Management of war-related burn injuries: Lessons learned from recent ongoing conflicts providing exceptional care in unusual places

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 1529-1537

  Atiyeh, Bishara S ^a   Hayek, Shady N ^b  

^a Mediterranean Council for Burns and Fire Disasters MBC   (Italy)

^b AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

Author keywords

Burn; Burn triage; War related burns

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ARTICLE; BODY SURFACE; BURN; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; INJURY SCALE; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; METHODOLOGY; MILITARY MEDICINE; PATIENT REFERRAL; PATIENT TRANSPORT; RESUSCITATION; SKIN TRANSPLANTATION; SOLDIER; WAR;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; BODY SURFACE AREA; BURNS; COMMUNICATION; HUMANS; INFECTION CONTROL; MILITARY MEDICINE; MILITARY PERSONNEL; PATIENT TRANSFER; REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION; RESUSCITATION; SKIN TRANSPLANTATION; TRAUMA SEVERITY INDICES; TRIAGE; WAR;

EID: 79952198978     PISSN: 10492275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0b013e3181f3ed9c     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Atiyeh BS, Gunn SWA, Hayek SN. Armed conflicts and burn injuries. Ann Burns Fire Disasters 2005;18:45-46
2. Tzur T, Eldad A. Terror-inflicted burn injury. In: Shapira SC, Hammond JS, Cole LA, eds. Essentials of Terror Medicine, Essentials of Terror Medicine. New York, NY: Springer, 2009:299-311
3. Atiyeh BS, Gunn SWA, Hayek SN. Military and civilian burn injuries during armed conflicts. Ann Burns Fire Disasters 2007;20:203-215
4. Dufour D, Kroman Jensen S, Owen-Smith M, et al. Surgery for Victims of War. Geneva, Switzerland: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1998: 225. Ref. 0446. Available at: http://www.icrc.org/ web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/p0446. Accessed March 7, 2009
5. US Department of Defense. Emergency War Surgery NATO Handbook: Part I: Types of Wounds and Injuries: Chapter III: Burn Injury. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense. Available at: http://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/ OperationalMedicine/DATA/ operationalmed/Manuals/NATOEWS/ch03/03BurnInjury.html. Accessed March 7, 2009
6. White CE, Renz EM. Advances in surgical care: management of severe burn injury. Crit Care Med 2008;36(suppl 7):S318-S324
7. Eldad A. War burns: the blow and the cure. Clin Dermatol 2002;20:388-395
8. Cancio LC, Horvath EE, Barillo DJ, et al. Burn support for Operation Iraqi Freedom and related operations, 2003-2004. J Burn Care Rehabil 2005;26:151-161 (Pubitemid 40461116)
9. Hedman TL, Renz EM, Richard RL, et al. Incidence and severity of combat hand burns after all army activity message. J Trauma 2008;64:S169-S173
10. Kauver DS, Wolfe SE, Wade CE, et al. Burns sustained in combat explosions in operations Iraqi and enduring freedom. Burns 2006;32:853-857 (Pubitemid 44442613)
11. Wolf SE, Kauvar DS, Wade CE, et al. Comparison between civilian burns and combat burns from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Ann Surg 2006;243:786-795
12. Chung KK, Blackbourne LH, Renz EM, et al. Global evacuation of burn patients does not increase the incidence of venous thromboembolic complications. J Trauma 2008;65:19-24
13. Renz EM, Cancio LC, Barillo DJ, et al. Long range transport of war-related burn casualties. J Trauma 2008;64:S136-S145
14. Hedman TL, Renz EM, Richard RL, et al. Incidence and severity of combat hand burns after All Army Activity message. J Trauma 2008;64(suppl 2):S169-S172
15. Kauvar DS, Cancio LC, Wolf SE, et al. Comparison of combat and non-combat burns from ongoing U.S. military operations. J Surg Res 2006;132:195-200
16. Eldad A, Torem M. Burns in the Lebanon War 1982: "the blow and the cure." Mil Med 1990;155:130-132 (Pubitemid 20140122)
17. Ennis JL, Chung KK, Renz EM, et al. Joint Theater Trauma System implementation of burn resuscitation guidelines improves outcomes in severely burned military casualties. J Trauma 2008; 64(suppl 2):S146-S151
18. Chung KK, Blackbourne LH, Wolf SE, et al. Evolution of burn resuscitation in Operation Iraqi Freedom. J Burn Care Res 2006;27:606-611 (Pubitemid 44450632)
19. Aboutanos MB, Baker SP. Wartime civilian injuries: epidemiology and intervention strategies. J Trauma 1997;43:719-726 (Pubitemid 27467704)
20. Kauvar DS, Wolf SE, Wade CE, et al. Burns sustained in combat explosions in Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom. Burns 2006;32:853-857 (Pubitemid 44442613)
21. Wightman J, Gladish S. Explosions and blast injuries. Ann Emerg Med 2001;37:664-678 (Pubitemid 32521688)
22. Saffle JR. The phenomenon of "fluid creep" in acute burn resuscitation. J Burn Care Res 2007;28:382-395 (Pubitemid 46733244)
23. D'Avignon LC, Saffle JR, Chung KK, et al. Prevention and management of infections associated with burns in the combat casualty. J Trauma 2008;64:S277-S286 (Pubitemid 351644350)
24. Murray CK. Epidemiology of infections associated with combat-related injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan. J Trauma 2008;64:S232-S238 (Pubitemid 351644345)
25. Murray CK, Reynolds JC, Schroeder JM, et al. Spectrum of care provided at an echelon II Medical Unit during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Mil Med 2005;170:516-520 (Pubitemid 40814243)
26. Beitler AL, Wortmann GW, Hofmann LJ, et al. Operation Enduring Freedom: the 48th Combat Support Hospital in Afghanistan. Mil Med 2006;171:189-193
27. Johnson BA, Carmack D, Neary M, et al. Operation Iraqi Freedom: the Landstuhl Regional Medical Center experience. J Foot Ankle Surg 2005;44:177-183 (Pubitemid 40812874)
28. Stout LR, Jezior JR, Melton LP, et al. Wartime Burn Care in Iraq: 28th Combat Support Hospital, 2003. Mil Med 2007;172:1148-1153 (Pubitemid 350106149)
29. Carini L, Grtppaudo FR, Bartolini A. Epidemiology of burns at the Italian Red Cross Hospital in Baghdad. Burns 2005;31:687-691 (Pubitemid 41208218)
30. Hicks M, Dardagan H, Serdán G, et al. The weapons that kill civilians-deaths of children and noncombatants in Iraq, 2003-2008. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1585-1588
31. Lavonas E. Blast injuries. Available at: http://www.emedicine.com/ emerg/topic63.htm. Accessed May 5, 2007
32. McLean AD. Burns and military clothing. J R Army Med Corps 2001;147:97-106
33. Marcikic M, Kraus Z, Dmitrovic B, et al. View of a war from a pathology department: Croatian experience. Med War 1993;9:33-39
34. Gosselin RA. War injuries, trauma, and disaster relief. Tech Orthop 2005;20:97-108 (Pubitemid 40800108)
35. Pretto EA, Begovic M, Begovic M. Emergency medical services during the siege of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: a preliminary report. Prehosp Disaster Med 1994;9:S39-S45
36. Kuzman M, Tomic B, Stevanovic R, et al. Fatalities in the war in Croatia, 1991 and 1992. Underlying and external causes of death. JAMA 1993;270:626-628 (Pubitemid 23217229)
37. Vujovic B, Mazlagic D. Epidemiology and surgical management of abdominal war injuries in Sarajevo: State Hospital of Sarajevo experience. Prehosp Disaster Med 1994;9:S29-S34
38. Nassoura Z, Hajj H, Dajani Q, et al. Trauma management in a war zone: the Lebanese war experience. J Trauma 1991;31:1596-1599
39. Bhatnagar MK, Curtis MJ, Smith GS. Musculoskeletal injuries in the Afghan war. Injury 1992;23:545-548
40. Renz EM. Thermal injuries in Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom (OIF and OEF). J Trauma 2007;62:S22 (Pubitemid 46904307)
41. Cancio LC. Burn care in Iraq. J Trauma 2007;62:S70 (Pubitemid 46904343)
42. Salcido R. Polytrauma: the wounds of war. Adv Skin Wound Care Nurs 2007;20:471-473
43. Krawehl-Nakath C. Treatment of burns in foreign military posts. Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl Kongressbd 1997;114:1001-1004
44. Haik J, Tessone A, Givon A, et al. Terror-inflicted thermal injury: a retrospective analysis of burns in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict between the years 1997 and 2003. J Trauma 2006;61:1501-1505 (Pubitemid 44973327)
45. Sheridan RL, Tompkins RG, McManus WF, et al. Intracompartmental sepsis in burn patients. J Trauma 1994;36:301-305 (Pubitemid 24109446)
46. Ivy ME, Atweh NA, Palmer J, et al. Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome in burn patients. J Trauma 2000;49:387-391
47. Hobson KG, Young KM, Ciraulo A, et al. Release of abdominal compartment syndrome improves survival in patients with burn injury. J Trauma 2002;53:1129-1133 (Pubitemid 35435106)
48. Sugrue M. Abdominal compartment syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005;11:333-338 (Pubitemid 41248305)
49. Tekin A, Namias N, O'Keeffe T, et al. A burn mass casualty event due to boiler room explosion on a cruise ship: preparedness and outcomes. Am Surg 2005;71:210-215 (Pubitemid 43073497)
50. O'Mara MS, Slater H, Goldfarb IW, et al. Prospective, randomized evaluation of intra-abdominal pressures with crystalloid and colloid resuscitation in burn patients. J Trauma 2005;58:1011-1018 (Pubitemid 40776908)
51. Oda J, Ueyama M, Yamashita K, et al. Hypertonic lactated saline resuscitation reduces the risk of abdominal compartment syndrome in severely burned patients. J Trauma 2006;60:64-71
52. Tanaka H, Matsuda T, Miyagantani Y Reduction of resuscitation fluid volumes in severely burned patients using ascorbic acid administration: a randomized, prospective study. Arch Surg 2000;135:326-331 (Pubitemid 30154575)
53. Guha SC, Kinsky MP, Button B, et al. Burn resuscitation: crystalloid versus colloid versus hypertonic saline hyperoncotic colloid in sheep. Crit Care Med 1996;24:1849-1857 (Pubitemid 26382929)
54. Thomas SJ, Kramer GC, Herndon DN. Burns: military options and tactical solutions. J Trauma 2003;54:S207-S218 (Pubitemid 36758875)
55. Salinas J, Kramer GC, Mann A, et al. Computer decision support system improves fluid management during resuscitation of burn patients. Presented at the 41st American Burn Association Meeting; March 25, 2009; San Antonio, TX, USA
56. Sidel'nikov VO, Paramonov BA, Tatarin SN. Medical care for the burnt in modern local military conflicts. Voen Med Zh 2002;323:35-39
57. Sharony Z, Eldor L, Klein Y, et al. The role of the plastic surgeon in dealing with soft tissue injuries: experience from the second Israel-Lebanon War, 2006. Ann Plast Surg 2009;62:70-74
58. Chapman T, Richard R, Hedman T, et al. Military return to duty and civilian return to work factors following burns with focus on the hand and literature review. J Burn Care Res 2008;29:756-762
59. Murray C. Infectious disease complications of combat-related injuries. Crit Care Med 2008;36:S358-S364
60. Butler F, O'Connor K. Antibiotics in tactical combat casualty care 2002. Mil Med 2003;168:911-914 (Pubitemid 37433342)
61. Murray CK, Hospenthal DR, Holcomb JB. Antibiotics use and selection at the point of injury in tactical combat casualty care for casualties with penetrating abdominal injury, shock, or unable to tolerate an oral agent. J Spec Oper Med 2005;5:56-61
62. Hospenthal DR, Murray CK, Anderson RC, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of infection following combat-related injuries. J Trauma 2008;64(suppl 3):S211-S220 (Pubitemid 351644343)
63. Venticinque SG, Grathwohl KW Critical care in the austere environment: providing exceptional care in unusual places. Crit Care Med 2008;36:S284-S292
64. Ressner RA, Murray CK, Griffith ME, et al. Outcomes of bacteremia in burn patients involved in combat operations overseas. J Am Coll Surg 2008;206:439-444
65. Kauvar DS, Acheson E, Reeder J, et al. Comparison of battlefield- expedient topical antimicrobial agents for the prevention of burn wound sepsis in a rat model. J Burn Care Rehabil 2005;26: 357-361 (Pubitemid 41074522)
66. Mendelson JA. Topical mafenide hydrochloride aqueous spray in initial management of massive contaminated wounds with devitalized tissue. Prehosp Disaster Med 2001;16:172-174
67. Bom CT, Briggs SM, Ciraulo DL, et al. Disasters and mass casualties, I. General principles of response and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2007;15:388-396
68. Baker MS. Creating order from chaos, Part I. Triage, initial care, and tactical considerations in mass casualty and disaster response. Mil Med 2007;172:232-236 (Pubitemid 46411445)
69. Kumar P, Jagetia GC. A review of triage and management of bums victims following a nuclear disaster. Burns 1994;20:397-402 (Pubitemid 24289357)
70. Peleg K, Liran A, Tessone A, et al. Do bums increase the severity of terror injuries? J Burn Care Res 2008;29:887-892
71. Yurt RW, Bessey PQ, Alden NE, et al. Bum-injured patients in a disaster: September 11th revisited. J Burn Care Res 2006;27: 635-641
72. Yurt RW, Bessey PQ, Alden NE, et al. A regional bum center's response to a disaster: September 11, 2001, and the days beyond. JBurn Care Rehabil 2005;26:117-124
73. Harrington DT, Biffl WL, Cioffi WG. The station nightclub fire. JBurn Care Rehabil 2005;26:141-143 (Pubitemid 40461114)
74. Dufour D, Jensen SK, Owen-Smith M, et al. Surgery for Victims of War. 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1998