The posterior parietal paradox: Why do functional magnetic resonance imaging and lesion studies on episodic memory produce conflicting results?

Journal of Neuropsychology

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 15-38

  Schoo, L A ^a,b   Van Zandvoort, M J E ^a,b   Biessels, G J ^b   Kappelle, L J ^b   Postma, A ^a   De Haan, E H F ^c  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OXYGEN;

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; BLOOD; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN MAPPING; FEMALE; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; IMAGE PROCESSING; MALE; MEDLINE; METHODOLOGY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARIETAL LOBE; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RECALL; STATISTICS; VASCULARIZATION;

ATTENTION; BRAIN INJURIES; BRAIN MAPPING; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MENTAL RECALL; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; OXYGEN; PARIETAL LOBE; PUBMED;

EID: 79952382163     PISSN: 17486645     EISSN: 17486653     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/174866410X504059     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Aggleton, J. P., (2008). EPS Mid-Career Award 2006. Understanding anterograde amnesia: Disconnections and hidden lesions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 1441-1471. doi: 10.1080/17470210802215335
2. Almeida, J., (2007). The semantic/episodic distinction: The case for social information processing. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 842-849. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.10.002
3. Alvarez, J. A., &, Emory, E., (2006). Executive function and the frontal lobes: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology Review, 16, 17-42. doi: 10.1007/s11065-006-9002-x (Pubitemid 43954075)
4. Andersen, R. A., &, Buneo, C. A., (2002). Intentional maps in posterior parietal cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 25, 189-220. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142922 (Pubitemid 34748016)
5. Aron, A. R., Robbins, T. W., &, Poldrack, R. A., (2004). Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 170-177. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.02.010 (Pubitemid 38429927)
6. Berryhill, M. E., &, Olson, I. R., (2008). Is the posterior parietal lobe involved in working memory retrieval? Evidence from patients with bilateral parietal lobe damage. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1775-1786. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.005
7. Berryhill, M. E., Phuong, L., Picasso, L., Cabeza, R., &, Olson, I. R., (2007). Parietal lobe and episodic memory: Bilateral damage causes impaired free recall of autobiographical memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 14415-14423. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4163-07.2007
8. Burgess, N., (2008). Spatial cognition and the brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, 77-97. doi: 10.1196/annals.1440.002 (Pubitemid 351506780)
9. Burianova, H., &, Grady, C. L., (2007). Common and unique neural activations in autobiographical, episodic, and semantic retrieval. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1520-1534. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.9.1520 (Pubitemid 47358154)
10. Cabeza, R., (2008). Role of parietal regions in episodic memory retrieval: The dual attentional processes hypothesis. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1813-1827. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.019
11. Cabeza, R., Ciaramelli, E., Olson, I. R., &, Moscovitch, M., (2008). The parietal cortex and episodic memory: An attentional account. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 613-625. doi: 10.1038/nrn2459 (Pubitemid 352032116)
12. Cabeza, R., Daselaar, S. M., Dolcos, F., Prince, S. E., Budde, M., &, Nyberg, L., (2004). Task-independent and task-specific age effects on brain activity during working memory, visual attention and episodic retrieval. Cerebral Cortex, 14, 364-375. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhg133 (Pubitemid 38506968)
13. Cabeza, R., &, Nyberg, L., (2000). Imaging cognition II: An empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 1-47. doi: 10.1162/08989290051137585 (Pubitemid 30142782)
14. Cansino, S., Maquet, P., Dolan, R. J., &, Rugg, M. D., (2002). Brain activity underlying encoding and retrieval of source memory. Cerebral Cortex, 12, 1048-1056. doi: 10.1093/cercor/12.10.1048
15. Ciaramelli, E., Grady, C. L., &, Moscovitch, M., (2008). Top-down and bottom-up attention to memory: A hypothesis (AtoM) on the role of the posterior parietal cortex in memory retrieval. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1828-1851. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.022
16. Daselaar, S. M., Fleck, M. S., &, Cabeza, R., (2006). Triple dissociation in the medial temporal lobes: Recollection, familiarity, and novelty. Journal of Neurophysiology, 96, 1902-1911. doi: 10.1152/jn.01029.2005 (Pubitemid 44527445)
17. Daselaar, S. M., Veltman, D. J., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Raaijmakers, J. G. W., &, Jonker, C., (2003). Neuroanatomical correlates of episodic encoding and retrieval in young and elderly subjects. Brain, 126, 43-56. doi: 10.1093/brain/awg005 (Pubitemid 36068559)
18. Davidson, P. S. R., Anaki, D., Ciaramelli, E., Cohn, M., Kim, A. S. N., Murphy, K. J., ..., Levine, B., (2008). Does lateral parietal cortex support episodic memory?: Evidence from focal lesion patients. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1743-1755. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.011
19. Friedman-Hill, S. R., Robertson, L. C., Desimone, R., &, Ungerleider, L. G., (2003). Posterior parietal cortex and the filtering of distractors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 4263-4268. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0730772100 (Pubitemid 36418191)
20. Friston, K. J., (2005). Models of brain function in neuroimaging. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 57-87. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070311 (Pubitemid 40300779)
21. Gardini, S., Cornoldi, C., De Beni, R., &, Venneri, A., (2006). Left mediotemporal structures mediate the retrieval of episodic autobiographical mental images. Neuroimage, 30, 645-655. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.012
22. Godefroy, O., Roussel, M., Leclerc, X., &, Leys, D., (2009). Deficit of episodic memory: Anatomy and related patterns in stroke patients. European Neurology, 61, 223-229. doi: 10.1159/000197107
23. Greicius, M., (2008). Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders. Current Opinion in Neurology, 21, 424-430. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e328306f2c5
24. Habib, R., Nyberg, L., &, Tulving, E., (2003). Hemispheric asymmetries of memory: The HERA model revisited. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 241-245. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00110-4 (Pubitemid 36683368)
25. Haramati, S., Soroker, N., Dudai, Y., &, Levy, D. A., (2008). The posterior parietal cortex in recognition memory: A neuropsychological study. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1756-1766. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.015
26. Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., &, Maguire, E. A., (2007). Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 14365-14374. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4549-07.2007
27. Hayes, S. M., Ryan, L., Schnyer, D. M., &, Nadel, L., (2004). An fMRI study of episodic memory: Retrieval of object, spatial, and temporal information. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118 (5), 885-896. doi: 10.1037/0735-7044.118.5.885 (Pubitemid 39346494)
28. Henson, R. N. A., Rugg, M. D., Shallice, T., &, Dolan, R. J., (2000). Confidence in recognition memory for words: Dissociating right prefrontal roles in episodic retrieval. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 913-923. doi: 10.1162/08989290051137468 (Pubitemid 32014488)
29. Henson, R. N. A., Rugg, M. D., Shallice, T., Josephs, O., &, Dolan, R. J., (1999). Recollection and familiarity in recognition memory: An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 3962-3972. (Pubitemid 29222270)
30. Hofer, A., Siedentopf, C. M., Ischebeck, A., Rettenbacher, M. A., Widschwendter, C. G., Verius, M., ..., Wolfgang Fleischhacker, W., (2007). The neural regions sustaining episodic encoding and recognition of objects. Brain and Cognition, 63, 159-166. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2006.11.001
31. Honey, C. J., &, Sporns, O., (2008). Dynamical consequences of lesions in cortical networks. Human Brain Mapping, 29, 802-809. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20579 (Pubitemid 351813081)
32. Hwang, D. Y., &, Golby, A. J., (2006). The brain basis for episodic memory: Insights from functional MRI, intracranial EEG, and patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior, 8, 115-126. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.09.009 (Pubitemid 43103839)
33. Kahn, I., Davachi, L., &, Wagner, A. D., (2004). Functional- neuroanatomic correlates of recollection: Implications for models of recognition memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 4172-4180. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0624-04. 2004 (Pubitemid 38620792)
34. Kennedy, K. M., &, Raz, N., (2009). Pattern of normal age-related regional differences in white matter microstructure is modified by vascular risk. Brain Research, 1297, 41-56. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.058
35. Kessels, R. P. C., de Haan, E. H. F., Kappelle, L. J., &, Postma, A., (2001). Varieties of human spatial memory: A meta-analysis on the effects of hippocampal lesions. Brain Research Reviews, 35, 295-303. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0173(01)00058-3 (Pubitemid 32566202)
36. Konishi, S., Wheeler, M. E., Donaldson, D. I., &, Buckner, R. L., (2000). Neural correlates of episodic retrieval success. Neuroimage, 12, 276-286. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0614
37. Labar, K. S., &, Cabeza, R., (2006). Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 54-64. doi: 10.1038/nrn1825 (Pubitemid 41828931)
38. Lancaster, J. L., Woldorff, M. G., Parsons, L. M., Liotti, M., Freitas, C. S., Rainey, L., ..., Fox, P. T., (2000). Automated Talairach atlas labels for functional brain mapping. Human Brain Mapping, 10, 120-131. doi: 10.1002/1097-0193(200007)10:3<120::AID-HBM30>3.0.CO;2-8 (Pubitemid 30456920)
39. Levine, B., Turner, G. R., Tisserand, D., Hevenor, S. J., Graham, S. J., &, McIntosh, A. R., (2004). The functional neuroanatomy of episodic and semantic autobiographical remembering: A prospective functional MRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 1633-1646. doi: 10.1162/0898929042568587 (Pubitemid 39614263)
40. Lou, H. C., Luber, B., Crupain, M., Keenan, J. P., Nowak, M., Kjaer, T. W., ..., Lisanby, S. H., (2004). Parietal cortex and representation of the mental self. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 6827-6832. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0400049101 (Pubitemid 38586059)
41. Luhmann, H. J., (1996). Ischemia and lesion induced imbalances in cortical function. Progress in Neurobiology, 48, 131-166. doi: 10.1016/0301-0082(95)00042-9 (Pubitemid 26126314)
42. Lundstrom, B. N., Ingvar, M., &, Petersson, K. M., (2005). The role of precuneus and left inferior frontal cortex during source memory episodic retrieval. Neuroimage, 27, 824-834. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.008 (Pubitemid 41317252)
43. Maril, A., Simons, J. S., Mitchell, J. P., Schwartz, B. L., &, Schacter, D. L., (2003). Feeling-of-knowing in episodic memory: An event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage, 18, 827-836. doi: 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00014-4 (Pubitemid 36513457)
44. Marklund, P., Fransson, P., Cabeza, R., Larsson, A., Ingvar, M., &, Nyberg, L., (2007). Unity and diversity of tonic and phasic executive control components in episodic and working memory. Neuroimage, 36, 1361-1373. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.058 (Pubitemid 47007712)
45. Mayes, A. R., Montaldi, D., Spencer, T. J., &, Roberts, N., (2004). Recalling spatial information as a component of recently and remotely acquired episodic or semantic memories: An fMRI study. Neuropsychology, 18, 426-441. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.426 (Pubitemid 38944379)
46. McDermott, K. B., Ojemann, J. G., Petersen, S. E., Ollinger, J. M., Snyder, A. Z., Akbudak, E., ..., Raichle, M. E., (1999). Direct comparison of episodic encoding and retrieval of words: An event-related fMRI study. Memory, 7, 661-678. doi: 10.1080/096582199387797
47. Montaldi, D., Spencer, T. J., Roberts, N., &, Mayes, A. R., (2006). The neural system that mediates familiarity memory. Hippocampus, 16 (5), 504-520. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20178 (Pubitemid 44712075)
48. Platel, H., Baron, J. C., Desgranges, B., Bernard, F., &, Eustache, F., (2003). Semantic and episodic memory of music are subserved by distinct neural networks. Neuroimage, 20, 244-256. doi: 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00287-8 (Pubitemid 37188514)
49. Poettrich, K., Weiss, P. H., Werner, A., Lux, S., Donix, M., Gerber, J., ..., Holthoff, V. A., (2009). Altered neural network supporting declarative long-term memory in mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 284-298. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.05.027
50. Rand-Giovannetti, E., Chua, E. F., Driscoll, A. E., Schacter, D. L., Albert, M. S., &, Sperling, R. A., (2006). Hippocampal and neocortical activation during repetitive encoding in older persons. Neurobiology of Aging, 27, 173-182. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.12.013 (Pubitemid 41627962)
51. Rekkas, P. V., &, Todd Constable, R., (2005). Evidence that autobiographic memory retrieval does not become independent of the hippocampus: An fMRI study contrasting very recent with remote events. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 1950-1961. doi: 10.1162/089892905775008652
52. Rossi, S., Miniussi, C., Pasqualetti, P., Babiloni, C., Rossini, P. M., &, Cappa, S. F., (2004). Age-related functional changes of prefrontal cortex in long-term memory: A repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 7939-7944. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0703-04.2004 (Pubitemid 39215699)
53. Rugg, M., &, Henson, R. N. A., (2002). Episodic memory retrieval: An (event-related) functional neuroimaging perspective. In, A. Parker, E. L. Wilding, &, T. J. Bussey, (Eds.), The cognitive neuroscience of memory: Encoding and retrieval (pp. 3-37). Hove: Psychology Press.
54. Saykin, A. J., Johnson, S. C., Flashman, L. A., McAllister, T. W., Sparling, M., Darcey, T. M., ..., Mamourian, A., (1999). Functional differentiation of medial temporal and frontal regions involved in processing novel and familiar words: An fMRI study. Brain, 122, 1963-1971. doi: 10.1093/brain/122.10.1963 (Pubitemid 29473867)
55. Shannon, B. J., &, Buckner, R. L., (2004). Functional-anatomic correlates of memory retrieval that suggest nontraditional processing roles for multiple distinct regions within posterior parietal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 10084-10092. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2625-04.2004 (Pubitemid 39492032)
56. Simons, J. S., Peers, P. V., Hwang, D. Y., Ally, B. A., Fletcher, P. C., &, Budson, A. E., (2008). Is the parietal lobe necessary for recollection in humans Neuropsychologia, 46, 1185-1191. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007. 07.024 (Pubitemid 351253658)
57. Skinner, E. I., &, Fernandes, M. A., (2007). Neural correlates of recollection and familiarity: A review of neuroimaging and patient data. Neuropsychologia, 45, 2163-2179. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.007 (Pubitemid 46678110)
58. Sohn, M. H., Goode, A., Stenger, V. A., Jung, K. J., Carter, C. S., &, Anderson, J. R., (2005). An information-processing model of three cortical regions: Evidence in episodic memory retrieval. Neuroimage, 25, 21-33. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.11.001 (Pubitemid 40289134)
59. Squire, L. R., (2009). The legacy of patient HM for neuroscience. Neuron, 61, 6-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.023
60. Squire, L. R., Stark, C. E. L., &, Clark, R. E., (2004). The medial temporal lobe. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 279-306. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144130 (Pubitemid 39050405)
61. Squire, L. R., &, Zola, S. M., (1998). Episodic memory, semantic memory, and amnesia. Hippocampus, 8, 205-211. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998) 8:3<205::AID-HIPO3>3.0.CO;2-I (Pubitemid 28288853)
62. Struiksma, M. E., Noordzij, M. L., &, Postma, A., (2009). What is the link between language and spatial images? Behavioral and neural findings in blind and sighted individuals. Acta Psychologica, 132, 145-156. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.04.002
63. Tulving, E., (2002). Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 1-25. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114
64. Tulving, E., Habib, R., Nyberg, L., Lepage, M., &, McIntosh, A. R., (1999). Positron emission tomography correlations in and beyond medial temporal lobes. Hippocampus, 9, 71-82. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1999)9:1<71::AID- HIPO8>3.0.CO;2-F (Pubitemid 29129362)
65. Tulving, E., Kapur, S., Markowitsch, H. J., Craik, F. I., Habib, R., &, Houle, S., (1994). Neuroanatomical correlates of retrieval in episodic memory: Auditory sentence recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 2012-2015. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.6.2012 (Pubitemid 24092032)
66. Uncapher, M. R., Otten, L. J., &, Rugg, M. D., (2006). Episodic encoding is more than the sum of its parts: An fMRI investigation of multifeatural contextual encoding. Neuron, 52, 547-556. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.08.011 (Pubitemid 44667427)
67. Uncapher, M. R., &, Rugg, M. D., (2008). Fractionation of the component processes underlying successful episodic encoding: A combined fMR1 and divided-attention study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 240-254. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20026 (Pubitemid 351159087)
68. Uncapher, M. R., &, Wagner, A. D., (2009). Posterior parietal cortex and episodic encoding: Insights from fMRI subsequent memory effects and dual-attention theory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 91, 139-154. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.10.011
69. van Asselen, M., Kessels, R. P. C., Kappelle, L. J., Neggers, S. F. W., Frijns, C. J. M., &, Postma, A., (2006). Neural correlates of human wayfinding in stroke patients. Brain Research, 1067, 229-238. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.048 (Pubitemid 43133093)
70. Vandekerckhove, M. M. P., Markowitsch, H. J., Mertens, M., &, Woermann, F. G., (2005). Bi-hemispheric engagement in the retrieval of autobiographical episodes. Behavioural Neurology, 16, 203-210.
71. Velanova, K., Jacoby, L. L., Wheeler, M. E., McAvoy, M. P., Petersen, S. E., &, Buckner, R. L., (2003). Functional-anatomic correlates of sustained and transient processing components engaged during controlled retrieval. Journal of Neuroscience, 23 (24), 8460-8470. (Pubitemid 37158745)
72. Vilberg, K. L., &, Rugg, M. D., (2007). Dissociation of the neural correlates of recognition memory according to familiarity, recollection, and amount of recollected information. Neuropsychologia, 45, 2216-2225. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.027 (Pubitemid 46678105)
73. Vilberg, K. L., &, Rugg, M. D., (2008). Memory retrieval and the parietal cortex: A review of evidence from a dual-process perspective. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1787-1799. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.004
74. Vincent, J. L., Snyder, A. Z., Fox, M. D., Shannon, B. J., Andrews, J. R., Raichle, M. E., ..., Buckner, R. L., (2006). Coherent spontaneous activity identifies a hippocampal-parietal memory network. Journal of Neurophysiology, 96, 3517-3531. doi: 10.1152/jn.00048.2006 (Pubitemid 44837893)
75. von Zerssen, G. C., Mecklinger, A., Opitz, B., &, von Cramon, D. Y., (2001). Conscious recollection and illusory recognition: An event-related fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 2148-2156. doi: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01589.x (Pubitemid 32578801)
76. Wagner, A. D., Shannon, B. J., Kahn, I., &, Buckner, R. L., (2005). Parietal lobe contributions to episodic memory retrieval. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 445-453. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.001 (Pubitemid 41208254)
77. Wang, T. H., Kruggel, F., &, M. D., (2009). Effects of advanced aging on the neural correlates of successful recognition memory. Neuropsychologia, 47, 1352-1361. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.030
78. Woodruff, C. C., Johnson, J. D., Uncapher, M. R., &, Rugg, M. D., (2005). Content-specificity of the neural correlates of recollection. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1022-1032. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.10.013 (Pubitemid 40349600)
79. Yago, E., &, Ishai, A., (2006). Recognition memory is modulated by visual similarity. Neuroimage, 31, 807-817. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12. 014 (Pubitemid 43776688)
80. Yonelinas, A. P., Otten, L. J., Shaw, K. N., &, Rugg, M. D., (2005). Separating the brain regions involved in recollection and familiarity in recognition memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 3002-3008. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5295-04.2005 (Pubitemid 40389258)
81. Young, M. P., Hilgetag, C. C., &, Scannell, J. W., (2000). On imputing function to structure from the behavioural effects of brain lesions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 355, 147-161. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2000.0555 (Pubitemid 30096141)