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Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 96-115

From diaspora to diaspora: The case of transylvanian saxons in Romania and Germany

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL IDENTITY; DIASPORA; ETHNIC MINORITY; IMMIGRATION POLICY; NATIONAL IDENTITY; RETURN MIGRATION;

EID: 79952566182     PISSN: 13537113     EISSN: 15572986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13537113.2011.550248     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (22)

References (88)
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    • These include, for example, the, On ethnic German minorities in general
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    • Note
    • The settlement area was declared as a Königsboden (fundus regius) or "Royal Lands," which gave the Saxons a high level of autonomy. Furthermore, the so-called Andreanum of 1224 was one of the first constitutions in Europe, which set the Saxons apart from other groups very early on.
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    • The official setup was as follows: The aristocracy (the Hungarians), the Szekler (administration), and the Saxons (economic and financial sectors) were classified as three equal groups, while the Romanians remained serfs and unrecognized as a group.
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    • This included the standardization of language in education. See Anton Sterbling, "Minderheitenprobleme und interethnische Konflikte in Siebenbürgen nach 1867," Siebenbürgische Semesterblätter 10(2): 109-124 (1996).
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    • Sportpolitische Impulse aus dem 'Dritten Reich' und der Strandbadbau in Siebenbürgen 1936-1939
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    • See also, Thomas Şindilariu, "Sportpolitische Impulse aus dem 'Dritten Reich' und der Strandbadbau in Siebenbürgen 1936-1939," in Marina Hausleitner and Harald Roth, eds., Der Einfluss von Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus auf Minderheiten in Ostmittel-und Südosteuropa (Munich: IKGS Verlag, 2006), 163-182.
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    • For an excellent study of the deportation of Transylvanian Saxons, see, Georg Weber et al., eds, II, and III, Cologne: Böhlau
    • For an excellent study of the deportation of Transylvanian Saxons, see Georg Weber et al., eds., Die Deportation der Siebenbürger Sachsen in die Sowjetunion 1945-1949, vol. I, II, and III (Cologne: Böhlau, 1995).
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    • Michael Kroner, "Zwei aufschlussreiche Zeitungsurteile über die Behandlung der Siebenbürger Sachsen im Jahre 1946," Südostdeutsche Vierteljahreshefte 53(1): 31-36 (2004).
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    • Note
    • The last wave of internal deportations occurred in 1951, as Banater Schwaben and other groups near the Yugoslav border were deported to the Bǎrǎgan Plain for up to five years.
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    • Arbeitslager für die deutsche Bevölkerung im Innern Rumäniens nach 1945
    • and Hannelore Baier, "Arbeitslager für die deutsche Bevölkerung im Innern Rumäniens nach 1945," Südostdeutsche Vierteljahreshefte 54(4): 379-387 (2005).
    • (2005) Südostdeutsche Vierteljahreshefte , vol.54 , Issue.4 , pp. 379-387
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    • The politics of homeland: Irredentism and recognition in the policies of German federal governments and expellee organizations toward ethnic german minorities in central and Eastern Europe, 1949-1999
    • in Kirsta O'Donnell, Renate Bridenthal, and Nancy Reagin, eds, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press
    • Stefan Wolff, "The Politics of Homeland: Irredentism and Recognition in the Policies of German Federal Governments and Expellee Organizations toward Ethnic German Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe, 1949-1999," in Kirsta O'Donnell, Renate Bridenthal, and Nancy Reagin, eds., The Heimat Abroad: The Boundaries of Germanness (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2005), 287-313.
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    • in Edda Currle and Tanja Wunderlich, eds, Stuttgart: Lucius,
    • and Anton Sterbling, "Die Aussiedlung der Deutschen aus Rumänien in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und andere Migrationsvorgänge in und aus Südosteuropa," in Edda Currle and Tanja Wunderlich, eds., Deutschland-ein Einwanderungsland? Rückblick, Bilanz und neue Fragen (Stuttgart: Lucius, 2001), 206, 207.
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    • in Christoph Köck, Alois Moosmüller, and Klaus Roth, eds, Münster: Waxmann Verlag
    • Anton Sterbling, "Dazugehörende Fremde? Besonderheiten der Integration der Rumäniendeutschen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland," in Christoph Köck, Alois Moosmüller, and Klaus Roth, eds., Zuwanderung und Integration: Kulturwissenschaftliche Zugänge und soziale Praxis (Münster: Waxmann Verlag, 2004), 109-124.
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    • Note
    • In line with the Cold War's alliance system, victim status was not granted to those suffering at the hands of socialist neighbors and particularly the Soviet Union. Accordingly, refugees and expellees were called Umsiedler, that is, "resettlers" rather than refugees or expellees.
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    • Note
    • For an insightful study that traces the relationship between the expellees and their organizations and the West German government within the wider context of its relations with Eastern Europe
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    • Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statues/GG.html (accessed 2 May 2009).
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    • Note
    • This is Rogers Brubaker's concept of a triangular relationship between a minority, its "actual homeland" (in this case Romania), and its "external homeland" (in this case the FRG).
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    • See Christian Härtel and Petra Karbus, eds, Berlin: Christian Links Verlag
    • See Christian Härtel and Petra Karbus, eds., Das Westpaket (Berlin: Christian Links Verlag, 2000).
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    • Anneli Ute Gabanyi, "Die Deutschen in Rumänien: Exodus oder Neuanfang?" in Hans Rothe, ed., Die Siebenbürger Sachsen in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Cologne: Böhlau, 1994), 89-104.
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    • Interview with Johann Simon (pseudonym), Sibiu, Romania, 24 Feb
    • Interview with Johann Simon (pseudonym), Sibiu, Romania, 24 Feb. 2005.
    • (2005)
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    • Note
    • This is based on research for a doctoral thesis. Forty-one out of 79 interviewees were émigrés living in Germany. Almost uniformly the respondents presented their imagined Germany prior to emigration precisely in notions of a historic Germany-a Kulturnation-which is also reflected in contemporary sources of the Cold War period-be it in publications or correspondence.
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    • Rainer Münz and Rainer Ohliger, "Deutsche Minderheiten in Ostmittel-und Osteuropa, Aussiedler in Deutschland: Eine Analyse ethnisch priviligierter Migration," Demographie Aktuell: Vorträge, Aufsätze, Forschungsberichte 9:7-11 (1998). http://www.demographie.de/demographieaktuell/da9.pdf (accessed 17 April 2010).
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    • Die Vertreibung aus der Heimat
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    • See Maria Müller, "Die Vertreibung aus der Heimat," Siebenb ürgen Institut, B 1 51, Vol. 2 [2].
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    • 79952564958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for instance, Andreas Möckel, ed, Munich: Südostdeutsches Kulturwerk
    • See, for instance, Andreas Möckel, ed., Gerhard Möckel: Fatum oder Datum? Aufsätze und Briefe (Munich: Südostdeutsches Kulturwerk).
    • Gerhard Möckel: Fatum Oder Datum? Aufsätze Und Briefe
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    • The culture of shortage during state-socialism: Consumption practices in a Romanian village in the 1980s
    • See, for instance
    • See, for instance, Liviu Chelcea, "The Culture of Shortage during State-Socialism: Consumption Practices in a Romanian Village in the 1980s," Cultural Studies 16(1): 16-43 (2002).
    • (2002) Cultural Studies , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-43
    • Chelcea, L.1
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    • The decline of privilege: The legal background to the migration of ethnic Germans
    • For a detailed discussion of the changes, see, in David Rock and Stefan Wolff, eds, Oxford: Berghan
    • For a detailed discussion of the changes, see Amanda Klekowski von Kloppenfels, "The Decline of Privilege: The Legal Background to the Migration of Ethnic Germans," in David Rock and Stefan Wolff, eds., Coming Home to Germany? The Integration of Ethnic Germans from Central and Eastern Europe in the Federal Republic (Oxford: Berghan, 2002), 102-118.
    • (2002) Coming Home to Germany? the Integration of Ethnic Germans From Central and Eastern Europe in the Federal Republic , pp. 102-118
    • von Klekowski, A.K.1
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    • Petition
    • Note
    • The full petition can be viewed in German at "Petition," ResRo, http://www.resro.eu/dokumente/petition.pdf (accessed 14 April 2010) or in Romanian at "Petiţie," ResRo, http://www.resro.eu/dokumente/petitie.pdf (accessed 14 April 2010).
    • (2010) ResRo
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    • Note
    • See, for instance, SiebenbürgeR.de [sic], the Web site of the main Saxon émigré newspaper, which hosts dynamic online discussions, http://www.siebenbuerger.de/forum/ (accessed 17 April 2010).
    • (2010)
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    • For details, see, accessed 17 April
    • For details, see http://www.siebenbuerger.de/benutzer/benutzer.php (accessed 17 April 2010).
    • (2010)
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    • This is referring to the European Capital of Culture in
    • This is referring to the European Capital of Culture in 2007
    • (2007)
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    • for details see, accessed 17 April
    • for details see Sibiu 2007, http://www.sibiu2007.ro/ (accessed 17 April 2010).
    • (2010) Sibiu 2007
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    • Peter Maffay will Kirchenburg kaufen
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    • See "Peter Maffay will Kirchenburg kaufen," Siebenbürgische Zeitung, 24 March 2008, http://www.siebenbuerger.de/zeitung/artikel/interviews/7588-peter-maffay-will-kirchenburg-kaufen.html (accessed 17 April 2010).
    • (2008) Siebenbürgische Zeitung
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    • Note
    • The main publication for Transylvanian Saxons, Siebenbürgische Zeitung, reflects this trend in the articles it publishes on the aforementioned individuals. Since the subscription rates are relatively high (26,000 in 2004) and the number of hits on its Web site even higher (3,600 a day in 2005), the influence this has on raising awareness of developments in Transylvania is quite high.
  • 80
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    • Note
    • That said, the physical makeup of Saxon Transylvania with its fortified churches and Saxon villages conjures up in itself notions of a "Golden Age."
  • 84
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    • For an early example of this process of reimagining, see, Munich: Verlag Südostdeutsches Kulturwerk
    • For an early example of this process of reimagining, see Gustav Zickeli, Bistritz Zwischen 1880 und 1950: Erinnerungen (Munich: Verlag Südostdeutsches Kulturwerk, 1989).
    • (1989) Bistritz Zwischen 1880 Und 1950: Erinnerungen
    • Zickeli, G.1
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    • See, Nationalism Reframed
    • See Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed.
    • Brubaker1
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    • Die Not der Landsleute in Siebenbürgen halt an
    • See, for instance, 23 Oct, accessed 17 April 2010
    • See, for instance, Peter Pastior, "Die Not der Landsleute in Siebenbürgen halt an," Siebenbürgische Zeitung Online, 23 Oct. 2007. http://www.siebenbuerger.de/zeitung/artikel/drucken/index.php?id=7115 (accessed 17 April 2010).
    • (2007) Siebenbürgische Zeitung Online
    • Pastior, P.1
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    • See, accessed 17 April
    • See "Kemper zum Heimattag der Siebenbürger Sachsen," http://www.bmi.bund.de/nn898278/Internet/Content/Nachrichten/Archiv/Reden/2005/05/BAKemperHeimattag.html (accessed 17 April 2010).
    • (2010) Kemper Zum Heimattag Der Siebenbürger Sachsen


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