Evidence for delayed poleward expansion of North Atlantic surface waters during the last interglacial (MIS 5e)

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 30, Issue 7-8, 2011, Pages 934-946

  Van Nieuwenhove, Nicolas ^a   Bauch, Henning A ^a,b   Eynaud, Frédérique ^c   Kandiano, Evguenia ^a   Cortijo, Elsa ^d   Turon, Jean Louis ^c  

^a GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

^b Mainz Academy of Sciences   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITÉ BORDEAUX 1   (France)

^d LABORATOIRE DES SCIENCES DU CLIMAT ET DE L ENVIRONNEMENT   (France)

Author keywords

Dinoflagellate cysts; Last Interglacial; MIS 5e; Nordic seas; North Atlantic

Indexed keywords

DINOFLAGELLATE CYSTS; LAST INTERGLACIAL; MIS 5E; NORDIC SEAS; NORTH ATLANTIC;

ANOXIC SEDIMENTS; HEAT FLUX; ICE; ISOTOPES; OCEANOGRAPHY; STRATIGRAPHY; SURFACE WATERS;

GEOCHRONOLOGY;

DEGLACIATION; DINOFLAGELLATE CYST; HEAT FLUX; HOLOCENE; LAST INTERGLACIAL; MARINE ISOTOPE STAGE; PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA; POLAR WANDERING; SAALIAN; SEDIMENT CORE; STABLE ISOTOPE; SURFACE WATER; WATER MASS;

ARCTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); NORWEGIAN SEA; ROCKALL BASIN;

DINOPHYCEAE; FORAMINIFERA; MIRABILIS; SPINIFERITES MIRABILIS;

EID: 79952440918     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.01.013     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Andersen C., Koç N., Jennings A., Andrews J.T. Nonuniform response of the major surface currents in the Nordic Seas to insolation forcing: implications for the Holocene climate variability. Paleoceanography 2004, 19. 10.1029/2002PA000873.
2. Andersson C., Pausata F.S.R., Jansen E., Risebrobakken E., Telford R.J. Holocene trends in the foraminifer record from the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. Climate of the Past 2010, 6:179-193.
3. Balbon, E., 2000. Variabilité climatique et circulation thermohaline dans l'Ocean Atlantique Nord et Mer Norvège au cours du Quaternaire Supérieur. Ph.D. thesis, Université de Paris, France.
4. 18O anomalies in the polar North Atlantic: a modern analogue evaluation. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106:9135-9143.
5. Bauch H.A., Erlenkeuser H. A " critical" climatic evaluation of Last Interglacial (MIS 5e) records from the Norwegian Sea. Polar Research 2008, 27:135-151.
6. Bauch H.A., Kandiano E.S. Evidence of early warming and cooling in North Atlantic surface waters during the Last Interglacial. Paleoceanography 2007, 22. 10.1029/2005PA001252.
7. Bauch H.A., Erlenkeuser H., Grootes P.M., Jouzel J. Implications of stratigraphic and paleoclimatic records of the last interglaciation from the Nordic seas. Quaternary Research 1996, 46:260-269.
8. Bauch H.A., Erlenkeuser H., Fahl K., Spielhagen R.F., Weinelt M.S., Andruleit H., Henrich R. Evidence for a steeper Eemian than Holocene sea surface temperature gradient between Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1999, 145:95-117.
9. Bauch H.A., Erlenkeuser H., Spielhagen R.F., Struck U., Matthiessen J., Thiede J., Heinemeier J. A multiproxy reconstruction of the evolution of deep and surface waters in the subarctic Nordic Seas over the last 30,000 yr. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:659-678.
10. Baumann, A., 2007. Dinoflagellaten-Zysten als Paläoumweltindikatoren im Spätquartär des Europäischen Nordmeeres. Ph.D. thesis, Universität Bremen, Germany.
11. Baumann K.-H., Matthiessen J. Variations in surface water mass conditions in the Norwegian Sea: evidence from Holocene coccolith and dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. Marine Micropaleontology 1992, 20:129-146.
12. Baumann K.H., Lackschewitz K.S., Mangerud J., Spielhagen R.F., Wolf-Welling T.C.W., Henrich R., Kassens H. Reflections of Scandinavian ice sheet fluctuations in Norwegian sea sediments during the past 150,000 years. Quaternary Research 1995, 43:185-197.
13. Birks C.J.A., Koç N. A high-resolution diatom record of late-Quaternary sea-surface temperatures and oceanographic conditions from the eastern Norwegian Sea. Boreas 2002, 31:323-344.
14. Brauer A., Allen J.R.M., Mingram J., Dulski P., Wulf S., Huntley B. Evidence for Last Interglacial chronology and environmental change from Southern Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2007, 104:450-455.
15. The surface of Ice-Age Earth. Science 1976, 191:1131-1137. CLIMAP Project Members.
16. k sea surface temperature reconstruction in the Norwegian Sea during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:1385-1394.
17. Carlson A.E. Why there was not a Younger Dryas-like event during the Penultimate Deglaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:882-887.
18. Carstens J., Hebbeln D., Wefer G. Distribution of planktic foraminifera at the ice margin in the Arctic (Fram Strait). Marine Micropaleontology 1997, 29:257-269.
19. Chapman M.R., Shackleton N.J. Global ice-volume fluctuations, North Atlantic ice-rafting events, and deep-ocean circulation changes between 130 and 70 ka. Geology 1999, 27:795-798.
20. Chassery, S., 1997. La circulation profonde dans les bassins Nord-Est de l'Atlantique Nord Durant le dernier interglaciaire (stade isotopique 5e): apport de l'étude géochimique des particules et implications climatiques. Ph.D. thesis, Université de Paris, France.
21. Cortijo E., Duplessy J.C., Labeyrie L., Leclaire H., Duprat J., van Weering T.C.E. Eemian cooling in the Norwegian Sea and North Atlantic ocean preceding continental ice-sheet growth. Nature 1994, 372:446-449.
22. Cortijo E., Lehman S., Keigwin L., Chapman M., Paillard D., Labeyrie L. Changes in meridional temperature and salinity gradients in the North Atlantic Ocean (30°-72°N) during the Last Interglacial period. Paleoceanography 1999, 14:23-33.
23. Dale B. Cyst formation, sedimentation, and preservation: factors affecting dinoflagellate assemblages in Recent sediments from Trondheimsfjord, Norway. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 1976, 22:39-60.
24. Dale B. Dinoflagellate cyst ecology: modeling and geological applications. Palynology: Principles and Applications 1996, vol. 3:1249-1275. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, Dallas, TX. J. Jansonius, D.C. McGregor (Eds.).
25. de Vernal A., Londeix L., Mudie P.J., Harland R., Morzadec-Kerfourn M.-T., Turon J.L., Wrenn J.H. Quaternary organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts of the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas: ecostratigraphy and biostratigraphy. Neogene and Quaternary Dinoflagellate Cysts and Acritarchs 1992, 289-328. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, College Station, TX. M.J. Head, J.H. Wrenn (Eds.).
26. de Vernal A., Henry M., Bilodeau G. Techniques de préparation et d'analyse en micropaléontologie. Les cahiers du GEOTOP 1996, 3:16-27.
27. de Vernal A., Rochon A., Turon J.-L., Matthiessen J. Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts: palynological tracers of sea-surface conditions in middle to high latitude marine environments. Geobios 1998, 30:905-920.
28. de Vernal A., Henry M., Matthiessen J., Mudie P.J., Rochon A., Boessenkool K.P., Eynaud F., Grøsfjeld K., Guiot J., Hamel D., Harland R., Head M.J., Kunz-Pirrung M., Levac E., Loucheur V., Peyron O., Pospelova V., Radi T., Turon J.-L., Voronina E. Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages as tracers of sea-surface conditions in the northern North Atlantic, Arctic and sub-Arctic seas: the new 'n = 677' data base and its application for quantitative palaeoceanographic reconstruction. Journal of Quaternary Science 2001, 16:681-698.
29. de Vernal A., Eynaud F., Henry M., Hillaire-Marcel C., Londeix L., Mangin S., Matthiessen J., Marret F., Radi T., Rochon A., Solignac S., Turon J.-L. Reconstruction of sea-surface conditions at middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Macimum (LGM) based on dinoflagellate cysts assemblages. Quaternary Science Reviews 2005, 24:897-924.
30. Devillers R., de Vernal A. Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments of the northern North Atlantic in relation to nutrient content and productivity in surface waters. Marine Geology 2000, 166:103-124.
31. Dokken T., Jansen E. Rapid changes in the mechanism of ocean convection during the last glacial period. Nature 1999, 401:458-461.
32. Eynaud, F., 1999. Kystes de dinoflagellés et evolution paléoclimatique et paléohydrologique de l'Atlantique Nord au cours du dernier cycle climatique du Quaternaire. Ph.D. thesis, Université de Bordeaux 1, France.
33. Eynaud F., Turon J.-L., Sánchez-Goñi M.F., Gendreau S. Dinoflagellate cyst evidence of 'Heinrich-like events' off Portugal during the Marine Isotopic Stage 5. Marine Micropaleontology 2000, 40:9-21.
34. Eynaud F., Turon J.-L., Matthiessen J., Kissel C., Peypouquet J.-P., de Vernal A., Henry M. Norwegian Sea surface palaeoenvironments of the Marine Isotopic Stage 3: the paradoxical response of dinoflagellate cysts. Journal of Quaternary Science 2002, 17:349-359.
35. Eynaud F., Turon J.-L., Duprat J. Comparison of the Holocene and Eemian palaeoenvironments in the South Icelandic Basin: dinoflagellate cysts as proxies for the North Atlantic surface circulation. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2004, 128:55-79.
36. Fensome R.A., Williams G.L. The Lentin and Williams index of fossil dinoflagellates 2004 Edition. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Contributions Series 2004, 42:1-909.
37. Field M.H., Huntley B., Müller H. Eemian climate fluctuations observed in a European pollen record. Nature 1994, 371:779-783.
38. Fronval T., Jansen E. Rapid changes in ocean circulation and heat flux in the Nordic seas during the Last Interglacial period. Nature 1996, 383:806-810.
39. Gaines G., Elbrächter M. Chapter 6: heterotrophic nutrition. Botanical Monographs 1987, vol. 21:224-268. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. F.J.R. Taylor (Ed.).
40. Grøsfjeld K., Funders S., Seidenkrantz M.-S., Glaister C. Last Interglacial marine environments in the White Sea region, northwestern Russia. Boreas 2006, 35:493-520.
41. Guiot J., de Beaulieu J.L., Chedaddi R., David F., Ponel P., Reille M. The climate in Western Europe during the last Glacial/Interglacial cycle derived from pollen and insect remains. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1993, 103:73-93.
42. Hald M., Dokken T., Mikalsen G. Abrupt climatic change during the Last Interglacial-glacial cycle in the polar North Atlantic. Marine Geology 2001, 176:121-137.
43. Hald M., Andersson C., Ebbesen H., Jansen E., Klitgaard-Kristensen D., Risebrobakken B., Salomonsen G.R., Sarnthein M., Sejrup H.P., Telford R.J. Variations in temperature and extent of Atlantic Water in the northern North Atlantic during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:3423-3440.
44. Harland R. Distribution maps of Recent dinoflagellate cysts in bottom sediments from the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas. Palaeontology 1983, 26:321-387.
45. Harland R., Pudsey C.J. Dinoflagellate cysts from sediment traps deployed in the Bellingshausen, Wedell and Scotia seas, Antarctica. Marine Micropaleontology 1999, 37:77-99.
46. Head M.J., Harland R., Matthiessen J. Cold marine indicators of the late Quaternary: the new dinoflagellate cyst genus Islandinium and related morphotypes. Journal of Quaternary Science 2001, 16:621-636.
47. Hebbeln D., Wefer G. Late Quaternary paleoceanography in the Fram Strait. Paleoceanography 1997, 12:65-78.
48. Hodell D.A., Kay Mint E., Curtis J.H., McCave I.N., Hall I.R., Channell J.E.T., Xuan C. Surface and deep-water hydrography on Gardar Drift (Iceland Basin) during the Last Interglacial period. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 288:10-19.
49. Hopkins J.A., McCarthy F.M.G. Post-depositional palynomorph degradation in Quaternary shelf sediments: a laboratory experiment studying the effects of progressive oxidation. Palynology 2002, 26:167-184.
50. Kandiano E.S., Bauch H.A. Implications of planktic foraminiferal size fractions for the glacial-interglacial paleoceanography of the polar North Atlantic. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 2002, 32:245-251.
51. Kandiano E.S., Bauch H.A., Müller A. Sea surface temperature variability in the North Atlantic during the last two glacial-interglacial cycles: comparison of faunal, oxygen isotopic and Mg/Ca-derived records. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2004, 204:145-164.
52. Klotz S., Guiot J., Mosbrugger V. Continental European Eemian and early Würmian climate evolution: comparing signals using different quantitative reconstruction approaches based on pollen. Global and Planetary Change 2003, 36:277-294.
53. Kodrans-Nsiah M., de Lange G.J., Zonneveld K.A.F. A natural exposure experiment on short-term species-selective aerobic degradation of dinoflagellate cysts. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2008, 152:32-39.
54. Kottke, B., 1998. Glaziomarine Sedimentation am Knipovitch-Rücken (südliche Framstraße). Diploma thesis, Universität Bremen, Germany.
55. Kottke, B., 1999. Stable isotopes of sediment core GIK23455-3 doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.55465.
56. Kukla G.J., Bender M.L., de Beaulieu J.-L., Bond G., Broecker W.S., Cleveringa P., Gavin J.E., Herbert T., Imbrie J., Jouzel J., Keigwin L.D., Knudsen K.-L., McManus J.F., Merkt J., Muhs D.R., Müller H., Poore R.Z., Porter S.C., Seret G., Tzedakis P., Winograd I.J. Last Interglacial climates. Quaternary Research 2002, 58:2-13.
57. Laskar J., Robutel P., Joutel F., Gastineau M., Correia A.C.M., Levrard B. A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth. Astronomy and Astrophysics 2004, 428:261-285.
58. Leduc G., Schneider R., Kim J.-H., Lohmann G. Holocene and Eemian sea surface temperature trends as revealed by alkenone and Mg/Ca paleothermometry. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:989-1004.
59. Lehman S.J., Sachs J.P., Crotwell A.M., Keigwin L.D., Boyle E.A. Relation of subtropical Atlantic temperature, high-latitude ice rafting, deep water formation, and European climate 130,000-60,000 years ago. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:1917-1924.
60. 18O records. Paleoceanography 2005, 20. 10.1029/2004PA001071.
61. Manthé, S., 1998. Variabilité de la circulation thermohaline glaciaire et interglaciaire en Atlantique Nord, tracée par les foraminifères planctoniques et la microfaune benthique. Ph.D. thesis, Université de Bordeaux, France.
62. Marchal O., Cacho I., Stocker T.F., Grimalt J.O., Calvo E., Martrat B., Shackleton N., Vautravers M., Cortijo E., van Kreveld S., Andersson C., Koç N., Chapman M., Sbaffi L., Duplessy J.-C., Sarntheim M., Turon J.-L., Duprat J., Jansen E. Apparent long-term cooling of the sea surface in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:455-483.
63. Marret F., Zonneveld K.A.F. Atlas of modern organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst distribution. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2003, 125:1-200.
64. Marret F., Eiríksson J., Knudsen K.L., Turon J.-L., Scourse J.D. Distribution of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in surface sediments from the northern and western shelf of Iceland. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2004, 128:35-53.
65. Martinson D.G., Pisias N.G., Hays J.D., Imbrie J., Moore T.C., Shackleton N. Age dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: development of a high-resolution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy. Quaternary Research 1987, 27:1-29.
66. Matthiessen J. Distribution patterns of dinoflagellate cysts and other organic-walled microfossils in recent Norwegian-Greenland Sea sediments. Marine Micropaleontology 1995, 24:307-334.
67. Matthiessen J., Knies J. Dinoflagellate cyst evidence for warm interglacial conditions at the northern Barents Sea margin during marine oxygen isotope stage 5. Journal of Quaternary Science 2001, 16:727-737.
68. Matthiessen J., Knies J., Nowaczyk N.R., Stein R. Late Quaternary dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy at the Eurasian continental margin, Arctic Ocean: indications for Atlantic water inflow in the past 150,000 years. Global and Planetary Change 2001, 31:65-86.
69. May W.L., Johnson W.D. Constructing two-sided simultaneous confidence intervals for multinomial proportions for small counts in a large number of cells. Journal of Statistical Software 2000, 5:1-24.
70. Mertens K.N., Verhoeven K., Verleye T., Louwye S., Amorim A., Ribeiro S., Deaf A.S., Harding I.C., De Schepper S., González C., Kodrans-Nsiah M., de Vernal A., Henry M., Radi T., Dybkjaer K., Poulsen N.E., Feist-Burkhardt S., Chitolie J., Heilmann-Clausen C., Londeix L., Turon J.-L., Marret F., Matthiessen J., McCarthy F.M.G., Prasad V., Pospelova V., Kyffin Hughes J.E., Riding J.B., Rochon A., Sangiorgi F., Welters N., Sinclair N., Thun C., Soliman A., Van Nieuwenhove N., Vink A., Young M. Determining the absolute abundance of dinoflagellate cysts in recent marine sediments: the Lycopodium marker-grain method put to the test. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2009, 157:238-252.
71. Mork K.A., Blindheim J. Variations in the Atlantic inflow to the Nordic Seas, 1955-1996. Deep-Sea Research I 2000, 47:1035-1057.
72. Mudie P.J., Short S.K. Marine palynology of Baffin Bay. Quaternary environments: eastern Canadian Arctic, Baffin Bay and West Greenland 1985, 263-308. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London. J.T. Andrews (Ed.).
73. Otterå O.H., Drange H., Bentsen M., Kvamstø N.G., Jiang D. The sensitivity of the present-day Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to freshwater forcing. Geophysical Research Letters 2003, 30. 10.1029/2003GL017578.
74. Paillard D., Labeyrie L., Yiou P. Macintosh program performs time-series analysis. EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 1996, 77:379.
75. Penaud A., Eynaud F., Turon J.L., Zaragosi S., Marret F., Bourillet J.F. Interglacial variability (MIS 5 and MIS 7) and dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in the Bay of Biscay (North Atlantic). Marine Micropaleontology 2008, 68:136-155.
76. Pflaumann U., Duprat J., Pujol C., Labeyrie L.D. SIMMAX: a modern analog technique to deduce Atlantic sea surface temperatures from planktonic foraminifera in deep-sea sediments. Paleoceanography 1996, 11:15-35.
77. Rahmstorf S., Ganopolski A. Long-term global warming scenarios computed with an efficient coupled climate model. Climatic Change 1999, 43:353-367.
78. Rasmussen T.L., Thomsen E. Stable isotope signals from brines in the Barents Sea: implications for brine formation during the last glaciation. Geology 2009, 37:903-906.
79. Rasmussen T.L., Balbon E., Thomsen E., Labeyrie L., van Weering T.C.E. Climate records and changes in deep outflow from the Norwegian Sea ∼150-55 ka. Terra Nova 1999, 11:61-66.
80. Rasmussen T.L., Thomsen E., Kuipers A., Wastegård S. Late warming and early cooling of the sea surface in the Nordic seas during MIS 5e (Eemian Interglacial). Quaternary Science Reviews 2003, 22:809-821.
81. Risebrobakken B., Balbon E., Dokken T., Jansen E., Kissel C., Labeyrie L., Richter T., Senneset L. The penultimate deglaciation: high-resolution paleoceanographic evidence from a north-south transect along the eastern Nordic Seas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 241:505-516.
82. Risebrobakken B., Dokken T., Otterå O.H., Jansen E., Gao Y., Drange H. Inception of the Northern European ice sheet due to contrasting ocean and insolation forcing. Quaternary Research 2007, 67:128-135.
83. Rochon A., de Vernal A., Turon J.-L., Matthiessen J., Head M.J. Distribution of recent dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments from the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas in relation to sea-surface parameters. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Contributions Series 1999, 35:1-146.
84. Sánchez-Goñi M.F., Eynaud F., Turon J.-L., Shackleton N.J. High resolution palynological record off the Iberian margin: direct land-sea correlation for the Last Interglacial complex. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1999, 171:123-137.
85. Sánchez-Goñi M.F., Turon J.-L., Eynaud F., Shackleton N.J., Cayre O. Direct land/sea correlation of the Eemian, and its comparison with the Holocene: a high-resolution palynological record off the Iberian margin. Geologie en Mijnbouw/Netherlands. Journal of Geosciences 2000, 79:345-354.
86. Sánchez-Goñi M.F., Loutre M.F., Crucifix M., Peyron O., Santos L., Duprat J., Malaizé B., Turon J.-L., Peypouquet J.-P. Increasing vegetation and climate gradient in Western Europe over the Last Glacial Inception (122-110 ka): data-model comparison. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 231:111-130.
87. Sarnthein M., Tiedemann R. Younger Dryas-style cooling events at glacial terminations I-VI at ODP site 658: associated benthic d13C anomalies constrain meltwater hypothesis. Paleoceanography 1990, 5:1041-1055.
88. Schwarz J.N., Schodlok M.P. Impact of drifting icebergs on surface phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean: ocean colour remote sensing and in situ iceberg tracking. Deep-Sea Research 2009, 156:1727-1741.
89. Seidenkrantz M.-S., Kristensen P., Knudsen K.L. Marine evidence for climatic instability during the Last Interglacial in shelf records from northwest Europe. Journal of Quaternary Science 1995, 10:77-82.
90. Seidenkrantz M.-S., Bornmalm L., Johnsen S.J., Knudsen K.L., Kuijpers A., Lauritzen S.-E., Leroy S.A.G., Mergeai I., Schweger C., Van Vliet-Lanoë B. Two-step deglaciation at the oxygen isotope stage 6/5e transition: the Zeifen-Kattegat climate oscillation. Quaternary Science Reviews 1996, 15:63-75.
91. Shackleton N.J., Chapman M., Sánchez-Goñi M.F., Pailler D., Lancelot Y. The Classic Marine Isotope Substage 5e. Quaternary Research 2002, 58:14-16.
92. Sison C.P., Glaz J. Simultaneous confidence intervals and sample size determination for multinomial proportions. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1995, 90:366-369.
93. Skinner L.C., Shackleton N.J. An Atlantic lead over Pacific deep-water change across Termination I: implications for the application of the marine isotope stage stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews 2005, 24:571-580.
94. Skinner L.C., Shackleton N.J. Deconstructing Terminations I and II: revisiting the glacieustatic paradigm based on deep-water temperature estimates. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:3312-3321.
95. Smart C.W. A comparison between smaller (>63 μm) and larger (>150 μm) planktonic foraminiferal faunas from the Pleistocene of ODP Site 1073 (Leg 174A), New Jersey margin, NW Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Micropalaeontology 2002, 21:137-147.
96. Smith K.L., Robison B.H., Helly J.J., Kaufmann R.S., Ruhl H.A., Shaw T.J., Twining B.S., Vernet M. Free-drifting icebergs: hot spots of chemical and biological enrichment in the Weddell Sea. Science 2007, 317:478-482. 10.1126/science.1142834.
97. Stirling C.H., Andersen M.B. Uranium-series dating of fossil coral reefs: extending the sea-level record beyond the last glacial cycle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 284:269-283.
98. Stockmarr J. Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen Spores 1971, 13:616-621.
99. Thompson W.G., Goldstein S.L. A radiometric calibration of the SPECMAP timescale. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:3207-3215.
100. Van Nieuwenhove, N., 2008. Last Interglacial (MIS 5e) palaeoceanography of the Nordic seas based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. Ph.D. thesis, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Germany.
101. Van Nieuwenhove N., Bauch H.A. Last Interglacial (MIS 5e) surface water conditions at the Vøring Plateau (Norwegian Sea), based on dinoflagellate cysts. Polar Research 2008, 27:175-186.
102. Van Nieuwenhove N., Bauch H.A., Matthiessen J. Last Interglacial surface water conditions in the eastern Nordic Seas inferred from dinocyst and foraminiferal assemblages. Marine Micropaleontology 2008, 66:247-263.
103. Waelbroeck C., Frank N., Jouzel J., Parrenin F., Masson-Delmotte V., Genty D. Transferring radiometric dating of the Last Interglacial sea level high stand to marine ice core records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 265:183-194.
104. Wastegård S., Rasmussen T.L. New tephra horizons from Oxygen Isotope Stage 5 in the North Atlantic: correlation potential for terrestrial, marine and ice-core archives. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:1587-1593.
105. Zonneveld K.A.F., Versteegh G.J.M., de Lange G.J. Palaeoproductivity and post-depositional aerobic organic matter decay reflected by dinoflagellate cyst assemblages of the Eastern Mediterranean S1 sapropel. Marine Geology 2001, 172:181-195.