Dispersal Patterns of Orang-utans (Pongo spp.) in a Bornean Peat-swamp Forest

International Journal of Primatology

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 362-376

  Morrogh Bernard, Helen Celia ^a,b   Morf, Nadja V ^c   Chivers, David J ^a   Krützen, Michael ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project   (Indonesia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Dispersal; Female philopatry; Orang utan; Pongo spp.; Site fidelity

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; DISPERSAL; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC MARKER; HOMINID; PHILOPATRY; RELATEDNESS; SITE FIDELITY; SWAMP FOREST;

BORNEO; CENTRAL KALIMANTAN; INDONESIA; SEBANGAU NATIONAL PARK;

CERCOPITHECIDAE; HOMINIDAE; HOMO; PONGO; PONGO PYGMAEUS;

EID: 79952247062     PISSN: 01640291     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10764-010-9474-7     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Alberts, S. C., & Altmann J. (1995). Balancing costs and opportunities: Dispersal in male baboons. The American Naturalist, 145, 279-306.
2. Banks, S. C., Skerratt, L. F., & Taylor, A. C. (2002). Female dispersal and relatedness structure in common wombats (Vombatus ursinus). Journal of Zoology, 256, 389-399.
3. Boesch, C. (2002). Cooperative hunting role in Tai chimpanzees. Human Nature, 13, 27-46.
4. Botstein, D., White, R. L., Skolnick, M., & Davis, R. W. (1980). Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Genetics, 32, 314-331.
5. Brookfield, J. F. Y. (1996). A simple new method for estimating null allele frequency from heterozygote deficiency. Molecular Ecology, 5, 453-455.
6. Chaimanee, Y., Jolly, D., Benammi, M., Tafforeau, P., Duzer, D., Moussa, I., et al. (2003). A middle Miocene hominoid from Thailand and orang-utan origins. Nature, 422, 61-65.
7. Chaimanee, Y., Suteethorn, V., Jintasakul, P., Vidthayon, C., Marandat, B., & Jaeger, J. J. (2004). A new orang-utan relative from the late Miocene of Thailand. Nature, 427, 439-441.
8. Cheney, D. L., & Seyfarth, R. M. (1983). Non-random dispersal in free-ranging vervet monkeys. Social and genetic consequences. The American Naturalist, 122, 392-412.
9. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1989). Mammalian mating systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 236, 339-372.
10. Coltman, D. W., Pilkington, J. G., & Pemberton, J. M. (2003). Fine-scale genetic structure in a free-living ungulate population. Molecular Ecology, 12, 733-742.
11. De Waal, F. (2007). Chimpanzees politics: Power and sex among apes. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
12. Galdikas, B. M. F. (1979). Orang-utan adaptation at Tanjung Puting Reserve: Mating & ecology. In D. E. Hamburg & E. R. McCown (Eds.), The great apes (pp. 194-233). Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings.
13. Galdikas, B. M. F. (1985). Orang-utan sociality at Tanjung Puting. American Journal of Primatology, 9, 101-119.
14. Galdikas, B. M. F. (1988). Orang-utan diet, range and activity at Tanjung Puting, Central Borneo. International Journal of Primatology, 9, 1-35.
15. Gandon, S. (1999). Kin competition, the cost of inbreeding and the evolution of dispersal. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 200, 345-364.
16. Gerloff, U., Hartung, B., Fruth, B., Hohmann, G., & Tautz, D. (1999). Intracommunity relationships, dispersal pattern and paternity success in a wild living community of bonobos (Pan paniscus) determined from DNA analysis of faecal samples. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 266, 1189-1195.
17. Ghiglieri, M. P. (1987). Sociobiology of the great apes and the hominid ancestor. Journal of Human Evolution, 16, 319-357.
18. Girman, D. J., Mills, M. G. L., Geffen, E., & Wayne, R. K. (1997). A molecular genetic analysis of social structure, dispersal, and interpack relationships of the African wild dog (Lycaonpictus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 40, 187-198.
19. Glazko, G. V., & Nei, M. (2003). Estimation of divergence times for major lineages of primate species. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 20, 424-434.
20. Goossens, B., Setchell, J. M., James, S. S., Funk, S. M., Chikhi, L., Abulani, A., et al. (2006). Philopatry and reproductive success in Bornean orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus). Molecular Ecology, 15, 2577-2588.
21. Goudet, J. (2001). FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices, version 2. 9. 3. Retrieved from http://www. unil. ch/izea/softwares/fstat. html.
22. Greenwood, P. (1980). Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Animal Behaviour, 28, 1140-1162.
23. Hammond, R. L., Lawson Handley, L. J., Winney, B. J., Bruford, M. W., & Perrin, N. (2006). Genetic evidence for female-biased dispersal and gene flow in a polygynous primate. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 273(1585), 479-484.
24. Hardy, O. J., & Vekemans, X. (2002). SPAGeDi: A versatile computer programme to analyse spatial genetic structure at the individual or population level. Molecular Ecology Notes, 2, 618-620.
25. Harrison, M. E., & Chivers, D. J. (2007). The orang-utan mating system and the unflanged male: A product of increased food stress during the late Miocene and Pliocene? Journal of Human Evolution, 52, 275-293.
26. Husson, S. J., Wich, S. A., Marshall, A. J., Dennis, R. D., Ancrenaz, M., Brassey, R., et al. (2009). Orang-utan distribution, density, abundance and impacts of disturbance. In S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami Atmoko, T. Mitra Setia, & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
27. Knott, C. D., Beaudrot, L., Snaith, T., White, S., Tschauner, H., & Planansky, G. (2008). Female-female competition in Bornean orang-utans. International Journal of Primatology, 29, 975-997.
28. Knott, C. D., Thompson, M. E., & Wich, S. A. (2009). The ecology of female reproduction in the wild. In S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami Atmoko, T. Mitra Setia, & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
29. Larsen, C. S. (2003). Equality of the sexes in human evolution? Early hominid sexual dimorphism and implications for mating systems and social behaviour. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 9103-9104.
30. Li, C. C., Weeks, D. E., & Chakravarti, A. (1993). Similarity of DNA fingerprints due to chance and relatedness. Human Heredity, 43, 45-52.
31. Lynch, M., & Ritland, K. (1999). Estimation of pairwise relatedness with molecular markers. Genetics, 152, 1753-1766.
32. MacKinnon, J. (1971). The orang-utan in Sabah today. Oryx, 11, 141-191.
33. MacKinnon, J. (1974). The behaviour and ecology of wild orang-utans. Animal Behaviour, 22, 3-74.
34. MacKinnon, K., Hatta, G., Halim, H., & Mangalik, A. (1996). The ecology of Kalimantan - Indonesian Borneo. Singapore: Periplus Editions.
35. Marshall, A. J., Ancrenaz, M., Brearley, F. Q., Fredriksson, G. M., Ghaffar, N., Heydon, M., et al. (2009). The effects of forest phenology and floristics on populations of Bornean and Sumatran orang-utans. In S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami Atmoko, T. Mitra Setia, & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Orang-utans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
36. Marshall, A. J., Lacy, R., Ancrenaz, M., Byers, O., Husson, S. J., Leighton, M., et al. (2009). Orang-utan population biology, life history and conservation. In S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami Atmoko, T. Mitra Setia, & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Orang-utans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
37. Mitani, J. C., & Watts, D. P. (2001). Why do chimpanzees hunt and share meat. Animal Behaviour, 61, 915-924.
38. Mitani, J. C., Gros-Louis, J., & Richards, A. F. (1996). Sexual dimorphism, the operational sex ratio, and the intensity of male competition in polygynous primates. The American Naturalist, 147, 966-980.
39. Mitani, J. C., Watts, D. P., Pepper, J. W., & Merriwether, D. A. (2002). Demographic and social constraints on male chimpanzee behaviour. Animal Behaviour, 64, 727-737.
40. Mitra Setia, T., Delgado, R. A., Utami Atmoko, S. S., Singleton, I., & van Schaik, C. P. (2009). Social organisation and male-female relationships. In S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami Atmoko, T. Mitra Setia, & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
41. Möller, L. M., & Beheregaray, L. B. (2004). Genetic evidence for sex-biased dispersal in resident bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). Molecular Ecology, 13, 1607-1612.
42. Molnar, P., & Cane, M. A. (2002). El Niño's tropical climate and teleconnections as a blueprint for pre-Ice Age climates. Paleoceanography, 17. doi: 10. 1029-2001.
43. Morf, N. (2009). Sex-biased dispersal in Bornean orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). M. Sc. thesis, University of Zurich, Zurich.
44. Morin, P. A., Chambers, K. E., Boesch, C., & Vigilant, L. (2001). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of DNA from noninvasive samples for accurate microsatellite genotyping of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). Molecular Ecology, 10, 1835-1844.
45. Morrogh-Bernard, H. C. (2009). Orang-utan behavioural ecology in the Sabangau peat-swamp forest, Borneo. Ph. D. thesis, University of Cambridge.
46. Morrogh-Bernard, H., Husson, S. J., Page, S. E., & Rieley, J. O. (2003). Population status of the Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) in the Sebangau peat swamp forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biological Conservation, 110, 141-151.
47. Morrogh-Bernard, H. C., Husson, S. J., Knott, C. D., Wich, S. A., van Schaik, C. P., van Noordwijk, M. A., et al. (2009). Orang-utan activity budgets and diet. In S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami Atmoko, T. Mitra Setia, & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
48. Moses, R. A., & Millar, J. S. (1994). Philopatry and mother-daughter associations in bushy-tailed woodrats: Space use and reproductive success. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 35, 131-140.
49. Mossman, C. A., & Waser, P. M. (1999). Generic detection of sex-biased dispersal. Molecular Ecology, 8, 1063-1067.
50. Murray, C. M., Gilby, I. C., Mane, S. V., & Pusey, A. E. (2008). Adult male chimpanzees inherit maternal ranging patterns. Current Biology, 18, 20-24.
51. Nagy, M., Heckel, G., Voigt, C. C., & Mayer, F. (2007). Female-biased dispersal and patrilocal kin groups in mammals with resource-defence. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 274, 3019-3025.
52. Page, S. E., Rieley, J. O., Shotyk, W., & Weiss, D. (1999). Interdependence of peat and vegetation in a tropical peat swamp forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 354, 1885-1897.
53. Perrin, N., & Mazalov, V. (2000). Local competition, inbreeding, and the evolution of sex-biased dispersal. The American Naturalist, 155, 116-127.
54. Plavcan, J. M. (2001). Sexual dimorphism in primate evolution. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 44, 25-53.
55. Plavcan, J. M., & van Schaik, P. C. (1997). Interpreting hominid behaviour on the basis of sexual dimorphism. Journal of Human Evolution, 32, 345-374.
56. Pusenius, J., Viitala, J., Marianberg, T., & Ritvanen, S. (1997). Matrilinear kin clusters and their effect on reproductive success in the field vole. Behavioral Ecology, 9, 85-92.
57. Pusey, A. E. (1987). Sex-biased dispersal and inbreeding avoidance in birds and mammals. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2, 295-299.
58. Pusey, A. E., & Packer, C. (1987). Dispersal and philopatry. In S. S. Smuts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham, & T. T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies (pp. 250-266). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
59. Queller, D. C., & Goodnight, K. F. (1989). Estimating relatedness using genetic-markers. Evolution, 43, 258-275.
60. Radespiel, L., Lutermann, H., Schmelting, B., Bruford, M. W., & Zimmermann, E. (2003). Patterns and dynamics of sex-biased dispersal in a nocturnal primate, the grey mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus. Animal Behaviour, 65, 709-719.
61. Raymond, M., & Rousset, F. (2004). GENEPOP (version 3. 4): Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. Laboratoire de Genetique et Environment, Montpellier, France. Retrieved from http://wbiomed. curtin. edu. au/genepop.
62. Rice, W. R. (1989). Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution, 43, 223-225.
63. Rijksen, H. D. (1978). A field study on Sumatran orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii Lesson 1827). Ecology, behaviour and conservation. Wageningen: H. Veenan and Zonen.
64. Rijksen, H. D., & Meijaard, E. (1999). Our vanishing relative: The status of wild orang-utans at the close of the twentieth century. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
65. Rodman, P. S. (1973). Population composition and adaptive organisation among orang-utans of the Kutai Reserve. In H. D. Crook (Ed.), Comparative ecology and behaviour of primates (pp. 171-209). London: Academic.
66. Russon, A. E., Wich, S. A., Ancrenaz, M., Kanamari, T., Knott, C. D., Kuze, N., et al. (2009). Geographic variation in orang-utan diets. In S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami Atmoko, T. Mitra Setia, & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
67. Shields, W. M. (1989). Dispersal and mating systems: Investigating their causal connections. In B. D. Chepko-sade & Z. Tang Halpin (Eds.), Mammalian dispersal pattern: The effect of social structure on population genetics (pp. 3-26). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
68. Singleton, I., & van Schaik, C. P. (2001). Orangutan home range size and its determinants in a Sumatran swamp forest. International Journal of Primatology, 22, 877-911.
69. Singleton, I., & van Schaik, C. P. (2002). The social organisation of a population of Sumatran orang-utan. Folia Primatologica, 73, 1-20.
70. Singleton, I., Wich, S., Husson, S., Stephens, S., Utami Atmoko, S., Leighton, M., et al. (2004). Orangutan population and habitat viability assessment: Final report. Apple Valley: IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group.
71. Singleton, I., Knott, C. D., Morrogh-Bernard, H. C., Wich, S. A., & van Schaik, C. P. (2009). Ranging behavior of orangutan females and social organization. In S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami Atmoko, T. Mitra Setia, & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
72. Sokal, R. R., & Rohlf, F. J. (1995). Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in biological research (3rd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.
73. Stauffer, R. L., Walker, A., Ryder, O. A., Lyons-Weiler, M., & Blair Hedges, S. (2001). Human and ape molecular clocks and constraints on paleontological hypotheses. The Journal of Heredity, 92, 469-474.
74. Steele, J. (1994). Communication networks and dispersal patterns in human evolution: A simple simulation model. World Archaeology, 26, 126-143.
75. Sugardjito, J., te Boekhorst, I. J. A., & van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (1987). Ecological constraints on the grouping of wild orangutans in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. International Journal of Primatology, 8, 17-41.
76. Sugiyama, Y. (2004). Demographic parameters and life history of chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 124, 154-165.
77. te Boekhorst, I. J. A., Schurmann, C. L., & Sugardjito, J. (1990). Residential status and seasonal movements of wild orang-utans in the Gunung Leuser Reserve. Animal Behaviour, 39, 1098-1109.
78. Tutin, C. E. G. (1996). Ranging and social structure of lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. In W. C. McGrew, L. F. Marchant, & T. Nishida (Eds.), Great ape societies (pp. 58-70). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
79. Utami, S. S., & Mitra Setia, T. (1995). Behavioral changes in wild male and female Sumatran orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) during and following a resident male take-over. In: R. D. Nadler, B. M. F. Galdikas, L. K. Sheeran, & N. Rosen (eds.), The Neglected Ape (pp. 183-190). New York: Plenum Press. 183-190.
80. Utami, S. S., Goossens, B., Bruford, M. W., De Ruiter, J. R., & van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (2002). Male bimaturism and reproductive success in Sumatran orangutans. Behavioural Ecology, 13, 643-652.
81. Utami Atmoko, S., & van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (2004). Alternative male reproductive strategies: Male bimaturism in orangutans. In P. M. Kappeler & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Sexual selection in primates: New and comparative perspectives (pp. 196-207). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
82. Utami Atmoko, S. S., Mitra Setia, T., Goossens, B., James, S. S., Knott, C. D., Morrogh-Bernard, H. C., et al. (2009a). Orangutan mating behavior and strategies. In S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami Atmoko, T. Mitra Setia, & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
83. Utami Atmoko, S. S., Singleton, I., van Noordwijk, M. A., van Schaik, C. P., & Mitra Setia, T. (2009b). Male-male relationships in orang-utans. In S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami Atmoko, T. Mitra Setia, & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
84. van Noordwijk, M. A., & van Schaik, C. P. (2005). Development of ecological competence in Sumatran orang-utans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 127, 79-94.
85. van Noordwijk, M. A., Sauten, S. E. B., Nuzuar Abulani, A., Morrogh-Bernard, H. C., Utami Atmoko, S. S., & van Schaik, C. P. (2009). Development of independence. Orangutan mating behavior and strategies. In S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami Atmoko, T. Mitra Setia, & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
86. van Oosterhout, C., Hutchinson, W. F., Wills, D. P. M., & Shipley, P. (2004). Micro-checker: Software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology Notes, 4, 535-538.
87. van Schaik, C. P. (1996). Social evolution in primates: The role of ecological factors and male behaviour. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 88, 9-31.
88. van Schaik, C. P., & van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (1996). Towards an understanding of the orang-utan's social system. In: W. C. McGrew, L. F. Marchant, & T. Nishida (eds.), Great Ape Societies (pp. 3-15). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
89. van Schaik, C. P., Marshall, A. J., & Wich, S. A. (2009). Geographic variation in orang-utan behaviour and biology. Orangutan mating behavior and strategies. In S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami Atmoko, T. Mitra Setia, & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
90. Wang, J. L. (2002). An estimator for pairwise relatedness using molecular markers. Genetics, 160, 1203-1215.
91. Weir, B. S., & Cockerham, C. C. (1984). Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution, 38, 1358-1370.
92. Wich, S. W., Utami Atmoko, S. S., Mitra Setia, T., & van Schaik, C. P. (2009). Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
93. Williams, J. M., Pusey, A. E., Carlis, J. V., Farm, B. P., & Goodall, J. (2002). Female competition and male territorial behaviour influence female chimpanzees' ranging patterns. Animal Behaviour, 63, 357-360.
94. Wrangham, R. W. (1980). An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups. Behaviour, 75, 262-300.