Assembly of central Asia during the middle and late Paleozoic

Memoir of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 194, Issue , 2001, Pages 1-22

  Heubeck, Christoph ^a,b  

^a BP EXPLORATION   (United Kingdom)

^b FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

KINEMATICS; OCEANOGRAPHY;

CONTINENTAL BLOCKS; CONVERGENT MARGIN; KINEMATIC PROBLEMS; PALEOCLIMATIC DATA; SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT; STRIKE-SLIP TECTONICS; TECTONIC BOUNDARIES; TECTONIC FRAMEWORK;

TECTONICS;

ACCRETION; CONVERGENT MARGIN; CORE ANALYSIS; GEOCHRONOLOGY; KINEMATICS; LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY; PALEOGEOGRAPHY; PALEONTOLOGY; PALEOZOIC;

ASIA;

EID: 79952624732     PISSN: 00721069     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-1194-0.1     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Abidov,A.A.,Abetov,A.Y., Kirshin,A.V., andAvazhkodzhayev,K.K., 1997, Geodynamic evolution of Kuanysh-Koskalin tectonic zone in the Paleozoic (East Ustyurt, Karakalpakstan): Petroleum Geology, v. 31, p. 388-391.
2. Alavi, M., 1991, Sedimentary and structural characteristics of the Paleo-Tethys remnants in northeastern Iran: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 983-992.
3. Alavi, M., Vaziri, H., Seyed-Emanmi, K., and Lasemi, Y., 1997, The Triassic and associated rocks of the Nakhlak and Aghdarband areas in central and northeastern Iran as remnants of the southern Turanian active continental margin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 1563-1575.
4. Allen, M.B., Windley, B.F., and Zhang C., 1992, Paleozoic collisional tectonics and magmatism of the Chinese Tien Shan, central Asia: Tectonophysics, v. 220, p. 89-115.
5. Allen, M.B., Windley, B.F., Zhang Chi, and Guo Jinghui., 1993, Evolution of the Turfan Basin, Chinese central Asia: Tectonics, v. 12, p. 889-896.
6. Allen, M.B., Şengör, A.M.C., and Natalin, B.A., 1995, Junggar, Turfan, and Alakol basins as Late Permian to ?Early Triassic extensional structures in a sinistral shear zone in the Altaid orogenic collage, Central Asia: Geological Society of London Journal, v. 152, p. 327-338.
7. Amory, J.Y., Hendrix, M.S., Lamb, M., Keller, A.M., Badarch, G., and Tomurtoggo, O., 1994, Permian sedimentation and tectonics of southern Mongolia: Implications for a time-transgressive collision with north China: Geological Society America Abstracts with Programs, v. 26, no. 7, p. A-242.
8. Anonymous, 1991, Structural analysis, in Petroleum geology of the Tarim Basin: Beijing, Science Press, 182
9. Auden, J.B., 1974, Afghanistan-Pakistan, in Spencer, A.M., ed., Mesozoic- Cenozoic orogenic belts: Data for orogenic studies: Edinburgh, Scottish Academic Press, p. 235-253.
10. Avdeyev, A.V., 1984, Ophiolite zones and the geologic history of Kazakhstan from the mobilist standpoint: International Geology Review, v. 26, p. 995-1005.
11. Bai, Y., Chen, G., Sun, Q., Sun, Y., Li, Y., Dong, Y., and Sun, D., 1987, Late Paleozoic polar wander path for the Tarim Platform and its tectonic significance: Tectonophysics, 139, p. 145-153.
12. Baud, A., 1989, The western end of the Tibetan Plateau, in Şengör, A.M.C., et al., Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan region: Dordrecht, Boston, Reidel Publishing Company, p. 505-506.
13. Baud, A., and Stampfli, G.M.S., 1989, Tectonogenesis and evolution of a segment of the Cimmerides: The volcano-sedimentary Triassic of Aghdarband (Kopet-Dagh, North-east Iran), in Şengör, A.M.C., et al., eds., Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan region: NATO ASI Series, Series C, 259, p. 265-275.
14. Bazhenov, M.L., and Burtman, V.S., 1982, The kinematics of the Pamir Arc: Geotectonics, v. 16, p. 288-301.
15. Bazhenov, M.L., Chauvin, A., Audibert, M., and Levashova, N.M., 1993, Permian and Triassic paleomagnetism of the southwestern Tian Shan; timing and mode of tectonic rotation: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 118, p. 195-212.
16. Berzin, N.A., Coleman, R.G., Dobretsov, N.L., Zonenshain, L.P., Xiao Xuchan, and Chang, E.Z., 1994, Geodynamic map of the western Paleoasian Ocean: Geologiya i Geofizika, v. 35, p. 8-29 (in Russian).
17. Besse, J., and Courtillot, V., 1991, Revised and synthetic apparent polar wander paths for the African, Eurasian, North American, and Indian plates, and true polar wander since 200 Ma: Journal for Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 4029-4050.
18. Boulin, J., 1988, Hercynian and Eocimmerian events in Afghanistan and adjoining regions: Tectonophysics, v. 148, p. 253-278.
19. Boulin, J., 1991, Structures in southwest Asia and evolution of the eastern Tethys: Tectonophysics, v. 196, p. 211-268.
20. Boulin, J., and Bouyx, E., 1977, Introduction à la géologie de l'Hindou Kouch occidental, in Livre à la mémoire de Albert F. de Lapparent (1905-1975) consacré aux Recherches géologiques dans les chaines alpines de l'Asie du Sud-Ouest: Mémoire Hors Série, Société Géologique de France, v. 8, p. 87-105.
21. Brown, D., Juhlin, C., Alvarez-Marron, J., Perez-Estaun, A., and Oslianski, A., 1998, Crustal-scale structure and evolution of an arc-continent collision zone in the southern Urals, Russia: Tectonics, v. 17, p. 158-171.
22. Burke, K., 1977, Aulacogens and continental breakup: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 5, p. 371-396.
23. Burrett, C.F., 1974, Plate tectonics and the fusion of Asia: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 21, p.181-189.
24. Burrett, C.F., Long, J., and Stait, B., 1987, Early-middle Paleozoic biogeography of Asian terranes derived from Gondwana, in McKerrow, W.S., and Scotese, C.R., eds., Paleozoic paleogeography and biogeography: Geological Society [London] Memoir 12, p. 163-174.
25. Burtman, V.S., 1975, Structural geology of the Variscan Tien Shan, USSR: American Journal of Science, v. 275-A, p. 157-186.
26. Burtman, V.S., and Molnar, P., 1993, Geological and geophysical evidence for deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir: Geological Society of America Special Paper 281, 76
27. Carroll, A.R., Liang, Y., Graham, S.A., Xiao, X., Hendrix, M.S., Chu, J., and McKnight, C.L., 1990, Junggar basin, northwest China: Trapped late Paleozoic ocean: Tectonophysics, v. 181, p. 1-14.
28. Carroll, A.R., Graham, S.A., Hendrix, M.S., Don Ying, and Da Zhou, 1995, Late Paleozoic tectonic amalgamation of northwestern China: Sedimentary record of the northern Tarim, northwestern Turpan, and southern Junggar basins: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, p. 571-594.
29. Chen, Y., Courtillot, V., Cogne, J.-P., Besse, J., Yang, Z., and Enkin, R., 1993, The configuration of Asia prior to the collision of India: Cretaceous paleomagnetic constraints: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 21927-21941.
30. Chen, Z., Wu, N., Zhang, D., Hu, J., Shen, G., Wu, G., Tang, H., and Hu, Y., 1985, Geologic map of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region: Beijing, Geologic Publishing House, scale 1: 2 000 000.
31. Cheng, Y.C., ed., 1986, Metamorphic map of China: Beijing, Geologic Publishing House.
32. Clarke, J.W., 1994, Petroleum potential of the Amu Dar'ya Province, western Uzbekistan and eastern Turkmenistan: International Geology Review, v. 36, p. 407-415.
33. Coleman, R.G., 1989, Continental growth of northwest China: Tectonics, v. 8, p. 621-636.
34. Commission for the Geologic Map of the World, 1976, Geological world atlas: Paris, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, scale 1:10 000 000.
35. Cook, H.E., Taylor, M.E., Zhemchuzhnikov, S.V., Apollonov, M.K., Ergaliev, G. K., Sargaskaev, Z.S., Dubinina, S.V., and Melnikova, L., 1991, Comparison of two early Paleozoic carbonate submarine fans - Western United States and southern Kazakhstan, Soviet Union, in Cooper, J.D., and Stevens, C.H., eds., Paleozoic paleogeography of the western United States - II: Pacific Section, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Book 67, p. 847-872.
36. Courtillot, V., Enkin, R., Yang, Z., Chen, Y., Bazhenov, M., Besse, J., Cogne, J.-P., Coe, R., Zhao, X., and Gilder, S., 1994, Reply (to The configuration of Asia prior to the collision of India: Cretaceous paleomagnetic constraints): Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 18043-18048.
37. Didenko, A.N., Mossakovskii, A.A., Pecherski, D.M., Ruzhentsev, S.V., Samygin, S.G., and Kheraskova, T.N., 1994, Geodynamics of the central Asian Paleozoic Ocean: Geologiya i Geofizika, v. 35, p. 59-75.
38. Enkin, R.J., Yang, Z., Chen, Y., and Courtillot, V., 1992, Paleomagnetic constraints on the geodynamic history of the major blocks of China from the Permian to the present: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 13953-13989.
39. Fang, D., Chen, H., Jin, G., Guo, Y., Wang, Z., Tan, X., and Yin, S., 1990, Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic paleomagnetism and tectonic evolution of the Tarim terrane, in Wiley, T.J., et al., eds., Terrane analysis of China and the Pacific rim: Houston, Texas, Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series, v. 13, p. 251-256.
40. Feng, Y., Coleman, R.G., Tilton, G., and Xiao, X., 1989, Tectonic evolution of the west Junggar region, Xinkiang, China: Tectonics, v. 8, p. 729-752.
41. Fontaine, H., and Semenoff-Tian-Chansky, P., 1977, Apercu sur les coraux du Carbonifere de l'Hazarajat et des autres regions de l'Afghanistan: Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, v. 19, p. 235-237.
42. Gaetani, M., Gosso, G., and Pognante, U., 1990, Ageological transect from Kun Lun to Karakorum (Sinking, China): The western termination of the Tibetan Plateau: Preliminary note: Terra Nova, v. 2, p. 23-30.
43. Gao Jun, Li Maosong, Xiao Xuchang, Tang Yaoqing, and He Guoqi, 1998, Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Tianshan orogen, northwestern China: Tectonophysics, v. 287, p. 213-231.
44. Gilder, S.A., Zhao, X., Coe, R., Meng, Z., Courtillot, V., and Besse, J., 1996, Paleomagnetism and tectonics of the southern Tarim basin, northwestern China: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, p. 22015-22031.
45. Golonka, J., Ross, M.I., and Scotese, C.R., 1994, Phanerozoic paleogeographic and paleoclimatic modeling maps, in Embry, A.F., et al., eds., Pangea: Global environments and resources: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 17, p. 1-48.
46. Groves, J.R., and Brenckle, P.L., 1997, Graphic correlation in frontier petroleum provinces: Application to upper Paleozoic sections in the Tarim basin, western China: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1259-1266.
47. Hendrix, M.S., Graham, S.A., Amory, J.Y., and Badarch, G., 1996, Noyon Uul syncline, southern Mongolia: Lower Mesozoic sedimentary record of the tectonic amalgamation of central Asia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 1256-1274.
48. Hu Bing, Wang Jing-Bin, Gao Zhen-Jia, and Fang Xiao-Di, 1969, Problems of the Paleozoics of the Tarim Platform: International Geological Review, v. 11, p. 650-666.
49. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoy SSR, 1987, 1:1,500,000 geologic map of Kazakhstan and Central Asia: Alma-Ata, USSR.
50. Khaimov, R.N., 1986, The Paleozoic sediments of the Fergana Basin: Their potential for oil and gas: International Geology Review, v. 28, p. 75-79.
51. Khain, V.Y., 1979, The Late Triassic volcanic/plutonic belt in the North Caucasus-Turkmenia-North Afghanistan and the opening of the northern part of the Tethys: Akademiya Nauk SSSR Doklady, v. 249, p. 1190-1192 (in Russian).
52. Klimetz, M.P., 1983, Speculations on the Mesozoic plate tectonic evolution of eastern China: Tectonics, v. 2, p. 139-166.
53. Kosygin, Y.A., and Parfenov, L.M., 1981, Structural evolution of eastern Siberia and adjacent areas: American Journal of Science, v. 275A, p. 187-208.
54. Kravchenko, K.N., 1979, Tectonic evolution of the Tien Shan, Pamir, and Karakorum, in Farah, A., and DeJong, K.A., eds., Geodynamics of Pakistan: Quetta, Geological Survey of Pakistan, p. 25-40.
55. Kutzbach, J.E., and Ziegler, A.M., 1994, Simulation of Late Permian climate and biomes with an atmosphere-ocean model: Comparisons and observations, in Allen, J.R.L., et al., eds., Palaeoclimates and their modelling: With special reference to the Mesozoic era: London, Chapman & Hall, p. 119-132.
56. Lai, J., and Wang, J., 1988, Atlas of the paleogeography of Xinjiang: Urumqi, China, Xinjiang People's Publishing House, 92 p. (in Chinese with English abstract).
57. Laveine, J.-P., Lemoigne, Y., and Zhang, S., 1992, Pangaea, Paleotethys, and Paripteris: Paris, Académie des Sciences Comptes Rendus, v. 314, ser. II, p. 1103-1110.
58. Laveine, J.-P., Zhang Shenzhen, Lemoigne, Y., Desheng An, Qishi Zheng, and Jingyuan Cao, 1996, The upper Paleozoic floras of Hotan area (Xinjiang Province, Northwest China), and their paleogeographical significance: Paris, Académie des Sciences Comptes Rendus, v. 322, ser. IIa, p. 781-790.
59. Leith, W., 1982, Rock assemblages in central Asia and the evolution of the southern Asian margin: Tectonics, v. 1, p. 303-318.
60. Leven, E.J., 1971, Les gisements permiens et les Fusulinides de l'Afghanistan du Nord: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris, Notes et Memoires du Moyen Orient, v. 12, 35
61. Leven, E.J., 1997, Permian stratigraphy and fusulinida of Afghanistan with their paleogeographic and paleotectonic implications: Geological Society of America Special Paper 316, 134
62. Li, Y., 1990, An apparent polar wander path from the Tarim block, China: Tectonophysics, v. 181, p. 31-41.
63. Li Yong'an, Cao Yundong, and Sun Dongjiang, 1996, Structural geology along the Sino-Pakistan Highway in the western Kunlun Mountains of China: 30th International Geological Congress Field Trip Guide T113/T363: Beijing, Geological Publishing House (Beijing), 21
64. Liao, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, K., Jiang, N., Xia, F., Zhou, Y., Sun, F., and Li, S., 1992, Carboniferous of Tarim and its adjacents, in Zhou, Z., and Chen, P., eds., Biostratigraphy and geological evolution of Tarim: Beijing, Science Press, p. 202-242.
65. Liou, J.G., Wang, X., Coleman, R.G., Zhang, Z.M., and Maruyama, S., 1989, Blueschists in major suture zones of China: Tectonics, v. 8, p. 609-619.
66. Liu Guanghua, 1990, Permo-Carboniferous paleogeography and coal accumulation and their tectonic control in the North and south China continental plates: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 16, p. 73-117.
67. Lutts, B.G., and Feldman, M.N., 1992, Geodynamic interpretation of Paleozoic magmatism in the Sultanuizdag Ridge, Uzbekistan: Geotectonics, v. 26, p. 307-314.
68. Lys, M., and de Lapparent, A.F., 1971, Foraminiferes et microfacies de Permien de l'Afghanistan central: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris, Notes et Memoires du Moyen Orient, v. 12, 98
69. Maslyayev, G.A., 1989, Paleogeologic reconstructions of the Russian Platform: International Geology Review, v. 31, p. 217-227.
70. Mattauer, M., Matte, P., Malavieille, J., Tapponier, P., Maluski, H., Xu, Z., Lu, Y., and Tang, Y., 1985, Tectonics of the Qinling belts, build-up and evolution of eastern Asia: Nature, v. 327, p. 496-500.
71. Matte, P., Maluski, H., Caby, R., Kepeshinskas, A., and Sobolev, S., 1993, Geodynamic model and Ar/Ar dating for the generation and emplacement of the high pressure (HP) metamorphic rocks in SW Urals: Paris, Académie des Sciences Comptes Rendus, v. 317, p. 1667-1674.
72. Matte, P., Tapponier, P., Arnaud, N., Bourjot, L., Avouac, J.P., Vidal, P., Liu Qiang, Pan Yusheng, and Wang Yi, 1996, Tectonics of western Tibet, between the Tarim and the Indus: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 142, p. 311-330.
73. Mattern, F., Schneider, W., Li, Y., and Li, X., 1996, Atraverse through the western Kunlun (Xinjiang, China): Tentative geodynamic implications for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic: Geologische Rundschau, v. 85, p. 705-722.
74. McFadden, P.L., Ma, X.H., McElhinny, M.W., and Zhang, Z.K., 1988, Permo- Triassic magnetostratigraphy in China, northern Tarim: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 87, p. 152-160.
75. McKnight, C.L., 1993, Structural styles and tectonic significance of Tian Shan foothill fold-thrust belts, northwest China [Ph.D. thesis]: Stanford, California, Stanford University, 207
76. Metcalfe, I., 1996, Pre-Cretaceous evolution of SE Asian terranes, in Hall, R., and Blundell, D., eds., Tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 106, p. 97-122.
77. Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, 1993, Regional geology of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, Geological Memoir Series, v. 1, p. 783-841.
78. Moore, G.T., and Barron, E.J., 1994, Source rock, reservoir, and evaporitic seal predictions from general circulation models: Late Jurassic to mid- Cretaceous case studies: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 26, no. 7, p. A-372.
79. Mossakovsky, A.A., Ruzhentsev, S.V., Samygin, S.G., and Kheratovska, T.N., 1993, The central-Asian fold belt: Geodynamic evolution and formation history: Geotektonika, no. 6, p. 3-32 (in Russian).
80. Mueller, F., Rogers, J.W., Jin Yu-Gan, Wang Huayu, Li Wenguo, Chronic, J., and Mueller, J.F., 1991, Late Carboniferous to Permian sedimentation in Inner Mongolia, China, and tectonic relationships between north China and Siberia: Journal of Geology, v. 99, p. 251-263.
81. Mukhin, P.A., Abdullayev, K.A., Minayev, V.Y., Khristov, S.Y., and Egamberdyyev, S.A., 1989, The Paleozoic geodynamics of central Asia: International Geology Review, v. 30, p. 1073-1083.
82. Murzagaliyev,D.M., 1996, Sub-salt carbonate reservoirs on the shelf of the North Caspian and their oil-gas prospects: Petroleum Geology, v. 30, p. 1-5.
83. Nie, S.Y., 1991, Paleoclimatic and paleomagnetic constraints on the Paleozoic reconstructions of south China, north China and Tarim: Tectonophysics, v. 196, p. 279-308.
84. Nie, S.Y., and Rowley, D.R., 1994, Paleomagnetic constraints on the geodynamic history of the major blocks of China from the Permian to the present: Comment: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 18035-18042.
85. Nie, S.Y., Rowley, D.B., and Ziegler, A.M., 1990, Constraints on the location of Asian microcontinents in Paleo-Tethys during the late Palaeozoic, in McKerrow, W.S., and Scotese, C.R., eds., Paleozoic paleogeography and biogeography: Geological Society [London] Memoir 12, p. 397-409.
86. Nie, S.Y., Rowley, D.B., van der Voo, R., and Li, M., 1993, Paleomagnetism of late Paleozoic rocks in the Tianshan, northwestern China: Tectonics, v. 12, p. 568-579.
87. Novikov, V.L., Romanko, A.Y., Salikov, F.S., Suprychev, V.V., Yefremova, L.B., and Savichev, A.T., 1994, Late Paleozoic volcanism and geodynamics of the North Pamir region: Transactions of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Earth Science Section, v. 327A, p. 106-110.
88. Okay, A.I., and Sahinturk, O., 1997, Tectonics and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding regions, in Robinson, A.G., ed., Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 68, p. 291-311.
89. Opdyke, N., Huang, K., Xu, G., Zhang, W.Y., and Kent, D.V., 1986, Paleomagnetic results from the Triassic of the Yangtze Platform: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. B91, p. 9553-9568.
90. Palmer, A.R., compiler, 1983, The Decade of North American Geology geologic time scale: Geology, v. 11, p. 503-504.
91. Parrish, J.T., 1982, Upwelling and petroleum source beds, with reference to the Paleozoic: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, p. 750-774.
92. Pavlov, N.D., Salov, Y.A., Gogonenkov, G.N., Akopov, Y.I., Tolstykh, A.A., and Denisyuk, R.S., 1988, Geological-geophysical model of the Tengiz paleo-atoll based on seismostratigraphy: International Geology Review, v. 30, p. 1057-1069.
93. Peng, X., and Zhang, G., 1989, Tectonic features of the Junggar Basin and their relationship with oil and gas distribution in Hsü, K.J., and Zhu X., eds., Chinese sedimentary basins: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 17-31.
94. Popkov, V.I., 1995, Tectonics west of the Turan Platform: Petroleum Geology, v. 29, p. 71-102.
95. Pruner, P., 1992, Paleomagnetism and paleogeography of Mongolia from the Carboniferous to the Cretaceous - Final report: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 70, p. 169-177.
96. Puchkov, V.N., 1997, Structure and geodynamics of the Uralian orogen, in Burg, J.-P., and Ford, M., eds., Orogeny through time: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 121, p. 201-236.
97. Ronov, A., Khain, V., and Balukhovsky, A., 1989, Atlas of lithologicalpaleogeographical maps of the world: Moscow, Academy of Sciences, 79
98. Ross, C.A., and Ross, J.R.P., 1994, Permian sequence stratigraphy and fossil zonation, in Embry, A.F., et al., eds., Pangea: Global environments and resources: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 17, p. 219-231.
99. Rowley, D.B., Raymond, A., Parrish, J.T., Lottes, A.L., Scotese, C.R., and Ziegler, A.M., 1985, Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 5, p. 7-42.
100. Ruttner, A.W., 1984, The pre-Liassic basement of the eastern Kopet Dagh range: Neues Jahrbuch für Paläontologie Abhandlungen, v. 168, p. 256-268.
101. Ruzhentsev, S.V., and Shvolman, V.A., 1983, Tectonics of the northwestern Himalayas and Kohistan: Geotectonics, v. 17, p. 138-148.
102. Schermer, E.R., Howell, D.G., Jones, D.L., 1984, The origin of allochthonous terranes: Perspectives on the growth and shaping of continents: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 12, p. 107-131.
103. Scotese, C.R., 1998, Computer software to produce plate-tectonic reconstructions, in Almond, J., et al., eds., Gondwana 10: Event stratigraphy of Gondwana, Special Abstracts Issue: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 171-172.
104. Scotese, C.R., and Golonka, J., 1992, Paleogeographic atlas: PALEOMAP progress report 20-0692: Department of Geology, University of Texas at Arlington, 34
105. Scotese, C.R., and Langford, R.P., 1995, Pangea and the palegeography of the Permian, in Scholle, P.A., et al., eds., The Permian of northern Pangea, Volume 1, Paleogeography, paleoclimates, and stratigraphy: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 3-19.
106. Scotese, C.R., and McKerrow, W.S., 1990, Revised world maps and introduction, in McKerrow, W.S., and Scotese, C.R., eds., Paleozoic paleogeography and biogeography: Geological Society [London] Memoir 12, p. 1-21.
107. Şengör, A.M.C., 1979, Mid-Mesozoic closure of Permo-Triassic Tethys and its implications: Nature, v. 279, p. 590-593.
108. Şengör, A.M.C., 1984, The Cimmeride orogenic system and the tectonics of Eurasia: Geological Society of America Special Paper 195, 82
109. Şengör, A.M.C., 1987, Tectonic subdivisions and evolution of Asia: Technical University of Istanbul Bulletin, v. 40, p. 355-435.
110. Şengör, A.M.C., 1990, Tethyan evolution of central Asia: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, p. 761.
111. Şengör, A.M.C., 1991, The Paleo-Tethyan suture: Aline of demarcation between two fundamentally different architectural styles in the structure of Asia: The Island Arc, v. 1, p. 78-91.
112. Şengör, A.M.C., and Natal'in, B., 1996, Paleotectonics of Asia: Fragments of a synthesis, in Yin, A., and Harrison, M., eds., The tectonic evolution of Asia: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 486-640.
113. Şengör, A.M.C., and Okurogullari, A.H., 1991, The role of accretionary wedges in the growth of continents: Asiatic examples from Argand to plate tectonics: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 84, p. 535-597.
114. Şengör, A.M.C., Natal'in, B.A., and Burtman, V.S., 1993a, Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Paleozoic crustal growth in Eurasia: Nature, v. 364, p. 299-307.
115. Şengör, A.M.C., Cin, A., Rowley, D.B., and Nie, S.Y., 1993b, Space-time patterns of magmatism along the Tethysides: A preliminary study: Journal of Geology, v. 101, p. 51-84.
116. Sharps, R., McWilliams, M., Li, Y.P., Cox, A., Zhang, Z., Zhai, Z., Gao, Z., Li, Y.A., and Li, Q., 1989, Lower Permian paleomagnetism of the Tarim block, northwestern China: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 92, p. 275-291.
117. Shi, Y., Lu H., Jia, D., Cai, D., Wu, S., and Chen, C., 1994, Paleozoic platetectonic evolution of the Tarim and western Tianshan regions, western China: International Geological Review, v. 36, p. 1058-1066.
118. Sinitsyn, V.M., 1957, Northwestern part of the Tarim basin: Moscow, Academiya Nauk SSSR, 257
119. Smethurst, M.A., Khramov, A.N., and Torsvik, T.H., 1998, The Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic paleomagnetic data for the Siberian Platform: From Rodinia to Pangea: Earth Science Reviews, v. 43, p. 1-24.
120. Smith, A.B., 1988, Late Paleozoic biogeography of East Asia and paleontological constraints on plate tectonic reconstructions: Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions, ser. A, v. 326, p. 189-227.
121. Sobel, E., and Arnaud, N., 1999, A possible middle Paleozoic suture in the Altyn Tagh, NW China: Tectonics, v. 18, p. 64-74.
122. Stöcklin, J., 1974, Possible ancient continental margins in Iran, in Burk, C.A., and Drake, C.L., eds., The geology of continental margins: Berlin, Springer Verlag, p. 873-887.
123. Stöcklin, J., 1977, Structural correlation of the alpine rangès between Iran and Central Asia, in Livre à la mémoire de Albert F. de Lapparent (1905-1975) consacré aux Recherches géologiques dans les chaines alpines de l'Asie du Sud-Ouest: Mémoire Hors Série, Société Géologique de France, v. 8, p. 333-353.
124. Thomas, J.C., Chauvin, A., Gapais, D., Bazhenov, M.L., Perroud, H., Cobbold, P.R., and Burtman, V.S., 1994, Paleomagnetic evidence for Cenozoic block rotations in the Tadjik depression (Central Asia): Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 15141-15160.
125. Tian Zaiyi, Chai Guilin, and Kang Yuzhu, 1989, Tectonic evolution of the Tarim Basin, in Hsü, K.J., and Zhu, X., eds., Chinese sedimentary basins: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 33-43.
126. UNESCO, 1991, World geological atlas: Paris, scale 1:2 000 000.
127. Vachard, D., 1980, Tethys et Gondwana au Paléozoique superieur: Les donnees Afghanes: Paris, Documents et Travaux de l'Institut Geologique Albert de Lapparent (IGAL), no. 2, 463
128. Vinogradov, A.P., et al., eds., 1968, Atlas of the lithological- paleogeographical maps of the USSR: Min. Geol.-Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow.
129. Wang Baoyu, Li Qiang, and Liu Jianbing, 1996, Geology and tectonics of the west Tianshan mountains along Dushanzi-Kuqa highway in Xinkiang: 30th International Geological Congress, Field Trip Guidebook T364: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 24
130. Wang, H., compiler, 1985, Atlas of the paleogeography of China: Beijing, Cartographic Publishing House, 143
131. Wang, H., 1986, Geotectonic development of China, inYang, Z., et al., eds., The geology of China: Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 235-276.
132. Wang Qinmin, and Coward, M.P., 1990, The Chaidam Basin (NW China): Formation and hydrocarbon potential: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 13, p. 93-112.
133. Wang, Q., and Liu, X., 1986, Paleoplate tectonics between Cathaysia and Angaraland in Inner Mongolia of China: Tectonics, v. 5, p. 1073-1088.
134. Watson, M.P., Hayward, A.B., Parkinson, D.N., and Zhang Z.M., 1987, Plate tectonic history, basin development and petroleum source rock deposition onshore China: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 4, p. 205-225.
135. Wensink, H., 1991, Late Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks of Iran and Afghanistan, in Moullade, M., and Nairn,A.E.M., eds., The Phanerozoic geology of the world, I: The Paleozoic:Amsterdam,Elsevier, p. 147-218.
136. Windley, B.F., Allen, M.B., Zhang, C., Zhao, Z.Y., and Wang, G.R., 1990, Paleozoic accretion and Cenozoic redeformation of the Chinese Tien Shan Range, Central Asia: Geology, v. 18, p. 128-131.
137. Yang, Z., Cheng, Y.Q., and Wang, H.W., eds., 1986, The geology of China: Oxford, Clarendon Press, 303
138. Yao, Y., and Hsu, K.J., 1992, Origin of the Kunlun Mountains by arc-arc and arc-continent collisions: The Island Arc, v. 3, p. 75-89.
139. Yin, A., and Nie, S.Y., 1994, Palinspastic reconstruction of western and central China from the middle Paleozoic to the early Mesozoic: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 75, supplement, p. 629.
140. Yin, A., and Nie, S.Y., 1996, A Phanerozoic palinspastic reconstruction of China and its neighboring regions, in Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M., eds., The tectonic evolution of Asia: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 442-485.
141. Zhang, K.J., 1997, North and south China collision along the eastern and southern north China margin: Tectonophysics, v. 270, p. 145-156.
142. Zhang, Z.M., Liou, J.G., and Coleman, R.G., 1984, An outline of the plate tectonics of China: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 95, p. 295-312.
143. Zhao, X., and Coe, R.S., 1989, Tectonic implications of Permo-Triassic paleomagnetic results from North and South China, in Hillhouse, J.W., ed., Deep structure and past kinematics of accreted terranes: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph, v. 50, p. 267-283.
144. Zhao, X., Coe, R.S., Zhou, Y., Wu, H., and Wang, J., 1990, New paleomagnetic results from northern China: Collision and suturing with Siberia and Kazakhstan: Tectonophysics, v. 181, p. 43-81.
145. Zhao, X., Coe, R., Wu, H., and Zhao, Z., 1993, Silurian and Devonian paleomagnetic poles from north China and implications for Gondwana: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 117, p. 497-506.
146. Zholtayev, G.Z., 1998, Geodynamic model of north Caspian syneclize in the Paleozoic: Petroleum Geology, v. 32, p. 250-261.
147. Zhou Da, and Graham, S.A., 1996, Extrusion of the Altyn Tagh wedge: A kinematic model for the Altyn Tagh fault and palinspastic resconstruction of northern China: Geology, v. 24, p. 427-430.
148. Ziegler, A.M., 1990, Phytogeographic patterns and continental configurations during the Permian period, in McKerrow, W.S., and Scotese, C.R., eds., Paleozoic paleogeography and biogeography: Geological Society [London] Memoir 12, p. 363-377.
149. Ziegler, A.M., Scotese, C.R., McKerrow, W.S., Johnson, M.E., and Bambach, R.K., 1979, Paleozoic paleogeography: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science, v. 7, p. 473-502.
150. Ziegler,A.M., Hulver,M.L., and Rowley,D.B., 1997, Permian world topography and climate, in Martini, P., ed., Late glacial and postglacial environmental changes: NewYork, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 111-146.
151. Ziegler, P.A., 1990, Geological atlas of Western and Central Europe (second edition): Avon, Geological Society [London] Publishing House, 239
152. Zonenshain, L.P., and Gorodnitsky, A.M., 1977, Paleo-Mesozoic and Mesozoic reconstructions of the continents and oceans: Geotectonics, v. 11, p. 159-172.
153. Zonenshain, L.P., Korinevsky, V.G., Kazmin, V.G., Pechersky, D.M., Khain, V.V., and Matveenkov, V.V., 1984, Plate tectonic model of the south Urals development: Tectonophysics, v. 109, p. 95-135.
154. Zonenshain, L.P., Kuzmin, M.I., and Natapov, L.M., 1987a, Phanerozoic palinspastic reconstructions for the USSR: Geotectonics, v. 21, p. 487-502.
155. Zonenshain, L.P., Kuzmin, M.I., and Kononov, M.V., 1987b, Absolute reconstructions of the position of the continents during Paleozoic and early Mesozoic time: Geotectonics, v. 21, p. 199-212.
156. Zonenshain, L.P., Kuzmin, M.I., and Natapov, L.M., 1990, Geology of the USSR: A plate-tectonic synthesis, in Page, B.M., ed., American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Series, v. 21, 242