deforestation; Forest carbon; Impact evaluation; REDD+; Socio economic impacts

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; BIOPHYSICS; CARBON FOOTPRINT; DEFORESTATION; ECOSYSTEM; FOREST; HUMAN; LAND USE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOCIOECONOMICS;

EID: 79952627537     PISSN: 14629011     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2010.10.003     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Andam K.S., Ferraro P.J., Pfaff A., Sanchez-Azofeifa G.A., Rabalino J.A. Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation. PNAS 2008, 105(42):16089-16094.
2. Andam K.S., Ferraro P.J., Sims K.R.E., Healy A., Holland M.B. Protected areas reduced poverty in Costa Rica and Thailand. PNAS 2010, 107(22):9996-10001.
3. Realising REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options 2009, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia. A. Angelsen, M. Brockhaus, M. Kanninen, E. Sills, W.D. Sunderlin, S. Wertz-Kanounnikoff, H.O. Abdel Nour (Eds.).
4. Angrist J., Pischke J.-S. The credibility revolution in empirical economics: How better research design is taking the con out of econometrics. NBER Working Paper 15794 2010, National Bureau of Economics Research, Cambridge, MA.
5. Arriagada, R.A., 2008. Private provision of public goods: applying matching methods to evaluate payments for ecosystem services in Costa Rica. PhD dissertation. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.
6. Asquith N.M., Vargas Rios M.T., Smith J. Can forest-protection carbon projects improve rural livelihoods? Analysis of the Noel Kempff Mercado Climate Action Project, Bolivia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2002, 7:323-337.
7. Autoblog Green Hyundai Genesis sales pay for forest preservation and restoration projects. Autoblog Green 2009, (May).
8. Bailis R. Climate change mitigation and sustainable development through carbon sequestration: experiences in Latin America. Energy for Sustainable Development 2006, 10(4):74-87.
9. Bond, I., Grieg-Gran, M., Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S., Hazlewood, P., Wunder, S., Angelsen, A., 2009. Incentives to sustain forest ecosystem services: a review and lessons for REDD. Natural Resource Issues No. 16. International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK, with CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, and World Resources Institute, Washington D.C., USA.
10. Boyd E., May P., Chang M., Veiga F.C. Exploring socioeconomic impacts of forest based mitigation projects: lessons from Brazil and Bolivia. Environmental Science and Policy 2007, 10:419-433.
11. Brown, K., Adger, W.N., Boyd, E., Corbrera-Elizalde, E., Shackley, S., 2004. How do CDM projects contribute to sustainable development? Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Technical Report 16.
12. Brown S., Burnham M., Delaney M., Powell M., Vaca R., Moreno A. Issues and challenges for forest-based carbon-offset projects: a case study of the Noel Kempff Climate Action Project in Bolivia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2000, 5:99-121.
13. Brown, S., 2010. Personal Communication.
14. Calderón Angeleri N. Livelihood impact assessment: Noel Kempff Mercado Climate Action Project, Bolivia, November. Annex 6 of Project Design Document 2005.
15. Corbera E. Bringing development into carbon forestry markets: challenges and outcomes of small-scale carbon forestry activities in Mexico. Carbon Forestry: Who Will Benefit? Proceedings of the Workshop on Carbon Sequestration and Sustainable Livelihoods 2005, 42-56. D. Murdiyarso, H. Herawati (Eds.).
16. Corbera E., Brown K., Adger W.N. The equity and legitimacy of markets for ecosystem services. Development and Change 2007, 38(4):587-613.
17. De Jong B.H.J. Carbon sequestration potential through forestry activities in tropical Mexico. Working Forests in the Neotropics: Conservation Through Sustainable Management? 2004, 238-257. Columbia University Press, New York. D.J. Zarin, J.R.R. Alavalapati, F.E. Putz, M. Schmink (Eds.).
18. De Jong B.H.J., Esquivel Bazán E., Quechulpa Montalvo S. Application of the "Climafor" baseline to determine leakage: the case of Scolel Te. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2007, 12:1153-1168.
19. DiNicola A., Jones D.J., Gray G. Opportunities for forestry investment in Asia and the Pacific through carbon offset initiatives. Asia-pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study Working Paper No. 29 1997, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
20. Dixon R.K., Andrasko K.J., Sussman F.G., Lavinson M.A., Trexler M.C., Vinson T.S. Forest sector carbon offset projects: near-term opportunities to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 1993, 70(1-4):561-577.
21. Ecosecurities. 2010. The Forest Carbon Offsetting Report 2010.
22. Elkstrom J. Low-cost Biodiversity Impact Assessment for Multi-benefit PES Projects: Guidance and Challenges 2008, (accessed 29 May 2010), available at:. http://www.forestcarbonportal.com/sites/default/files/doc_192.pdf.
23. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) A review of carbon sequestration projects 2004, FAO, Rome.
24. Ferraro P.J., Pattanayak S.K. Money for nothing? A call for empirical evaluation of biodiversity conservation investments. PLoS Biology 2006, 4(4):482-488.
25. Ferraro P.J. Counterfactual thinking and impact evaluation in environmental policy. New Directions for Evaluation 2009, 122:75-84.
26. Gaveau D.L.A., Wandono H., Setiabudi F. Three decades of deforestation in southwest Sumatra: have protected areas halted forest loss and logging, and promoted re-growth?. Biological Conservation 2007, 134:495-504.
27. Girling R.C. The green shoots of hope; a community in devastated rural Mozambique is being helped to sow the seeds of its own salvation. Sunday Times 2009, (April).
28. Hari J. The wrong kind of green. The Nation 2010, (March).
29. Harvey C.A., Zerbock O., Papageorgiou S., Parra A. What is needed to make REDD+ work on the ground? Lessons learned from pilot forest carbon initiatives. Conservation International 2010.
30. Hegde, R., 2010. Payments for ecosystem services and farm household behaviour: The case of carbon in Mozamibque's agroforests. PhD dissertation. University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
31. Jagger P. Forest sector reform, livelihoods and sustainability in western Uganda. Governing Africa's Forests in a Globalized World 2010, Earthscan Publications Inc. and Center for International Forestry Research, London and Bogor, Indonesia. L. German, A. Karsenty, A.M. Tiani (Eds.).
32. Jagger, P., Sills, E.O., Lawlor, K., Sunderlin, W., 2010. A Guide for Learning about REDD+ Projects and Livelihood Impacts. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.
33. Jagger P., Atjadja S., Pattanayak S.K., Sills E., Sunderlin W.D. Learning while doing: evaluating impacts of REDD+ projects. Realising REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options 2009, Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. A. Angelsen, M. with Brockhaus, M. Kanninen, E. Sills, W.D. Sunderlin, S. Wertz-Kanounnikoff (Eds.).
34. Jindal, R., 2004. Measuring the socio-economic impact of carbon sequestration on local communities: An assessment study with specific reference to the N'hambita Pilot Project in Mozambique. MSc thesis. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
35. Jindal R., Swallow B., Kerr J. Forestry-based carbon sequestration projects in Africa: potential benefits and challenges. Natural Resources Forum 2008, 32:116-130.
36. Jindal R. Livelihood impacts of payments for forestry carbon services: field evidence from Mozambique. Livelihoods in REDD: Payments for Environmental Services 2010, Forest Conservation and Climate Change, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. L. Tacconi, S. Mahanty, H. Suich (Eds.).
37. Jumbe C.B.L., Angelsen A. Do the poor benefit from devolution policies? Evidence from Malawi's Forest Co-Management Program. Land Economics 2006, 82(4):562-581.
38. Kant, Z., 2010. Personal Communication.
39. Karsenty A., Blanco C., Dufour T. Forest and Climate Change: Instruments Related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and their Potential for Sustainable Forest Management in Africa 2003, FAO, Rome.
40. Kooistra T., Wolf J. External Evaluation of the Miombo Community Land Use and Carbon Management N'hambita Pilot Project 2006, Institute of Atmospheric & Environmental Science, School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
41. Lang C. Carbon Scam: The Noel Kempff Project in Bolivia 2009, (accessed 10 September 2010), available at:. http://www.redd-monitor.org/2009/10/22/carbon-scam-the-noel-kempff-project-in-bolivia/.
42. Lawlor K., Weinthal E., Olander L.P. Institutions and policies to protect rural livelihoods in REDD+ regimes. Global Environmental Politics 2010, 10(4).
43. Lawlor K., Jenkins A., Olander L.P., Murray B.C. Expanding the scope of international terrestrial carbon options: implications of REDD+ and beyond. Nicholas Institute Report 2010, Feb. Nicholas Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
44. May P., Boyd E., Viega F., Chang M. Local Sustainable Development Effects of Forest Carbon Projects in Brazil and Bolivia: A View from the Field 2004, International Institute for Environment and Development, London.
45. May, P., Boyd, E., Chang, M., Viega, F., 2005. Incorporating sustainable development into carbon forest projects in Brazil and Bolivia. Estud. Soc. Agric. vol. 1, No. Se Rio de Janeiro.
46. McNally, R., Sage, N., Holland, T., 2009. Understanding REDD: Implications for Lao PDR, Nepal and Vietnam. Commissioned by SNV.
47. Niles, J.O., 2008. Independent Project Report on N'hambita project in Mozambique. (Accessed 13 December 2009), available at http://www.envirotrade.co.uk/documents/Niles%2520Nhambita%2520Nov%252026%25202008.pdf.
48. Olander L.P., Boyd W., Lawlor K., Niles J.O., Myers Madiera E. Responding to Concerns and Questions. Nicholas Institute Policy Brief 2009, Nicholas Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
49. Pattanayak S.K., Wunder S., Ferraro P.J. Show me the money: do payments supply ecosystem services in developing countries?. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 2010.
50. Pereira S.N.C. Payment for environmental services in the Amazon forest: how can conservation and development be reconciled?. The Journal of Environment & Development 2010, 19:171-190.
51. Pfaff A., Sills E.O., Amacher G.S., Coren M.J., Lawlor K., Streck C. Policy Impacts on Deforestation: Lessons Learned from Past Experiences to Inform New Initiatives 2010, The Nicholas Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC.
52. Pimm, S., 2010. Personal Communication.
53. Richards M., Panfil S. Manual for Social Impact Assessment of Land-Based Carbon Projects, Version 1.0 2010, (accessed 31 August 2010), available at:. http://www.forest-trends.org/documents/files/doc_2436.pdf.
54. Robalino J., Pfaff A., Sánchez-Azofeifa G.A., Alpízar F., León C., Rodríguez C.M. Deforestation Impacts of Environmental Services Payments: Costa Rica's PSA Program 2000-2005. Environment for Development Discussion Paper 08-24 2008, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.
55. Robertson N., Wunder S. Fresh Tracks in the Forest: Assessing Incipient Payments for Environmental Services Initiatives in Bolivia 2005, Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.
56. Salafsky N., Margoluis R., Redford K.H., Robinson J.G. Improving the practice of conservation: a conceptual framework and research agenda for conservation science. Conservation Biology 2002, 16:1469-1479.
57. SGS The Nöel Kempff climate action project: validation and verification report. Summary 2008, (November).
58. Skutsch M.M., McCall M.K. Reassessing REDD: governance, markets and the hype cycle: an editorial comment. Climatic Change: An Interdisciplinary, International Journal Devoted to the Description, Causes and Implications of Climatic Change 2010, 100(3-4):395-402.
59. Sills E., Madeira E., Sunderlin W., Wertz-Kanounnikoff S.S. The evolving landscape of REDD+ projects. Realising REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options 2009, Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. A. Angelsen, M. with Brockhaus, M. Kanninen, E. Sills, W.D. Sunderlin, S. Wertz-Kanounnikoff (Eds.).
60. Somanthan E., Prabhakar R., Mehta B.S. Decentralization for cost-effective conservation. PNAS 2009, 106(11):4143-4147.
61. Soto-Pinto L., Anzueto M., Mendoza J., Jimenez Ferrer G., de Jong B. Carbon sequestration through agroforestry in indigenous communities of Chiapas, Mexico. Agroforestry System 2010, 78:39-51.
62. Spotts P.N. Bid to team rich and poor in sustaining forests. Christian Science Monitor 2005, (December).
63. Sunderlin W.D., Atmadja S. Is REDD+ an idea whose time has come, or gone?. Realising REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options 2009, Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. A. Angelsen, M. with Brockhaus, M. Kanninen, E. Sills, W.D. Sunderlin, S. Wertz-Kanounnikoff (Eds.).
64. Sutherland W.J., Pullin A.S., Dolman P.M., Knight T.M. The need for evidence-based conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2004, 19(6):305-308.
65. Tallis H., Kareiva P., Marvier M., Chang A. An ecosystem services framework to support both practical conservation and economic development. PNAS 2008, 105(28):9457-9464.
66. Terrestrial Carbon Group Tools for Setting Reference Emission Levels. Terrestrial Carbon Group Policy Brief Number 2 2009, Terrestrial Carbon Group, Washington, DC.
67. Tipper R. Helping indigenous farmers to participate in the international market for carbon services: the case of Scolel Té. Selling Forest Environmental Services: Market-based Mechanisms for Conservation and Development 2002, Earthscan Publishing Inc., London. S. Pagiola, J. Bishop, N. Landell-Mills (Eds.).
68. The Economist Last gasp for the forest; Paying to save trees. The Economist 2009, (September.).
69. The Nature Conservancy Noel Kempff Mercado Climate Action Project: A Case Study in Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation 2009, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia.
70. The University of Edinburgh School of GeoSciences Miombo Community Land Use & Carbon Management: N'hambita Pilot Project Final Project Report, December 2008, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
71. Tschakert P., Huber-Sannwald E., Ojima D.S., Raupach M.R., Schienke E. Holistic, adaptive management of the terrestrial carbon cycle at local and regional scales. Global Environmental Change - Human and Policy Dimensions 2008, 18(1):128-141.
72. UNFCCC Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Thirteenth Session 2008, (Decision 1/CP.13).
73. UNFCCC Copenhagen Accord. Draft Decision of the Conference of the Parties at its Fifteenth Session 2009, (FCCC/CP/2009/L.7).
74. United States Initiative for Joint Implementation (USIJI), 2000. Uniform reporting document for activities implemented jointly under the pilot phase. Rio Bravo Carbon Sequestration Pilot Project.
75. Vidal J. Redd in Africa: how we can earn money from air by harvesting carbon. The Guardian 2009, (October).
76. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry 2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. R.T. Watson, I.R. Noble, B. Bolin, N.H. Ravindranath, D.J. Verardo, D.J. Dokken (Eds.).
77. World Bank Carbon Finance Unit Carbon Finance at the World Bank: BioCarbon Fund 2010, (accessed 8 February, 2010), available at:. http://wbcarbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=BioCF&FID=9708&ItemID=9708&ft=About.
78. World Bank Africa's first large-scale forestry project under the Kyoto protocol. The World Bank 2010, (March).