Resilience in re-entering missionaries: why do some do well?

Mental Health, Religion and Culture

Volumn 12, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 701-720

  Selby, Susan P ^a   Braunack Mayer, Annette ^a   Moulding, Nicole ^b   Jones, Alison ^c   Clark, Sheila ^a   Beilby, Justin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^c ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS   (Australia)

Author keywords

acculturation; mental health; missionaries; resilience

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952586150     PISSN: 13674676     EISSN: 14699737     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13674670903131868     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Agrimson, LB and Taft, LB. 2009. Spiritual crisis: A concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65 (2): 454 – 461.
2. Ano, GG and Vasconcelles, EB. 2005. Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61 (4): 461 – 480.
3. Austin, C. 1986a. “ Reentry stress: The pain of coming home ”. In Cross-cultural reentry: A book of readings, Edited by: Austin, C. 123 – 131. Abilene, TX: Abilene Christian University.
4. Austin, C (Ed.). 1986b. Cross-cultural reentry: A book of readings, Abilene, TX: Abilene Christian University.
5. Bellingham, R, Cohen, B, Jones, T and Spaniol, L. 1989. Connectedness: Some skills for spiritual health. American Journal of Health Promotion, 4 (1): 18 – 31.
6. Bonanno, GA. 2004. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?. American Psychologist, 59 (1): 20 – 28.
7. Bonanno, GA. 2008. Grief, trauma and resilience. Grief Matters, 11 (1): 11 – 17.
8. Bonanno, GA, Galea, S, Bucciarelli, A and Vlahov, D. 2007. What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 75 (5): 671 – 682.
9. Bonanno, GA, Moskowitz, JT, Papa, A and Folkman, S. 2005. Resilience to loss in bereaved spouses, bereaved parents, and bereaved gay men. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 88 (5): 827 – 843.
10. Bonanno, GA, Wortman, CB, Lehman, DR, Tweed, RG, Haring, MSonnega, J. 2002. Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83 (5): 1150 – 1164.
11. Bowman, T. 1999. Shattered dreams, resiliency and hope: ‘Restorying’ after loss. Journal of Personal & Interpersonal Loss, 4 (2): 179 – 193.
12. Burkhart, L and Solari-Twadell, A. 2001. Spirituality and religiousness: Differentiating the diagnoses through a review of the nursing literature. Nursing Diagnosis, 12 (2): 45 – 55.
13. Campbell-Sills, L, Cohan, SL and Stein, MB. 2006. Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 44 (4): 585 – 599.
14. Caplan, G. 1990. Loss, stress, and mental health. Community Mental Health Journal, 26 (1): 27 – 48.
15. Capps, D. 2004. The decades of life: Relocating Erikson's stages. Pastoral Psychology, 53 (1): 3 – 32.
16. Carter, J. 2002. “ Missionary stressors and implications for care ”. In Enhancing missionary vitality, Edited by: Powell, JR and Bowers, JM. 101 – 106. Palmer Lake, CO: Mission Training International.
17. Chun Bun, L and McBride-Chang, CA. 2007. Resilience in young adulthood: The moderating influences of gender-related personality traits and coping flexibility. Sex Roles, 56 (3/4): 159 – 172.
18. Clark, S. 2003. “ Loss and grief in general practice: The development and evaluation of two instruments to detect and measure grief in general practice patients ”. In Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Adelaide: The University of Adelaide.
19. Clark, S, Marley, J, Hiller, JE, Leahy, C and Pratt, N. 2005–2006. A grief diagnostic instrument for general practice. Omega, 52 (2): 169 – 195.
20. Coschignano, D. 2002. “ Crossing borders: A descriptive analysis of the re-entry experiences of twenty adult United States citizens from Hawaii, Colorado, and California ”. In Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Saybrook Graduate School.
21. Coyne, IT. 1997. Sampling in qualitative research. Purposeful and theoretical sampling; merging or clear boundaries?. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26 (3): 623 – 630.
22. Creswell, JW. 2003. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
23. Curtin, M and Fossey, E. 2007. Appraising the trustworthiness of qualitative studies: Guidelines for occupational therapists. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 54 (2): 88 – 94.
24. Donovan, K. 2002. Growing through stress, Berrien Springs, MI: Institute of World Mission, Andrews University.
25. Dorpat, TL. 1985. Denial and defence in the therapeutic situation, New Jersey: Jason Aronson.
26. Doyle, ME and Peterson, KA. 2005. Re-entry and reintegration: Returning home after combat. Psychiatric Quarterly, 76 (4): 361 – 370.
27. Earvolino-Ramirez, M. 2007. Resilience: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 42 (2): 73 – 82.
28. Farley, YR. 2007. Making the connection: Spirituality, trauma and resiliency. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work, 26 (1): 1 – 15.
29. Fielding, N and Thomas, H. 2001. “ Qualitative interviewing ”. In Researching social life,, 2nd, Edited by: Gilbert, N. 123 – 144. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
30. Foyle, MF. 2001. Honourably wounded, stress among Christian workers, London: Monarch Books.
31. Fraser, MW and Richman, JM. 1999. Risk, production, and resilience: Toward a conceptual framework for social work practice. Social Work Research, 23 (3): 131 – 144.
32. Gardner, LM. 1987. A practical approach to transitions in missionary living. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 15 (4): 342 – 349.
33. Gaw, KF. 2000. Reverse culture shock in students returning from overseas. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24 (1): 83 – 104.
34. Gelenberg, AJ and Hopkins, HS. 2007. Assessing and treating depression in primary care medicine. American Journal of Medicine, 120 (2): 105 – 108.
35. Gu, Q and Day, C. 2007. Teachers resilience: A necessary condition for effectiveness. Teaching & Teacher Education, 23 (8): 1302 – 1316.
36. Hansen, EC. 2006. Successful qualitative health research, Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
37. Hartling, LM. 2008. Strengthening resilience in a risky world: It's all about relationships. Women & Therapy, 31 (2–4): 51 – 70.
38. Hertz, DG. 1984. Psychological and psychiatric aspects of remigration. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 21 (1): 57 – 68.
39. Hill, CB, Knox, S, Thompson, BJ, Williams, EN, Hess, SA and Ladany, N. 2005. Consensual qualitative research: An update. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52 (2): 196 – 205.
40. Himelein, MJ and McElrath, JAV. 1996. Resilient child sexual abuse survivors: Cognitive coping and illusion. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20 (8): 747 – 758.
41. Hood, LE, Olson, JK and Allen, M. 2007. Learning to care for spiritual needs: Connecting spiritually. Qualitative Health Research, 17 (9): 1198 – 1206.
42. Isa, M. 2000. Phenomenological analysis of the reentry experiences of the wives of Japanese corporate sojourners. Women & Language, 23 (2): 26 – 40.
43. Jacelon, CS. 1997. The trait and process of resilience. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25 (1): 123 – 129.
44. Jones, ES and Jones, ME. 1994. Strangers and exiles-caring for the missionary: Part 1 & 2. Carrier and Counsellor, 4 (1): 30 – 37.
45. Knell, M. 2007. Burn-up or splash down, Atlanta: Authentic.
46. Kvale, S. 1996. Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
47. Leary, MR and Tangney, JP. 2005. Handbook of self and identity, New York: Guilford Press.
48. Lester, JC. 2001. “ Strangers in their own land: Culture loss, disenfranchised grief, and reentry adjustment ”. In Unpublished dissertation, New Hampshire: Antioch University.
49. Lincoln, YS and Guba, E. 1985. Naturalistic enquiry, Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.
50. Lofland, J and Lofland, LH. 1995. Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis, 3rd, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
51. Lofland, J, Snow, DA, Anderson, L and Lofland, L. 2006. Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis,, 4th, Toronto, ON: Thomson Wadsworth.
52. Lovell, DM. 1997. “ Psychological adjustment among returned overseas aid workers ”. In Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Bangor: University of Wales.
53. Lovibond, SH and Lovibond, PF. 1995a. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, Sydney: The Psychology Foundation.
54. Lovibond, PF and Lovibond, SH. 1995b. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33 (3): 335 – 343.
55. Luthar, SS and Brown, PJ. 2007. Maximizing resilience through diverse levels of inquiry: Prevailing paradigms, possibilities, and priorities for the future. Development & Psychopathology, 19 (3): 931 – 955.
56. Luthar, SS and Cicchetti, D. 2000. The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71 (3): 543 – 563.
57. Martin, AJ and Marsh, HW. 2006. Academic resilience and its psychological and educational correlates: A construct validity approach. Psychology in the Schools, 43 (3): 267 – 281.
58. McLaren, S and Challis, C. 2009. Resilience among men farmers: The protective roles of social support and sense of belonging in the depression-suicidal ideation relation. Death Studies, 33 (3): 262 – 276.
59. Nakashima, M and Canda, ER. 2005. Positive dying and resiliency in later life: A qualitative study. Journal of Aging Studies, 19 (1): 109 – 125.
60. Netuveli, G, Wiggins, HD, Montgomery, SM, Hildon, Z and Biane, D. 2008. Mental health and resilience at older ages: Bouncing back after adversity in the British household panel survey. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 62 (11): 987 – 991.
61. Newton, S, Hutchings, K and Kabanoff, B. 2007. Repatriation in Australian organisations: Effects of function and value of international assignment on program scope. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 45 (3): 295 – 313.
62. Ng, F, Trauer, T, Seetal, D, Callaly, T, Campbell, S and Berk, M. 2007. The validity of the 21-item version of the depression anxiety stress scales as a routine clinical outcome measure. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 19 (5): 304 – 310.
63. Palmer, A. 1999. Issues facing returning missionaries and how spiritual direction can help. Retrieved November15, 2006, from http://www.sgm.org.nz
64. Parkes, CM. 1988. Bereavement as a psychosocial transition: Processes of adaptation to change. Journal of Social Issues, 44 (3): 53 – 65.
65. Patton, MQ. 2002. Qualitative research and evaluation methods, 3rd, London: Sage.
66. Peppiatt, R and Byass, P. 1991. A survey of the health of British missionaries. British Journal of General Practice, 41 (345): 159 – 162.
67. Ponterotto, JG. 2005. Qualitative research in counseling psychology: A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52 (2): 126 – 136.
68. Psychology Foundation of Australia. (2003, 19 Jun, 2006). Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Retrieved January 13, 2007, from http://www.psy.unsw.edu.au/dass/
69. Rogers, J and Ward, C. 1993. Expectation-experience discrepancies and psychological adjustment during cross-cultural reentry. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17 (2): 185 – 196.
70. Rosik, CH, Richards, A and Fannon, T. 2005. Member care experiences and needs: Findings from a study of East African missionaries. Journal of Psychology & Christianity, 24 (1): 36 – 45.
71. Ryan, RM and Deci, EL. 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55 (1): 68 – 79.
72. Sarantakos, S. 2005. Social research, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
73. Selby, S, Jones, A, Burgess, T, Clark, S, Moulding, N and Beilby, J. 2007. Disenfranchised grievers – The GP's role in management. Australian Family Physician, 36 (9): 768 – 770.
74. Selby, S, Jones, A, Clark, S, Burgess, T and Beilby, J. 2005. Re-entry adjustment of cross cultural workers – The role of the GP. Australian Family Physician, 34 (10): 863 – 864, 878.
75. Selby, S, Moulding, N, Clark, S, Jones, A, Braunack-Mayer, A and Beilby, J. 2009. Back home: A qualitative study exploring re-entering cross-cultural missionary aid workers' loss and grief. Omega, 59: 19 – 38.
76. Shedler, J, Mayman, M and Manis, M. 1993. The illusion of mental health. American Psychologist, 48 (11): 1117 – 1131.
77. Smith, G. 1999. Resilience concepts and findings: Implications for family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 21 (2): 154 – 158.
78. Smith, GT. 2005. On construct validity: Issues of method and measurement. Psychological Assessment, 17 (4): 396 – 408.
79. Stewart Black, J and Gregersen, HB. 1991. When Yankee comes home: Factors related to expatriate and spouse repatriation adjustment. Journal of International Business Studies, 22 (4): 671 – 694.
80. Storti, C. 2001. The art of coming home, Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
81. Stringham, EM. 1993. The reacculturation of missionary families: A dynamic theory. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 21 (1): 66 – 73.
82. Sussman, NM. 2000. The dynamic nature of cultural identity throughout cultural transitions: Why home is not so sweet. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 4 (4): 355 – 373.
83. Thompson, A. 2003. Spiritual direction through faith stage and cross cultural transitions. Retrieved November 15, 2006, from http://www.sgm.org.nz/Research/Spiritual%20Direction%20through%20Faith%20Stage%20and%20Cross%20Cultural%20T.doc
84. Tusaie, K and Dyer, J. 2004. Resilience: A historical review of the construct. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18 (1): 3 – 10.
85. Ungar, M. 2003. Qualitative contributions to resilience research. Qualitative Social Work, 2 (1): 85 – 102.
86. Ungar, M, Brown, M, Liebenberg, L, Othman, R, Kwong, WMArmstrong, M. 2007. Unique pathways to resilience across cultures. Adolescence, 42 (166): 287 – 310.
87. Vos, MS and de Haes, JC. 2007. Denial in cancer patients, an explorative review. Psycho-Oncology, 16 (1): 12 – 25.
88. Wilkes, G. 2002. Abused child to nonabusive parent: Resilience and conceptual change. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58 (3): 261 – 276.