메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 131-147

Upper Limb Skin and Musculoskeletal Consequences of the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 79952086804     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-4928-9.00011-1     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (8)

References (82)
  • 1
    • 19044393093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathophysiology of spasticity
    • Sheean G The pathophysiology of spasticity. Eur J Neurol 2002, 9(suppl 1):3-9.
    • (2002) Eur J Neurol , vol.9 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 3-9
    • Sheean, G.1
  • 2
    • 65449145720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenomenology of muscle overactivity in the upper motor neuron syndrome
    • Mayer NH, Herman RM Phenomenology of muscle overactivity in the upper motor neuron syndrome. Eura Medicophys 2004, 40:85-110.
    • (2004) Eura Medicophys , vol.40 , pp. 85-110
    • Mayer, N.H.1    Herman, R.M.2
  • 4
    • 0023704847 scopus 로고
    • Spasticity as an adaptation to pyramidal tract injury
    • Raven Press, New York, S.G. Waxman (Ed.)
    • Burke D Spasticity as an adaptation to pyramidal tract injury. Functional recovery in neurological disease, advances in neurology 1988, 401-423. Raven Press, New York. S.G. Waxman (Ed.).
    • (1988) Functional recovery in neurological disease, advances in neurology , pp. 401-423
    • Burke, D.1
  • 5
    • 77957180606 scopus 로고
    • On certain tonic or postural reflexes in hemiplegia, with special reference to the so-called 'associated movements'
    • Walshe FMR On certain tonic or postural reflexes in hemiplegia, with special reference to the so-called 'associated movements'. Brain 1923, 46:1-37.
    • (1923) Brain , vol.46 , pp. 1-37
    • Walshe, F.M.R.1
  • 6
    • 84926105883 scopus 로고
    • Quantification of upper limb synkinesis in hemiparetic subjects.
    • Progress Report 1994. Dept of Veterans Affairs 32
    • Bourbonnais D. Quantification of upper limb synkinesis in hemiparetic subjects. Rehabilitation R & D Progress Report 1994. Dept of Veterans Affairs 32, 1995:118-119 .
    • (1995) Rehabilitation R & , pp. 118-119
    • Bourbonnais, D.1
  • 7
    • 0002121522 scopus 로고
    • Factors underlying abnormal posture and movement in spastic hemiparesis
    • Springer-Verlag, Berlin, A.F. Thilmann, D.J. Burke, W.Z. Rymer (Eds.)
    • Dewald JPA, Rymer WZ Factors underlying abnormal posture and movement in spastic hemiparesis. Spasticity: mechanisms and management 1993, 123-138. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. A.F. Thilmann, D.J. Burke, W.Z. Rymer (Eds.).
    • (1993) Spasticity: mechanisms and management , pp. 123-138
    • Dewald, J.P.A.1    Rymer, W.Z.2
  • 9
    • 0025219363 scopus 로고
    • Concomitant depression of locus coerulus neurons and of flexor reflexes by an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist in rats: A possible mechanism for an alpha-2 mediated muscle relaxation
    • Palmeri A, Weisendanger M Concomitant depression of locus coerulus neurons and of flexor reflexes by an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist in rats: A possible mechanism for an alpha-2 mediated muscle relaxation. Neuroscience 1990, 34:177-187.
    • (1990) Neuroscience , vol.34 , pp. 177-187
    • Palmeri, A.1    Weisendanger, M.2
  • 11
    • 0028356721 scopus 로고
    • Effects of monoamines on transmission from group II muscle afferents in sacral segments in the cat
    • Jankowska E, Lackberg ZS, Dyrehag LE Effects of monoamines on transmission from group II muscle afferents in sacral segments in the cat. Eur J Neurosci 1994, 6:1058-1061.
    • (1994) Eur J Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 1058-1061
    • Jankowska, E.1    Lackberg, Z.S.2    Dyrehag, L.E.3
  • 12
    • 0000009061 scopus 로고
    • Hultborn H, Illert M. Integration in spinal neuronal systems
    • American Physiological Society, Bethesda
    • Baldissera F Hultborn H, Illert M. Integration in spinal neuronal systems. Handbook of Physiology 1981, 509. American Physiological Society, Bethesda.
    • (1981) Handbook of Physiology , pp. 509
    • Baldissera, F.1
  • 13
    • 0037655509 scopus 로고
    • Pyramidal and extrapyramidal disorders
    • Butterworth, Boston, D.T. Shahani (Ed.)
    • Lance JW Pyramidal and extrapyramidal disorders. Electromyography in CNS Disorders: Central EMG 1984, 1-19. Butterworth, Boston. D.T. Shahani (Ed.).
    • (1984) Electromyography in CNS Disorders: Central EMG , pp. 1-19
    • Lance, J.W.1
  • 14
    • 2542457507 scopus 로고
    • Spasticity/spasms: clinical aspects and treatment
    • Academic Press, London, A. Berardelli, R. Benecke, M. Manfield, C. Marsden (Eds.)
    • Benecke R Spasticity/spasms: clinical aspects and treatment. Motor Disturbances 1990, 169-177. Academic Press, London. A. Berardelli, R. Benecke, M. Manfield, C. Marsden (Eds.).
    • (1990) Motor Disturbances , pp. 169-177
    • Benecke, R.1
  • 15
    • 19244369207 scopus 로고
    • Tizanidine treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • US Tizanidine Study Group
    • Smith C, Birnbaum G, et al. Tizanidine treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1994, 44(suppl 9):34-44. US Tizanidine Study Group.
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44 , Issue.SUPPL. 9 , pp. 34-44
    • Smith, C.1    Birnbaum, G.2
  • 17
    • 84882824433 scopus 로고
    • Intrathecal baclofen for intractable spasticity of spinal origin: results of a long-term multicenter study
    • Coffey R, Cahill D, Steers W Intrathecal baclofen for intractable spasticity of spinal origin: results of a long-term multicenter study. J Neurosurg 1993, 45:833-837.
    • (1993) J Neurosurg , vol.45 , pp. 833-837
    • Coffey, R.1    Cahill, D.2    Steers, W.3
  • 19
    • 0002966807 scopus 로고
    • Symposium synopsis
    • Yearbook Medical, Chicago, R.G. Feldman, R.R. Young, W.P. Koella (Eds.)
    • Lance JW Symposium synopsis. Spasticity: Disordered Motor Control 1980, 485-494. Yearbook Medical, Chicago. R.G. Feldman, R.R. Young, W.P. Koella (Eds.).
    • (1980) Spasticity: Disordered Motor Control , pp. 485-494
    • Lance, J.W.1
  • 22
    • 0000257880 scopus 로고
    • Muscle spindles: their messages and their fusimotor supply
    • American Physiological Society, Vol. II. Bethesda, V.B. Brooks (Ed.)
    • Matthews PBC Muscle spindles: their messages and their fusimotor supply. Handbook of Physiology 1981, 189. American Physiological Society, Vol. II. Bethesda, . V.B. Brooks (Ed.).
    • (1981) Handbook of Physiology , pp. 189
    • Matthews, P.B.C.1
  • 23
    • 33646672856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Focal spasticity therapy with botulinum toxin: effects on function, activities of daily living and pain in 100 adult patients
    • Bergfeldt U, Borg K, Kullander K, Julin P Focal spasticity therapy with botulinum toxin: effects on function, activities of daily living and pain in 100 adult patients. J Rehabil Med 2006, 38:166-171.
    • (2006) J Rehabil Med , vol.38 , pp. 166-171
    • Bergfeldt, U.1    Borg, K.2    Kullander, K.3    Julin, P.4
  • 24
    • 0033926243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of botulinum toxin type A on disability and carer burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial
    • Bhakta BB, Couzens JA, Chamberlain MA, Bamford JM Impact of botulinum toxin type A on disability and carer burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000, 69:217-221.
    • (2000) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.69 , pp. 217-221
    • Bhakta, B.B.1    Couzens, J.A.2    Chamberlain, M.A.3    Bamford, J.M.4
  • 25
    • 0014717065 scopus 로고
    • The myotatic reflex. Clinico-physiological aspects of spasticity and contracture
    • Herman R The myotatic reflex. Clinico-physiological aspects of spasticity and contracture. Brain 1970, 93:273-312.
    • (1970) Brain , vol.93 , pp. 273-312
    • Herman, R.1
  • 26
    • 0024581861 scopus 로고
    • Spastic hypertonia: mechanisms and measurement
    • Katz RT, Rymer WZ Spastic hypertonia: mechanisms and measurement. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989, 70:144-155.
    • (1989) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.70 , pp. 144-155
    • Katz, R.T.1    Rymer, W.Z.2
  • 27
    • 0023882205 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative relations between hypertonia and stretch reflex threshold in spastic hemiparesis
    • Powers RK, Marder-Meyer J, Rymer WZ Quantitative relations between hypertonia and stretch reflex threshold in spastic hemiparesis. Ann Neurol 1988, 23:115.
    • (1988) Ann Neurol , vol.23 , pp. 115
    • Powers, R.K.1    Marder-Meyer, J.2    Rymer, W.Z.3
  • 28
    • 0021809526 scopus 로고
    • Chronic transformation of muscle in spasticity: A peripheral contribution to increased tone
    • Hufschmidt A, Mauritz KH Chronic transformation of muscle in spasticity: A peripheral contribution to increased tone. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985, 48:676-685.
    • (1985) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 676-685
    • Hufschmidt, A.1    Mauritz, K.H.2
  • 29
    • 0025786749 scopus 로고
    • Reflex activity and muscle tone during elbow movements in patients with spastic paresis
    • Dietz V, Trippel M, Burger W Reflex activity and muscle tone during elbow movements in patients with spastic paresis. Ann Neurol 1991, 30:767-779.
    • (1991) Ann Neurol , vol.30 , pp. 767-779
    • Dietz, V.1    Trippel, M.2    Burger, W.3
  • 30
    • 0024272692 scopus 로고
    • The passive mechanical properties of muscle and their adaptations to altered pattern of use
    • Herbert R The passive mechanical properties of muscle and their adaptations to altered pattern of use. Aust J Physiother 1988, 34:141-149.
    • (1988) Aust J Physiother , vol.34 , pp. 141-149
    • Herbert, R.1
  • 32
    • 0037355603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal aspects of cerebral palsy
    • Graham H, Selber P Musculoskeletal aspects of cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg 2003, 85-B:157-166.
    • (2003) J Bone Joint Surg , pp. 157-166
    • Graham, H.1    Selber, P.2
  • 33
    • 0023269070 scopus 로고
    • Serial casting: Clinical applications for the adult head-injured patient
    • Zablotny C, Andric MF, Gowland C Serial casting: Clinical applications for the adult head-injured patient. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1987, 2(2):46-52.
    • (1987) J Head Trauma Rehabil , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 46-52
    • Zablotny, C.1    Andric, M.F.2    Gowland, C.3
  • 34
    • 0032796756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuro-orthopaedic approach to the management of common patterns of upper motoneuron dysfunction after brain injury
    • Keenan MAE, Mayer NH, Esquenazi A, Pelensky JA Neuro-orthopaedic approach to the management of common patterns of upper motoneuron dysfunction after brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation 1999, 12:119-144.
    • (1999) NeuroRehabilitation , vol.12 , pp. 119-144
    • Keenan, M.A.E.1    Mayer, N.H.2    Esquenazi, A.3    Pelensky, J.A.4
  • 35
    • 84882874410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upper extremity orthoses for the brain injured patient
    • Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis, B. Goldberg, J.D. Hsu (Eds.)
    • Keenan M Upper extremity orthoses for the brain injured patient. Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices 1997, 95-112. Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis. B. Goldberg, J.D. Hsu (Eds.).
    • (1997) Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices , pp. 95-112
    • Keenan, M.1
  • 36
    • 0027303141 scopus 로고
    • Reviewing muscle co-contraction: is it a developmental, pathological, or motor control issue
    • Damiano DL Reviewing muscle co-contraction: is it a developmental, pathological, or motor control issue. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 1993, 12:3-20.
    • (1993) Phys Occup Ther Pediatr , vol.12 , pp. 3-20
    • Damiano, D.L.1
  • 37
    • 17744398218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. II: Emergence of muscle overactivity
    • Gracies J Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. II: Emergence of muscle overactivity. Muscle Nerve 2005, 31:552-571.
    • (2005) Muscle Nerve , vol.31 , pp. 552-571
    • Gracies, J.1
  • 38
    • 0002356426 scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiological aspects of spasticity in man
    • Academic Press, London, R. Benecke, C.D. Marsden (Eds.)
    • Delwaide PJ, Oliver E Pathophysiological aspects of spasticity in man. Motor Disturbances 1987, 153-168. Academic Press, London. R. Benecke, C.D. Marsden (Eds.).
    • (1987) Motor Disturbances , pp. 153-168
    • Delwaide, P.J.1    Oliver, E.2
  • 39
    • 0030008050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reciprocal inhibition in hemiplegia: Correlation with clinical features in recovery
    • Okuma Y, Lee RG Reciprocal inhibition in hemiplegia: Correlation with clinical features in recovery. Can J Neurol Sci 1996, 23:15-23.
    • (1996) Can J Neurol Sci , vol.23 , pp. 15-23
    • Okuma, Y.1    Lee, R.G.2
  • 40
    • 0028220950 scopus 로고
    • Agonist and antagonist EMG activation during isometric torque development at the elbow and spastic hemiparesis
    • Fellows SJ, Klaus C, Ross HF, Thilmann AF Agonist and antagonist EMG activation during isometric torque development at the elbow and spastic hemiparesis. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994, 93:106-112.
    • (1994) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol , vol.93 , pp. 106-112
    • Fellows, S.J.1    Klaus, C.2    Ross, H.F.3    Thilmann, A.F.4
  • 41
    • 0020998420 scopus 로고
    • Separate cortical systems for control of joint movement and joint stiffness: reciprocal activation and co-activation of antagonist muscles
    • Raven Press, New York, J.E. Desmedt (Ed.)
    • Humphrey DR, Reed DJ Separate cortical systems for control of joint movement and joint stiffness: reciprocal activation and co-activation of antagonist muscles. Motor control mechanisms in health and disease 1983, 347-372. Raven Press, New York. J.E. Desmedt (Ed.).
    • (1983) Motor control mechanisms in health and disease , pp. 347-372
    • Humphrey, D.R.1    Reed, D.J.2
  • 42
    • 0000973624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stretch position of spastic muscles aggravates their co-contraction in hemiplegic patients
    • Gracies JM, Wilson L, Gandevia SC, Burke D Stretch position of spastic muscles aggravates their co-contraction in hemiplegic patients. Ann Neurol 1997, 42:438-439.
    • (1997) Ann Neurol , vol.42 , pp. 438-439
    • Gracies, J.M.1    Wilson, L.2    Gandevia, S.C.3    Burke, D.4
  • 43
    • 3242792543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological effects of botulinum toxin in spasticity
    • Gracies JM Physiological effects of botulinum toxin in spasticity. Mov Disord 2004, 19(Suppl 8):S120-128.
    • (2004) Mov Disord , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL.8
    • Gracies, J.M.1
  • 45
    • 0037975982 scopus 로고
    • Historical aspects of the relation of spasticity to movement
    • Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, R.G. Feldman, R.R. Young, W.P. Koella (Eds.)
    • Denny-Brown D Historical aspects of the relation of spasticity to movement. Spasticity: Disordered Movement Control 1980, 1-15. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago. R.G. Feldman, R.R. Young, W.P. Koella (Eds.).
    • (1980) Spasticity: Disordered Movement Control , pp. 1-15
    • Denny-Brown, D.1
  • 46
    • 27544447488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signs of muscle thixotropy during human ballistic wrist joint movements
    • Axelson HW Signs of muscle thixotropy during human ballistic wrist joint movements. J Appl Physiol 2005, 99:1922-1929.
    • (2005) J Appl Physiol , vol.99 , pp. 1922-1929
    • Axelson, H.W.1
  • 47
    • 0034048450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of thixotropy, spasticity, and contracture to ankle stiffness after stroke
    • Vattanasilp W, Ada L, Crosbie J Contribution of thixotropy, spasticity, and contracture to ankle stiffness after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006, 69:34-39.
    • (2006) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.69 , pp. 34-39
    • Vattanasilp, W.1    Ada, L.2    Crosbie, J.3
  • 48
    • 17744389202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. I: Paresis and soft tissue changes
    • Gracies J Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. I: Paresis and soft tissue changes. Muscle Nerve 2005, 31:535-551.
    • (2005) Muscle Nerve , vol.31 , pp. 535-551
    • Gracies, J.1
  • 50
    • 34248677880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contractures and involuntary muscle overactivity in severe brain injury
    • Pohl M, Mehrholz J, Rockstroh G, Ruckriem S, Koch R Contractures and involuntary muscle overactivity in severe brain injury. Brain Inj 2007, 21:421-432.
    • (2007) Brain Inj , vol.21 , pp. 421-432
    • Pohl, M.1    Mehrholz, J.2    Rockstroh, G.3    Ruckriem, S.4    Koch, R.5
  • 51
    • 0029969784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spasticity and muscle contracture following stroke
    • O'Dwyer N, Ada L, Neilson PD Spasticity and muscle contracture following stroke. Brain 1996, 119:1737-1749.
    • (1996) Brain , vol.119 , pp. 1737-1749
    • O'Dwyer, N.1    Ada, L.2    Neilson, P.D.3
  • 52
    • 0015843339 scopus 로고
    • The connective tissue response to immobility: Biochemical changes in periarticular connective tissue of the immobilized rabbit knee
    • Akeson WH, Woo SLY, Amiel D, Coutts RD, Daniel D The connective tissue response to immobility: Biochemical changes in periarticular connective tissue of the immobilized rabbit knee. Clin Orthop 1973, 93:356.
    • (1973) Clin Orthop , vol.93 , pp. 356
    • Akeson, W.H.1    Woo, S.L.Y.2    Amiel, D.3    Coutts, R.D.4    Daniel, D.5
  • 53
    • 0022514938 scopus 로고
    • Length and circumference measurement in one-joint and multijoint muscles in rabbits after immobilization
    • Gossman MR, Rose SJ, Sahrmann SA, Katholi CR Length and circumference measurement in one-joint and multijoint muscles in rabbits after immobilization. Phys Ther 1986, 66:516-520.
    • (1986) Phys Ther , vol.66 , pp. 516-520
    • Gossman, M.R.1    Rose, S.J.2    Sahrmann, S.A.3    Katholi, C.R.4
  • 54
    • 0027295928 scopus 로고
    • Movement dysfunction following CNS lesions: a problem of neurologic or muscular impairment
    • Carey JR, Burghardt DT Movement dysfunction following CNS lesions: a problem of neurologic or muscular impairment. Phys Ther 1993, 73:538-547.
    • (1993) Phys Ther , vol.73 , pp. 538-547
    • Carey, J.R.1    Burghardt, D.T.2
  • 55
    • 0015369898 scopus 로고
    • Physiological and structural changes in the cat soleus muscle due to immobilization at different lengths by plaster casts
    • Tabary JC, Tabary C, Tardieu G, Tardieu G, Goldspink G Physiological and structural changes in the cat soleus muscle due to immobilization at different lengths by plaster casts. J Physiol. (Lond) 1972, 224:231-244.
    • (1972) J Physiol. (Lond) , vol.224 , pp. 231-244
    • Tabary, J.C.1    Tabary, C.2    Tardieu, G.3    Tardieu, G.4    Goldspink, G.5
  • 56
    • 0018253351 scopus 로고
    • Changes in sarcomere length and physiological properties in immobilized muscle
    • Williams PE, Goldspink G Changes in sarcomere length and physiological properties in immobilized muscle. J Anat 1978, 127:459-468.
    • (1978) J Anat , vol.127 , pp. 459-468
    • Williams, P.E.1    Goldspink, G.2
  • 57
    • 0019982826 scopus 로고
    • Hindlimb immobilization: length-tension and contractile properties of skeletal muscle
    • Witzmann FA, Kim DH, Fitts RH Hindlimb immobilization: length-tension and contractile properties of skeletal muscle. J Applied Physiol 1982, 53:335-345.
    • (1982) J Applied Physiol , vol.53 , pp. 335-345
    • Witzmann, F.A.1    Kim, D.H.2    Fitts, R.H.3
  • 58
    • 0037310975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spastic muscle cells are shorter and stiffer than normal cells
    • Friden J, Lieber RL Spastic muscle cells are shorter and stiffer than normal cells. Muscle Nerve 2003, 26:157-164.
    • (2003) Muscle Nerve , vol.26 , pp. 157-164
    • Friden, J.1    Lieber, R.L.2
  • 59
    • 34347338696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraoperative muscle measurments reveal a relationship between contracture formation and muscle remodeling
    • Ponten E, Gantelius S, Lieber RL Intraoperative muscle measurments reveal a relationship between contracture formation and muscle remodeling. Muscle Nerve 2007, 36:47-54.
    • (2007) Muscle Nerve , vol.36 , pp. 47-54
    • Ponten, E.1    Gantelius, S.2    Lieber, R.L.3
  • 60
    • 32244432601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin treatment of adult spasticity: A benefit-risk assessment
    • Sheean G Botulinum toxin treatment of adult spasticity: A benefit-risk assessment. Drug Safety 2006, 29:31-48.
    • (2006) Drug Safety , vol.29 , pp. 31-48
    • Sheean, G.1
  • 61
    • 1842433722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choosing upper limb muscles for focal intervention after traumatic brain injury
    • Mayer N Choosing upper limb muscles for focal intervention after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2004, 19:119-142.
    • (2004) J Head Trauma Rehabil , vol.19 , pp. 119-142
    • Mayer, N.1
  • 62
    • 1842433719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuro-Orthopedic management of shoulder deformity and dysfunction in brain-injured patients
    • Keenan MAE, Mehta S Neuro-Orthopedic management of shoulder deformity and dysfunction in brain-injured patients. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2004, 19:143-154.
    • (2004) J Head Trauma Rehabil , vol.19 , pp. 143-154
    • Keenan, M.A.E.1    Mehta, S.2
  • 63
    • 0032743151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of shoulder deformity in acquired spasticity
    • Braun RM, Botte MJ Treatment of shoulder deformity in acquired spasticity. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1999, 368:54-65.
    • (1999) Clin Orthop Rel Res , vol.368 , pp. 54-65
    • Braun, R.M.1    Botte, M.J.2
  • 64
    • 0013157210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of upper extremity dysfunction following stroke and brain injury
    • Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, M. Chapman (Ed.)
    • McDaid PK, Keenan MAE Management of upper extremity dysfunction following stroke and brain injury. Chapman's Orthopaedic Surgery 2001, 1809-1854. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. M. Chapman (Ed.).
    • (2001) Chapman's Orthopaedic Surgery , pp. 1809-1854
    • McDaid, P.K.1    Keenan, M.A.E.2
  • 66
    • 0035345273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absence of palmaris longus muscle:a population study
    • Thompson NW, Mockford BJ, Cran GW Absence of palmaris longus muscle:a population study. Ulster Med J 2001, 70:22-24.
    • (2001) Ulster Med J , vol.70 , pp. 22-24
    • Thompson, N.W.1    Mockford, B.J.2    Cran, G.W.3
  • 69
    • 0033965674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analgesic effects of botulinum toxin A: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
    • Barwood S, Baillieu C, Boyd R, Brereton K, Low J, Nattress G, et al. Analgesic effects of botulinum toxin A: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol 2000, 42:116-121.
    • (2000) Dev Med Child Neurol , vol.42 , pp. 116-121
    • Barwood, S.1    Baillieu, C.2    Boyd, R.3    Brereton, K.4    Low, J.5    Nattress, G.6
  • 70
    • 68849108308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing and treating muscle overactivity in the upper motoneuron syndrome
    • Demos, New York, N.D. Zasler, D. Katz, R.D. Zafonte (Eds.)
    • Mayer NH, Esquenazi A, Keenan MAE Assessing and treating muscle overactivity in the upper motoneuron syndrome. Brain Injury Medicine 2007, 615-653. Demos, New York. N.D. Zasler, D. Katz, R.D. Zafonte (Eds.).
    • (2007) Brain Injury Medicine , pp. 615-653
    • Mayer, N.H.1    Esquenazi, A.2    Keenan, M.A.E.3
  • 71
    • 33745278565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between spasticity, weakness and contracture of the elbow flexors and upper limb activity after stroke: an observational study
    • Ada L, O'Dwyer N, O'Neill E Relation between spasticity, weakness and contracture of the elbow flexors and upper limb activity after stroke: an observational study. Disabil Rehabil 2006, 28:891-897.
    • (2006) Disabil Rehabil , vol.28 , pp. 891-897
    • Ada, L.1    O'Dwyer, N.2    O'Neill, E.3
  • 72
    • 36749024029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of upper extremity casting for children and adults with central nervous system motor disorders
    • Lannin NA, Novak I, Cusick A A systematic review of upper extremity casting for children and adults with central nervous system motor disorders. Clin Rehabil 2007, 21:963-976.
    • (2007) Clin Rehabil , vol.21 , pp. 963-976
    • Lannin, N.A.1    Novak, I.2    Cusick, A.3
  • 73
    • 0141885244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle overactivity and movement dysfunction in the upper motoneuron syndrome
    • Mayer NH, Esquenazi A Muscle overactivity and movement dysfunction in the upper motoneuron syndrome. Phys Med Clin North Am 2003, 14:855-863.
    • (2003) Phys Med Clin North Am , vol.14 , pp. 855-863
    • Mayer, N.H.1    Esquenazi, A.2
  • 75
    • 0036158874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of botulinum toxin A in upper limb function of hemiplegic patients
    • Rousseaux M, Kozlowski O, Froger J Efficacy of botulinum toxin A in upper limb function of hemiplegic patients. J Neurol 2002, 249:76-84.
    • (2002) J Neurol , vol.249 , pp. 76-84
    • Rousseaux, M.1    Kozlowski, O.2    Froger, J.3
  • 76
    • 33845939245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of splinting on wrist contracture after stroke: a randomized controlled trial
    • Lannin NA, Cusick A, McCluskey A, Herbert RD Effects of splinting on wrist contracture after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2007, 38:111-116.
    • (2007) Stroke , vol.38 , pp. 111-116
    • Lannin, N.A.1    Cusick, A.2    McCluskey, A.3    Herbert, R.D.4
  • 77
    • 0642339900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Living with bodily strangeness: women's experiences of their changing and unpredictable body following a stroke
    • Kvigne K, Kirkevold M Living with bodily strangeness: women's experiences of their changing and unpredictable body following a stroke. Qual Health Res 2003, 13(9):1291-1310.
    • (2003) Qual Health Res , vol.13 , Issue.9 , pp. 1291-1310
    • Kvigne, K.1    Kirkevold, M.2
  • 78
    • 0020006571 scopus 로고
    • Body image after a stroke
    • Piotrowski MM Body image after a stroke. Rehabil Nurs 1982, 7:11-13.
    • (1982) Rehabil Nurs , vol.7 , pp. 11-13
    • Piotrowski, M.M.1
  • 79
    • 0029320065 scopus 로고
    • Sexuality after a stroke
    • Carleton V Sexuality after a stroke. Nurs N Z 1995, 1:13-15.
    • (1995) Nurs N Z , vol.1 , pp. 13-15
    • Carleton, V.1
  • 81
    • 84882885926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using stroke to explore the Life Thread Model: An alternative approach to understanding rehabilitation following acquired disability
    • Ellis-Hill C, Payne S, Ward C Using stroke to explore the Life Thread Model: An alternative approach to understanding rehabilitation following acquired disability. Disabil Rehabil 2007, 29:1-10.
    • (2007) Disabil Rehabil , vol.29 , pp. 1-10
    • Ellis-Hill, C.1    Payne, S.2    Ward, C.3
  • 82
    • 0034106810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery from stroke: does rehabilitation counselling have a role to play?
    • White MA, Johnstone AS Recovery from stroke: does rehabilitation counselling have a role to play?. Disabil Rehabil 2000, 22:140-143.
    • (2000) Disabil Rehabil , vol.22 , pp. 140-143
    • White, M.A.1    Johnstone, A.S.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.