Lead levels in Eurasian otters decline with time and reveal interactions between sources, prevailing weather, and stream chemistry

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 45, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1911-1916

  Chadwick, Elizabeth A ^a   Simpson, Victor R ^b   Nicholls, Abigail E L ^a   Slater, Frederick M ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENGLAND; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES; LEGISLATIVE CONTROL; LINEAR MODELING; OTTER (LUTRA LUTRA); SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION; SPATIAL VARIATIONS; SPATIALLY EXPLICIT; STREAM CHEMISTRY; STREAM SEDIMENTS; TEMPORAL CHANGE;

BONE; HYDRAULICS; SEDIMENTOLOGY;

ANOXIC SEDIMENTS;

CALCIUM; LEAD;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BIOLOGICAL UPTAKE; BIOTA; EMISSION; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; LEAD; LEGISLATIVE IMPLEMENTATION; LINEARITY; MORTALITY; MUSTELID; NUMERICAL MODEL; POLLUTION EFFECT; POPULATION DECLINE; SEDIMENT ANALYSIS; SPATIAL VARIATION; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; STREAM; WATER CHEMISTRY; WEATHER;

ARTICLE; BIOTA; CARNIVORA; CHEMICAL INTERACTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DEATH; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FEMALE; FIELD EMISSION; LAW; LEAD BLOOD LEVEL; LUTRA LUTRA; MALE; NONHUMAN; STREAM (RIVER); UNITED KINGDOM; WEATHER; WILDLIFE;

ANIMALS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FEMALE; GEOLOGIC SEDIMENTS; LEAD; MALE; OTTERS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; RIBS; RIVERS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER POLLUTION, CHEMICAL; WEATHER;

ENGLAND; UNITED KINGDOM;

LUTRA LUTRA; LUTRINAE;

EID: 79952179086     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es1034602     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Hoffman, D. J.; Environmental contaminants. In Ecotoxicology of Wild Mammals; Shore, R. F., Rattner, B. A., Eds.; John Wiley and Sons Ltd: West Sussex, 2001.
2. Nriagu, J. O. The rise and fall of leaded gasoline Sci. Total Environ. 1990, 92, 13-28
3. Lind, Y.; Bignert, A.; Odsjo, T. Decreasing lead levels in Swedish biota revealed by 36 years (1969-2004) of environmental monitoring J. Environ. Monit. 2006, 8 (8) 824-834 (Pubitemid 44200391)
4. Jones, K. C.; Symon, C.; Taylor, P. J. L.; Walsh, J.; Johnston, A. E. Evidence for a decline in rural herbage lead levels in the UK Atmos. Environ. 1991, 25A (2) 361-369
5. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: Working Together for Clean Air; Her Majesty?s Stationary Office: Norwich, 2000.
6. National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, Data warehouse. http://www.naei.org.uk/data-warehouse.php (accessed June 13th 2006).
7. Massadeh, A. M.; Snook, R. D. Determination of Pb and Cd in road dusts over the period in which Pb was removed from petrol in the UK J. Environ. Monit. 2002, 4 (4) 567-572 (Pubitemid 34864589)
8. Farmer, J. G.; Eades, L. J.; Mackenzie, A. B.; Kirika, A.; BaileyWatts, T. E. Stable lead isotope record of lead pollution in Loch Lomond sediments since 1630 AD Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30 (10) 3080-3083
9. Kelly, J.; Thornton, I.; Simpson, P. R. Urban Geochemistry: A study of the influence of anthropogenic activity on the heavy metal content of soils in traditionally industrial and nonindustrial areas of Britain Appl. Geochem. 1996, 11 (1-2) 363-370
10. Teutsch, N.; Erel, Y.; Halicz, L.; Chadwick, O. A. The influence of rainfall on metal concentration and behavior in the soil Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63 (21) 3499-3511 (Pubitemid 30085004)
11. Gerhardt, A. Review of impact of heavy-metals on stream invertebrates with special emphasis on acid conditions Water, Air, Soil Pollut 1993, 66 (3-4) 289-314 (Pubitemid 23112290)
12. Sanchez-Chardi, A.; Lopez-Fuster, M. J.; Nadal, J. Bioaccumulation of lead, mercury, and cadmium in the greater white-toothed shrew, Crocidura russula, from the Ebro Delta (NE Spain): Sex-and age-dependent variation Environ. Pollut. 2007, 145, 7-14 (Pubitemid 44573570)
13. Hyvärinen, H.; Tyni, P.; Nieminen, P. Effects of moult, age, and sex on the accumulation of heavy metals in the otter (Lutra lutra) in Finland Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2003, 70 (2) 278-284 (Pubitemid 36302110)
14. Scheuhammer, A. M. Effects of acidification on the availability of toxic metals and calcium to wild birds and mammals Environ. Pollut. 1991, 71 (2-4) 329-375
15. Mason, C. F.; Last, N. I.; Macdonald, S. M. Mercury, cadmium and lead in British otters Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1986, 37, 844-849 (Pubitemid 17065086)
16. Kruuk, H. Wild Otters: Predation and Populations. 2001 ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1995.
17. Madsen, A. B.; Mason, C. F. Cadmium, lead and mercury in hair from Danish otters Lutra lutra Nat. Jutl. 1987, 22 (3) 81-84
18. Mason, C. F.; Stephenson, A. Metals in tissues of European otters (Lutra lutra) from Denmark, Great Britain and Ireland Chemosphere 2001, 44 (3) 351-353 (Pubitemid 32594947)
19. Mason, C. F.; O?Sullivan, W. M. Heavy metals in the livers of otters, Lutra lutra, from Ireland J. Zool. 1993, 231, 675-678 (Pubitemid 2020490)
20. BARS (Biodiversity Action Reporting System). National Action Plan for the Otter, Lutra lutra. http://www.ukbap-reporting.org.uk/plans/national-plan.asp? SAP=%7B8902DFBF%2D7932%2D47AF%2D9DD6%2DB7E4EAFC8863%7D (accessed October 3rd 2009).
21. Chanin, P. R. F.; Jefferies, D. J. The decline of the otter Lutra lutra L. in Britain. An analysis of hunting records and discussion of causes Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 1978, 10, 305-328
22. Simpson, V. R. Health status of otters (Lutra lutra) in south-west England based on postmortem findings Vet. Rec. 1997, 141 (8) 191-197 (Pubitemid 127491959)
23. Crawford, A. Fourth Otter Survey of England 2000-2002, Environment Agency Report W1-061/TR: 2003 Available online at http://www.environment-agency.gov. uk/static/documents/Leisure/4th-Otter-Survey.pdf (accessed October 20th 2009).
24. Simpson, V. R. Post Mortem Protocol for Otters. In Proceedings of the first Otter Toxicology Conference; Isle of Skye, Scotland, 2000; 159 -166.
25. Simpson, V. R. Patterns and significance of bite wounds in Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) in southern and south-west England Vet. Rec. 2006, 158, 113-119 (Pubitemid 43230646)
26. Kruuk, H.; Conroy, J. W. H.; Moorhouse, A. Seasonal reproduction, mortality and food of otters (Lutra lutra) in Shetland Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1987, 58, 263-278
27. May, T. W.; Wiedmeyer, R. H.; Brown, L. D.; Casteel, S. W. A lead isotope distribution study in swine tissue using ICP-MS At Spectrosc 1999, 20 (6) 199-211
28. Lee, K. M.; Appleton, J.; Cooke, M.; Sawicka-Kapusta, K.; Damek, M. Development of a method for the determination of heavy metals in calcified tissues by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry Freseniuś J. Anal. Chem. 1999, 364 (3) 245-248
29. Bush, T.; Tsagatakis, I.; King, K.; Passant, N. NAEI UK Emission Mapping Methodology, 2006. http://www.airquality.co.uk/reports/cat07/0812151643- NAEIMappingMethodReport2006.pdf (accessed July 5th 2006).
30. Webb, J. S.; Thornton, I.; Thompson, M.; Howarth, R. J.; Lowenstein, P. L. The Wolfson Geochemical Atlas of England and Wales, Source data provided by Imperial Consultants, Imperial College London; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1978.
31. Meteorological Office, 5km gridded data, monthly averages. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/science/monitoring/ukcp09/download/ longterm/fivekm-monthly.html (accessed July 5th 2006).
32. Perry, M.; Hollis, D. The generation of monthly gridded datasets for a range of climatic variables over the UK Int. J. Climatol. 2005, 25 (8) 1041-1054 (Pubitemid 40974590)
33. R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org.
34. Anagnostopoulou, M. A.; Day, J. P. Lead concentrations and isotope ratios in street dust in major cities in Greece in relation to the use of lead in petrol Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 367 (2-3) 791-799 (Pubitemid 44160490)
35. Caurant, F.; Aubaij, A.; Lahaye, V.; Van Canneyt, O.; Rogan, E.; Lopez, A.; Addink, M.; Churlaud, C.; Robert, M.; Bustamante, P. Lead contamination of small cetaceans in European waters? -?The use of stable isotopes for identifying the sources of lead exposure Mar. Environ. Res. 2006, 62 (2) 131-148 (Pubitemid 43996918)
36. Farmer, J. G.; Eades, L. J.; Atkins, H.; Chamberlain, D. F. Historical trends in the lead isotopic composition of archival Sphagnum mosses from Scotland (1838-2000) Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36 (2) 152-157 (Pubitemid 34072619)
37. Thomas, V. M.; Socolow, R. H.; Fanelli, J. J.; Spiro, T. G. Effects of reducing lead in gasoline: An analysis of the international experience Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33 (22) 3942-3948 (Pubitemid 29535917)
38. Walker, L. A.; Simpson, V. R.; Rockett, L.; Wienburg, C. L.; Shore, R. F. Heavy metal contamination in bats in Britain Environ. Pollut. 2007, 148 (2) 483-490 (Pubitemid 46818656)
39. Sherrard-Smith, E.; Chadwick, E. A. Age structure of the otter (Lutra lutra) population in England and Wales, and problems with cementum ageing IUCN Otter Spec Group Bull 2010, 27 (1) 42-49
40. Ma, W. C. Effect of soil pollution with metallic lead pellets on lead bioaccumulation and organ body-weight alterations in small mammals Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1989, 18 (4) 617-622
41. Hutton, M.; Symon, C. The quantities of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic entering the UK environment from human activities Sci. Total Environ. 1986, 57, 129-150
42. Anderson-Bledsoe, K. L.; Scanlon, P. F. Heavy-metal concentrations in tissues of Virginia river otters Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1983, 30 (4) 442-447 (Pubitemid 13102452)
43. Smith, D. R.; Niemeyer, S.; Flegal, A. R. Lead sources to California sea otters? -?Industrial inputs circumvent natural lead biodepletion mechanisms Environ. Res. 1992, 57 (2) 163-174
44. Kruuk, H.; Moorhouse, A. Seasonal and spatial differences in food selection by otters (Lutra lutra) in Shetland J. Zool. 1990, 221, 621-637
45. Karouna-Renier, N. K.; Sparling, D. W. Relationships between ambient geochemistry, watershed land-use and trace metal concentrations in aquatic invertebrates living in stormwater treatment ponds Environ. Pollut. 2001, 112 (2) 183-192 (Pubitemid 32170323)
46. Birdsall, C. W.; Grue, C. E.; Anderson, A. Lead concentrations in Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana and Green frog Rana clamitans tadpoles inhabiting highway drainages Environ. Pollut. A 1986, 40 (3) 233-247 (Pubitemid 16175121)
47. Spry, D. J.; Wiener, J. G. Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low-alkalinity lakes? -?A critical review Environ. Pollut. 1991, 71 (2-4) 243-304
48. Barak, N. A. E.; Mason, C. F. Heavy metals in water, sediment and invertebrates from rivers in eastern England Chemosphere 1989, 19 (10-11) 1709-1714 (Pubitemid 20074841)
49. Goodyear, K. L.; McNeill, S. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by aquatic macro-invertebrates of different feeding guilds: A review Sci. Total Environ. 1999, 229 (1-2) 1-19 (Pubitemid 29240674)
50. Barak, N. A. E.; Mason, C. F. Mercury, cadmium and lead concentrations in 5 species of fresh-water fish from eastern England Sci. Total Environ. 1990, 92, 257-263
51. Blus, L. J. A review of lead poisoning in swans Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1994, 108C (3) 259-267 (Pubitemid 24353409)
52. Scheifler, R.; Courdassier, M.; Morilhat, C.; Bernard, N.; Faivre, B.; Flicoteaux, P.; Giraudoux, P.; Noël, M.; Piotte, P.; Rieffel, D.; de Vaufleury, A.; Badot, P.-M. Lead concentrations in feathers and blood of common blackbirds (Turdus merula) and in earthworms inhabiting unpolluted and moderately polluted urban areas Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 371 (1-3) 197-205 (Pubitemid 44755088)
53. Wren, C. D.; Fischer, K. L.; Stokes, P. M. Levels of lead, cadmium and other elements in mink and otter from Ontario, Canada Environ. Pollut. 1988, 52, 193-202 (Pubitemid 19321277)
54. Patterson, C.; Ericson, J.; Maneakrichten, M.; Shirahata, H. Natural skeletal levels of lead in Homo sapiens sapiens uncontaminated by technological lead Sci. Total Environ. 1991, 107, 205-236
55. Kruuk, H.; Conroy, J. W. H. Mortality of otters (Lutra lutra) in Shetland J. Appl. Ecol. 1991, 28 (1) 83-94
56. Gutleb, A. C.; Kranz, A.; Nechay, G.; Toman, A. Heavy metal concentrations in livers and kidneys of the otter (Lutra lutra) from central Europe Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1998, 60 (2) 273-279 (Pubitemid 28106314)
57. Fewtrell, L. J.; Prüss-Üstün, A.; Landrigan, P.; Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. Estimating the global burden of disease of mild mental retardation and cardiovascular diseases from environmental lead exposure Environ. Res. 2004, 94 (2) 120-133 (Pubitemid 38165310)