The Korean people: Missing in action in the Misunderstood War, 1945-1954

The Korean War in World History

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 13-60

  Millett, Allan R ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 79952026828     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (113)

1. George Trumbull Ladd, In Korea with Marquis Ito (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908), 8-9.
2. Peter Hyun, Koreana (Seoul: Korea Britannica, 1984);
3. John H. Koo and Andrew C. Nahm, eds., An Introduction to Korean Culture (Seoul: Hollym, 1997);
4. Donald Stone Macdonald, The Koreans: Contemporary Politics and Society (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1988), 44-52, 67-111;
5. Alexander C. Nahm, Korea: Tradition and Transformation: A History of the Korean People (Elizabeth, N.J.: Hollym, 1988), 223-325.
6. Korea Herald, 10-15 August 2000;
7. Koo and Nahm, Korean Culture, 194-217.
8. Chong-sik Lee, The Politics of Korean Nationalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963);
9. Dae-yeol Ku, Korea Under Colonialism (Seoul: Royal Asiatic Society, 1985).
10. Kim Han-kyo, "The Declaration of Independence, March 1, 1919: A New Translation," Korean Studies 13 (1989): 1-4.
11. Henry Chung [Chang Han-gyong] Korea and the United States through Peace and War, 1943-1960 (Seoul: Yonsei University Press, 2000).
12. U.S. Armed Forces in Korea (USAFIK), "Who's Who in Korea," 15 October 1947
13. copy in Charles H. Donnelly Papers, U.S. Army Military History Institute (USAMHI), Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania
14. James I. Matray, ed., Historical Dictionary of the Korean War (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1991)
15. Keith Pratt and Richard Reett with James Hoare, Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary (Richmond, Surrey, UK: Curzon Press, 1999).
16. "Syngman Rhee," Current Biography, 1947, copy in Syngman Rhee Subject File, M. Preston Goodfellow Collection, Hoover Institution Archives.
17. Dr. Robert T. Oliver, Professor of Communications, Pennsylvania State University Library.
18. Syngman Rhee: The Man Behind the Myth (New York: Dodd Mead, 1955)
19. Syngman Rhee and American Involvement in Korea, 1942-1960 (Seoul: Panmun, 1978).
20. Richard C. Allen, Korea's Syngman Rhee (Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1960).
21. Rhee's correspondence in languages other than English is collected by the Syngman Rhee Papers Editorial Committee, Institute for Modern Korean Studies, Yonsei University, Syngman Rhee Papers (18 vols., Seoul: Yonsei University Press, 1998).
22. Chong-Sik Lee, "The Personality of Four Korean Political Leaders: Syngman Rhee, Kim Ku, Kim Kyu-sik, and Yo Unhyong,"
23. Dr. Mark C. Monahan, Korean Studies Reader, Yonsei University, 1998.
24. Louise Yim, My Forty Year Fight for Korea (Seoul: Chungang University, 1967).
25. Suh Dae-sook, The Korean Communist Movement, 1918-1948 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University, 1967), 4-52.
26. Nam Koon-woo, The North Korean Communist Leadership, 1945-1965 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1974).
27. Dae-sook Suh, Kim Il-sung (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 1-57.
28. Adrian Buzo, The Guerrilla Dynasty: Politics and Leadership in North Korea (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999);
29. Sydney A. Stiles, Kim Il-Song: The Creation of a Legend, The Beginning of a Regime (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1994).
30. Yu Song-chol, "Testimony," nineteen installments in Hanguk Ilbo (November 1990).
31. Sir Robert Thompson and John Keegan, eds., War in Peace: Conventional and Guerrilla Warfare since 1945 (London: Orbis, 1981);
32. D.M. Condit et al., Challenge and Response in Internal Conflict, Vol. 1, The Experience in Asia, 3 vols.,
33. Center for Research in Social Systems for the U.S. Army (Washington, D.C.: American University, 1968).
34. Won-sul Lee, The United States and the Division of Korea, 1945 (Seoul: Kyung Hee University Press, 1982);
35. George McCune, Korea Today (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950);
36. Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, Vol. 1, Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-1947 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982).
37. James I. Matray, The Reluctant Crusade: American Foreign Policy in Korea, 1941-1950 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985), 1-51.
38. David M. Glantz, August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria (Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, 1984).
39. Henry Chung, The Russians Came to Korea (New York: J.J. Little, 1947),
40. Erik van Ree, Socialism in One Zone: Stalin's Policy in Korea, 1945-1947 (New York: Berg, 1989);
41. Charles K. Armstrong, The North Korean Revolution, 1945-1950 (Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 2003).
42. Office of Intelligence Research, Report No. 5550, "North Korea: A Case Study of a Soviet Satellite," 2 April 1951, Korean War File, Presidential Secretary's Files, Harry S. Truman Papers, Truman Library.
43. A public, censored version was later published as Department of State, North Korea: A Case Study in the Techniques of Takeover (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1961).
44. Eric Van Ree, Socialism in One Zone: Stalin's Policy in Korea, 1945-1947 (Berg Publishers, 1990), 85-186;
45. Andrei N. Lankov, "The Demise of Non-Communist Parties in North Korea (1945-1960)," Journal of Cold War Studies 3 (winter, 2001): 103-25;
46. Armstrong, The North Korean Revolution, 63-64.
47. Suh, The Korean Communist Movement, 294-329.
48. The development of the Southern Korean Communist movement may be followed in detail in the party newspapers, Haebang Ilbo (September-December 1945),
49. Hyong myong sinmun, and Kongsandang for 1945-1946, reprinted in Chong-sik Lee (trans, and ed.), Materials on Korean Communism, 1945-1947 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 1977).
50. Lee, The United States and the Division of Korea, 1945, 21-58.
51. Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, I, 81-91.
52. Col. Kenneth C. Strother, USA (Ret.), "The Occupation of Korea, September-December," unpublished history, 1984, Strother Papers, U.S. Army Military History Institute (USAMHI).
53. Donald W Boose, Jr., "Portentous Sideshow: The Korean Occupation Decision," Parameters 25 (winter, 1995-1996): 112-29.
54. Capt. Robert K. Sawyer, "United States Military Advisory Group to the Republic of Korea," Vol. 1, 1945-1949, 4 vols., mss. History, 1953-1957, copies at USAMHI and 8th Army History Office, Yongsan U.S. Army Base, Seoul, ROK.
55. Lee Young-woo, "The United States and the Formation of the Republic of Korea Army, 1945-1950," Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University, 1984;
56. Huh Nam-sung, "The Quest for a Bulwark of Anti-Communism: The Formation of the Republic of Korea Officer Corps and Its Political Socialization, 1945-1950," Ph.D. diss, The Ohio State University, 1987;
57. Allan R. Millett, "Captain James H. Hausman and the Formation of the Korean Army, 1945-1950," Armed Forces and Society 23 (summer, 1997): 503-39.
58. John Toland and Huh Nam-sung with Generals Paik Sun-yup, Kang Mun-bong, Chung Il-kwon, Yu Jae-hung, Min Ki-sik, Kang Yoon-hoon, Lim Sun-ha, Kim Ung-soo, and Lee Chi-op. I have had access to General Lee Chi-op's mss., "The Korean Army Founders Association," 2000, personality sketches of the first 110 officers commissioned in the Korean Constabulary, part of a forthcoming memoir.
59. Central Intelligence Group, Situation Reports, No. 2, Korea (1947), Intelligence Files, President's Secretary's Files, Harry S. Truman Papers.
60. Lee, The United States and the Division of Korea, 229.
61. Statistical Research Division, Office of Administration, Military Government, USAMGIK, "History of United States Military Government in Korea," September 1945-June 1946," 2 Vols., Eighth Army Historical Files, HO, Eighth Army, Yongsan.
62. Joungwon Kim, Divided Korea: The Politics of Development, 1945-1972 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975), 86-114;
63. Nam, North Korean Communist Leadership, 26-83.
64. "An Ho-sang" and "Yi Pom-sok" in Matray, ed., Historical Dictionary of the Korean War, 17-18, 538-39.
65. Oliver, Syngman Rhee and American Involvement in Korea, 119-39;
66. Yim, My Forty Year Fight for Korea, 245-76;
67. General Assembly, UNO, First Part of the Report of the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea, 3 vols. (Lake Success, N.Y.: United Nations Organization, 1948)
68. Second Fart of the Report of the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea, 2 vols. (Paris: United Nations Organization, 1948);
69. Matray, The Reluctant Crusade, 99-150.
70. Suh, Kim Il Sung, 74-105.
71. Kim Il-sung, Selected Works, 6 vols. (Pyongyang, DPRK: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1971-1972), I, 68-203
72. Kathryn Weathersby, ed. and trans., "Korea, 1949-1950: To Attack or Not to Attack? Stalin, Kim Il Sung, and the Prelude to War," Cold War International History Project Bulletin no. 5 (Washington, D.C., spring 1995): 1-9
73. Donald S. Macdonald, "Korea and the Ballot: The International Dimension in Korean Political Development as seen in Elections," Ph.D. diss., MIT, 1977.
74. HQ USAFIK, "Summary and Conclusions: Technical Report on Elections of 10 May 1948," May 1948, Herren Papers.
75. National Economic Board, reports, "South Korean Interim Government Activities," March-August 1948, Nos. 30-34, covering KNP and Constabulary activities in detail
76. Colonel Rothwell H. Brown, USA, "Report of Activities on Cheju-do Island, 22 May 1948 to 30 June 1948," Rothwell H. Brown (Interim governor of Cheju-do and CO, 20th Infantry) Papers, USAMHI
77. HQ, USAFIK, "The Police and National Events, 1947-1948," Vol. 2 in "History of USAFIK," previously cited
78. John Merrill, "The Cheju-do Rebellion," Journal of Korean Studies 2 (1980): 139-97.
79. James H. Hausman, "History of Rebellion, 14th Constabulary Regt," November 1948, James H. Hausman Papers, Korea Institute, Harvard University; G-2, HQ, HSAFIK,
80. "History of the Rebellion of the Korean Constabulary at Yosu and Taegu, Korea," 10 November 1948, provided by Col. J.W. Finley, USA (Ret.), 1995-1996;
81. 971st CIC Detachment, "Annual Progress Report 1948," December 1948, Unit Historical File and Occupied Areas Reports, 1948-1954, Records of the Adjutant General's Office, RG 407.
82. John Merrill, Korea: The Peninsular Origins of the War (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1989).
83. Merrill, Korea, 130-67.
84. Weathersby, "Korea, 1949-1950,"
85. Kim Kook-hoon, "The North Korean People's Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1945-1950," Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1989;
86. MIS, G/S, FECOM, "History of the North Korean Army," July 1952, File 330.008, HO, Eighth Army.
87. Kathryn Weathersby, ed. and trans., "New Russian Documents on the Korean War," CWIHP Bulletin Nos. 6-7 (winter 1995-1996) 30-35,
88. Kelly C. Jordan, "Three Armies in Korea: The Combat Effectiveness of the United States Eighth Army in Korea, July 1950-June 1952," Ph.D., diss., The Ohio State University, 1999.
89. Syngman Rhee to Gen. Douglas MacArthur, 22 May 1949, MacArthur Papers.
90. W. Galbraith to J. H. Ohly, "Acquisition by the Republic of Korea of Military Equipment on a Reimburseable Basis under Section 408(a) of MDAA," 27 June 1950, John H. Ohly Papers, Truman Library;
91. OSD, Memorandum for the JCS, "Additional Military Assistance to Korea," 26 May 1950, JCS 1950 Geographic File and CCS 383.21 (Korea), Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, RG 218;
92. Cumings, Origins of the Korean War, II, 466-507.
93. Shytkov to Comrade Zakharov, 26 June 1950, Doc. 14 in Weathersby, "New Russian Documents," previously cited.
94. "Year-End Tactical Briefing," 25 December 1952, copies in Gen.
95. James Van Fleet Papers, George C. Marshall Library, Lexington, Virginia. The experience of the Republic of Korea may be found in Korean Institute of Military History, The Korean War, 3 vols. (Seoul, ROK: Ministry of National Defense, 1997-1999).
96. Evgeniy P. Bajanov and Natalia Bajanova, "The Korean Conflict, 1950-1953," 1998
97. "May 1-July 14, 1952: The South Korean Political Crisis and Third Party Approaches to End the War," in John P. Glennon, ed., for the Office of the Historian, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, Vol XV, Korea (Washington, D.C., 1984) Pt. 1, 187-408.
98. "The Political Crisis in Korea, 1952," in the Special State-Defense Korean War Subject Files, Truman Papers.
99. Full text, NSC 147, "Analysis of Possible Courses of Action in Korea," 2 April 1953, NSA with abridged NSC 147 reprinted in FRUS: Korea, 1952-1954XV, 383-57 with excerpts for NIE-80 (pp. 865-77) and SE-41 (pp. 886-92),
100. 139th Meeting, NSC, 8 April 1953, White House Office, National Security Council Papers, 1948-1961, Whitman File: ANSC Series," Eisenhower Papers, Eisenhower Library,
101. FRUS: Korea: 1952-1954, XV, 838-57.
102. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State (Far Eastern Affairs) to Secretary of State, 8 April 1953, and memorandum of conversation, "Korean Armistice Developments" 8 April 1953,
103. FRUS: Korea, 1952-1954, XV, 896-900;
104. Gen. Paik Sun Yup, From Pusan to Panmunjom (Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 1992), 214-34;
105. Amb. Briggs to Deptartment of State, 15 April 1953, FRUS: Korea, 1952-1954, XV, 910-12.
106. Memo, HQ, UNC, "ROK Opposition to Armistice," General Mark W Clark Papers, The Citadel Archives and Museum.
107. United Nations Command Reports No. 55 (October 1952) to No. 73 (July 1953), Clark Papers.
108. John Kotch, "The Origins of the American Security Commitment to Korea," in Bruce Cumings, ed., Child of Conflict: The Korean-American Relationship, 1943-1953 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1983), 239-59;
109. Edward C. Keefer, "President Dwight D. Eisenhower and the End of the Korean War," Diplomatic History 10 (summer 1986): 279-89.
110. Sydney D. Bailey, The Korean Armistice (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992).
111. Suh, Kim II Sung, 111-57.
112. Kim Il-sung, "Everything for the Postwar Rehabilitation and Development of the National Economy," 6th Plenary Meeting, Central Committee, Workers Party of Korea, 5 August 1953, Selected Works 1, 413-62.
113. Akira Iriye, ed., "The Impact of the Korean War," a special issue of The Journal of American-East Asian Relations 2 (spring 1993).