Discrimination in the 21st century: Are science and the law aligned?

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 54-75

  King, Eden B ^a   Dunleavy, Dana G ^b   Dunleavy, Eric M ^c   Jaffer, Salman ^a   Morgan, Whitney Botsford ^d   Elder, Katie ^a   Graebner, Raluca ^a  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES   (United States)

^c DCI Consulting Group Inc   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON DOWNTOWN   (United States)

Author keywords

Discrimination; Employment law; Microaggressions

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952583004     PISSN: 10768971     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0021673     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53 (2006).
2. Canady v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 440 F. 3d 1031 (8th Cir., 2006).
3. Carter v. Chrysler Corp., 173 F. 3d 693 (8th Cir., 1999).
4. Clanton v. Kirk & Blum Manufacturing Co., Inc., No. IP 01-0690-C-H/K, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23798 (S. D. Ind., Dec. 6, 2002).
5. Clermont K.M., Schwab S.J. Employment discrimination plaintiffs in federal court: From bad to worse? 2009, Cornell Law School Research Paper No. 08-023. Retrieved from http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/lsrp_papers/.
6. Constantine M.G. Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross-racial counseling relationships. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2007, 54:1-16. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.1.
7. Constantine M.G., Sue D.W. Perceptions of racial microaggressions among Black supervisees in cross-racial dyads. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2007, 54:142-153. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.54.2.142.
8. Cortina L.M. Unseen injustice: Incivility as modern discrimination in organizations. Academy of Management Review 2008, 33:55-75.
9. Curry v. Dist. of Columbia, 195 F. 3d 654 (D. C. Cir., 1999).
10. Delph v. Dr. Pepper Bottling Co. of Paragould Inc., No. 1:94CV73 CDP, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 387 (E. D. Mo. Jan. 6, 1997).
11. Dipboye R.L., Colella A. The dilemmas of workplace discrimination. Discrimination at work: The psychological and organizational bases 2005, 425-462. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. R.L. Dipboye, A. Colella (Eds.).
12. Dovidio J.F., Gaertner S.L. On the nature of contemporary prejudice: The causes, consequences, and challenges of aversive racism. Racism: The problem and the response 1997, Sage, Newbury Park, CA. J. Eberhardt, S.T. Fiske (Eds.).
13. Dovidio J.F., Gaertner S.L. Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999. Psychological Science 2000, 11:319-323. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00262.
14. Dovidio J.F., Kawakami K., Johnson C., Johnson B., Howard A. The nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1997, 33:510-540. doi: 10.1006/jesp.1997.1331.
15. Drachsler D.A. Proof of disparate treatment under federal civil rights laws. Labor Law Journal 2005, Retrieved from http://allbusiness.com/human-resources/1138715-1.html.
16. Duncan, Duncan, and McCombs v. Phoenix Supported Living, Inc. and Tony Schmidt, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 55722 (N. C. W. D., 2007).
17. Dunleavy E.M., Aamodt M.G., Cohen D.B., Schaeffer P. A consideration of international differences in the legal context of selection. Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2008, 1:247-254. doi: 10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00041.x.
18. EEOC v. Grief Brothers Corp., No. 02-CV-468S, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29071 (W. D. N. Y. Sept. 30, 2004).
19. Edelman L.B., Suchman M.C. The legal environments of organizations. Annual Review of Sociology 1997, 23:479-515. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.479.
20. EEOC. Job bias charges rise 9% in 2007, EEOC Reports 2008, July 3, Retrieved from http://eeoc.gov/press/3-5-08.html.
21. Eisenberg T., Farber H. The government as litigant: Further tests of the case selection model. American Law and Economics Review 2003, 5(1):94-133. doi: 10.1093/aler/5.1.94.
22. Faul F., Erdfelder E., Buchner A., Lang A.-G. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods 2009, 41:1149-1160. doi: 10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
23. Feingold v. New York, 366 F. 3d 138 (2nd Cir., 2004).
24. Fiske S.T., Cuddy A., Glick P., Xu J. A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 82:878-902. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878.
25. Gaertner S.L., Dovidio J.F. The aversive form of racism. Prejudice, discrimination and racism: Theory and research 1986, 61-89). Academic Press, Orlando, FL. J.F. Dovidio, S.L. Gaertner (Eds.).
26. Green v. Franklin Nat'l Bank, 459 F. 3d 903 (8th Cir., 2006).
27. Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17 (1993).
28. Hasan v. Foley & Lardner LLP, 552 F. 3d 520 (7th Cir., 2008).
29. Heath v. General Services Administration, EEOC No. 01963035, 99 FEOR. 1006 (1998).
30. Hebl M., Foster J.B., Mannix L.M., Dovidio J.F. Formal and interpersonal discrimination: A field study of bias toward homosexual applications. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2002, 28:815-825. doi: 10.1177/0146167202289010.
31. Hinton v. City College of New York, No. 05 Civ. 8951 (GEL), 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16058 (S. D. N. Y., Feb. 29, 2008).
32. Jeffries v. State of Kansas, Department of Social & Rehabilitation Servs., 147 F. 3d 1220 (1998).
33. Jennings & Keller v. University of North Carolina, 482 F. 3d 686 (4th Cir., 2007).
34. Jost J.T., Banaji M.R. The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology 1994, 33:1-27. Retrieved from http://bpsjournals.co.uk/journals/bjsp/.
35. Kern J.H., Grandey A.A. Customer incivility as a social stressor: The role of race and racial identity for service employees. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2009, 14:46-57.
36. Khotsombath v. Sears Termite and Pest Control, Inc., No. 99-W-532-N, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20499 (Mid. D. Ala., Oct. 18, 2000).
37. King v. Siskin Steel and Supply Co., No. 1:02-cv-114, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10172 (E. D. Tenn., Feb. 11, 2004).
38. Kulik C.T., Perry E.L., Pepper M.B. Here comes the judge: The influence of judge personal characteristics on federal sexual harassment case outcomes. Law and Human Behavior 2003, 27:69-86. doi: 10.1023/A:1021678912133.
39. Lenoir v. Roll Coater, Inc., 841 F. Supp. 1457 (N. D. Ind. 1992, aff'd., 13 F. 3d 1130, 1132 (7th Cir. 1994).
40. Lerner M.J., Miller D.T. Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead. Psychological Bulletin 1977, 85:1030-1051. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1030.
41. Levy S.R., West T.L., Ramirez L., Karafantis D.M. The Protestant Work Ethic: A lay theory with dual intergroup implications. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2006, 9:95-115. doi: 10.1177/1368430206059874.
42. Lord C.G., Ross L., Lepper M.R. Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1979, 37:2098-2109. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098.
43. Martell R.F., Lane D.M., Emrich C. Male-female differences: A computer simulation. American Psychologist 1996, 51:157-158.
44. Mattern v. Eastman Kodak Co., 104 F. 3d 702 (5th Cir. 1997).
45. McDaniel v. Eaglecare, Inc., No. IP 00-0413-C-T/K, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7077 (S. D. Ind., Mar. 8, 2002).
46. Mehringer v. Bloomingdales, U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15176 (2002).
47. Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 106 S. Ct. 2399 (1986).
48. Moore et al. v. Lawrence Summers, Secretary U.S. Department of the Treasury, 113 F. Supp. 2d 5 (DC, 2000).
49. Noto v. Regions Bank, No. 02-207-C-1, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10039 (Mid. D. La., June 10, 2003).
50. Robinson v. City of Pittsburgh B N. 120 F. 3d 1286 (1997).
51. Rodgers v. Western-Southern Life Ins. Co., 12 F. 3d 668 (7th Cir., 1993).
52. Roehling M.V. "Extracting" policy from judicial opinions: The dangers of policy capturing in a field setting. Personnel Psychology 1993, 46:477-502. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1993.tb00881.x.
53. Rowland C.K., Carp R. Politics and Judgment in Federal District Courts 1996, University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, KA.
54. St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks, 113 S. Ct. 2742 (1993).
55. Sue D.W., Capodilupo C.M., Torino G.C., Bucceri J.M., Holder A.M.B., Nadal K.L., Esquilin M. Racial microaggression in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist 2007, 62:271-286. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271.
56. Tafjel H., Turner J.C. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. The social psychology of intergroup relations 1979, 33-47. Brooks/Cole, Monterey, CA. W.G. Austin, S. Worchel (Eds.).
57. Troupe v. May Department Stores, 20 F. 3d 734, 736 (7th Cir. 1994).
58. Tversky A., Kahneman D. Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology 1973, 5:207-232. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9.
59. Venturelli v. ARC Cmty. Servs., Inc., 350 F. 3d 592, 601 (7th Cir. 2003).
60. Werner J.M., Bolino M.C. Explaining U.S. Courts of Appeals decisions involving performance appraisal: Accuracy, fairness, and validation. Personnel Psychology 1997, 50:1-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1997.tb00898.x.
61. White v. BFI Waste Servs., LLC, No. 03-1833, No. 03-2020, 375 F. 3d 288; (2004 U.S. App.).
62. Williamson L.G., Campion J.E., Malos S.B., Roehling M.V., Campion M.A. Employment interview on trial: Linking interview structure with litigation outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology 1997, 82:900-912. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.82.6.900.
63. Wingate P.H., Thorton III G.C., McIntyre K.S., Frame J.H. Organizational downsizing and age discrimination litigation: The influence of personnel practices and statistical evidence on litigation outcomes. Law and Human Behavior 2003, 27:87-108. doi: 10.1023/A:1021631028972.
64. Zink D.L., Gutman A. Statistical trends in private sector employment discrimination suits. Employment discrimination litigation: Behavioral, quantitative, and legal perspectives 2004, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. F.J. Landy (Ed.).