Management practices for control of ragwort species

Phytochemistry Reviews

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 153-163

  Leiss, Kirsten A ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Biological control; Chemical control; Jacobaea vulgaris; Mechanical control; Pasture management; Senecio aquaticus

Indexed keywords

HERBICIDE; PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID;

ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT; BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL; CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL; CINNABAR MOTH; FLEA BEETLE; GRAZING MANAGEMENT; HEALTH HAZARD; HIGHER PLANT; HOARY RAGWORT; IRELAND; LIVESTOCK; MARSH RAGWORT; NATIVE SPECIES; NONHUMAN; OXFORD RAGWORT; PASTURE; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PLANT DEFENSE; PLANT HERBIVORE INTERACTION; PLANT INSECT INTERACTION; PLUME MOTH; POISONOUS PLANT; POPULATION ABUNDANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAGWORT; SENECIO; SPECIES INVASION; STEM AND CROWN BORING MOTH; TANSY RAGWORT; UNITED KINGDOM; WEED CONTROL;

BOS; SENECIO AQUATICUS; SENECIO ERUCIFOLIUS; SENECIO JACOBAEA; SENECIO SQUALIDUS;

EID: 79952017411     PISSN: 15687767     EISSN: 1572980X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11101-010-9173-1     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. RL Amor DW Lane KW Jackson 1983 Observations on the influence of grazing by sheep or cattle on the density and cover of ragwort Aust Weeds 2 94 95
2. CW Beninger MM Abou-Zaid ALE Kistner RH Hallett MJ Iqbal B Grodzinski JC Hall 2004 A flavanone and two phenolic acids from Crysanthemum morifolium with phytotoxic and insect growth regulating activity J Chem Ecol 30 589 606 15139310 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000018631.67394.e5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhvVGitbs%3D (Pubitemid 38420361)
3. M Bentley D Leonard DE Stoddard LH Zalkow 1984 Pryrolozidine alkaloids as larval feeding deterrents for spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortiricidae) Ann Entomol Soc Am 77 393 397 1:CAS:528: DyaL2cXlsVKjurs%3D
4. EA Bernays S Oppenheim RF Chapman H Kwon F Gould 2000 Taste sensitivity of insect herbivores to deterrents is greater in specialists than in generalists: a behavioral test of the hypothesis with two closely related caterpillars J Chem Ecol 26 547 563 10.1023/A:1005430010314 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3cXhsVKiu7Y%3D (Pubitemid 30106580)
5. JD Bever KM Westover J Antonovics 1997 Incorporating the soil community into plant population dynamics: the utility of the feedback approach J Ecol 85 561 573 10.2307/2960528 (Pubitemid 27447302)
6. M Bezemer W van der Putten F Rienks 2006 Niets doen loont bij Jakobskruiskruidplaag De levende Natuur 107 104 107
7. M Bezemer JA Harvey GA Kowalchuk H Korpershoek WH van der Putten 2006 Interplay between Senecio jacobaea and plant, soil and aboveground insect community Ecology 87 2002 2013 16937640 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2002:IBSJAP]2. 0.CO;2 (Pubitemid 44215726)
8. WN Black 1976 Effects of herbicide rates and time of application of the control of tansy ragwort in pastures Can J Plant Sci 56 605 610 10.4141/cjps76-096 1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXis1yisQ%3D%3D
9. E Cameron 1935 A study on the natural control of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) J Ecol 23 265 322 10.2307/2256123
10. U Candrian J Lüthi P Schmid C Schlatter 1984 Stability of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in hay and silage J Agric Food Chem 32 935 937 10.1021/jf00124a057 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXksFemsrY%3D
11. 3H] Seneciophylline into cow's milk J Agric Food Chem 39 930 933 10.1021/jf00005a026 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXit1Olsb8%3D
12. PR Cheeke 1988 Toxicity and metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids J Anim Sci 66 2343 2350 3049495 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXlsVCjs74%3D
13. DV Clay FL Dixon 1998 The susceptibility of compositae weed species to clopyralid: Tests of agrochemcials and cultivars Suppl Ann Appl Biol 132 32 33
14. CS Cox PB McEvoy 1983 Effect of summer moisture stress on the capacity of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) to compensate for defoliation by the cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) J Appl Ecol 20 225 234 10.2307/2403388 (Pubitemid 14273186)
15. MJ Crawley MP Gillman 1989 Population dynamics of cinnabar moth and ragwort in grassland J Anim Ecol 58 1035 1050 10.2307/5140 (Pubitemid 20420694)
16. MJ Crawley M Nachapong 1985 The establishment of seedlings from primary and regrowth seeds of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) J Ecol 73 255 262 10.2307/2259781
17. C Crews M Driffield F Berthiller R Krska 2009 Loss of pyrrolizidine alkaloids on decomposition of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) as measured by LC-TOF-MS J Agric Food Chem 57 3669 3673 19348474 10.1021/jf900226c 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXktVOltbw%3D
18. Dastgheib F (2005) A study of the effect of selected pesticides on ragwort flea beetle. IWM consultancy report for the West Coast Ragwort Control Trust New Zealand, pp 1-11
19. NJ de Boer 1999 Pyrrolizidine alkaloid distribution in Senecio jacobaea rosettes minimises losses to generalist feeding Entomol Exp Appl 91 169 173 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00480.x (Pubitemid 29416999)
20. ML Deinzer PA Thomson DM Burgett DL Isaacson 1997 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: their occurrence in honey from tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) Science 195 497 499 10.1126/science.835011
21. JP Dempster 1971 The population ecology of the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Oecologia 7 26 67 10.1007/BF00346293
22. JP Demptser 1982 The ecology of the cinnabar moth Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) Adv Ecol Res 12 1 36 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60076-8
23. JO Dickinson MP Cooke RR King PA Mohamed 1976 Milk transfer of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in cattle J Am Vet Med Assoc 169 1192 1196 1002587 1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXjvVeqtQ%3D%3D
24. Dixon FL, Clay DV (2001) Effect of synthetic and natural-product herbicides on Senecio jacobaea (common ragwort). In: Proceedings of the 2001 British Crop Protection Council Conference-Weeds, pp 721-726
25. FL Dixon DV Clay 2004 Effect of herbicides applied pre-and post-emergence on forestry weeds grown from seed Crop Prot 23 713 721 10.1016/j.cropro.2003. 12.003 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkvVentLY%3D (Pubitemid 38791610)
26. PF Dowd FE Vega 1996 Enzymatic oxidation products of allelochemicals as a basis for resistance against insects: effects on the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis Nat Toxins 4 85 91 8726328 10.1002/19960402NT5 1:CAS:528: DyaK28XjtVGktLs%3D (Pubitemid 26144588)
27. GD Duby 1975 Tansy ragwort: a toxic threat to livestock Mod Vet Pract 56 184 188
28. JA Edgar E Roeder RJ Molyneux 2002 Honey from plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: a potential threat to health J Agric Food Chem 50 2719 2730 11982390 10.1021/jf0114482 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XisF2nsbs%3D (Pubitemid 34493576)
29. CA Elliger Y Wong BG Chan AC JR Waiss 1981 Growth inhibitors in tomato (Lycopersicon) to tomato fruitworm (Heliothis zea) J Chem Ecol 7 753 758 10.1007/BF00990307 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XjvVCn
30. Emmet AM, Heath J (1989) The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. vol 7 part 1. Harley Books
31. Faithful I, Newnham M, Green K, Freeman N (1999) Biological control of ragwort with the ragwort plume moth. Landcare Note LC0166. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, State of Victoria
32. JS Fehmi JF Karn RE Ries JR Hendrickson JD Hanson 2002 Cattle grazing behaviour with season-long free-choice access to four forage types Appl Anim Behav Sci 78 29 42 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00079-5 (Pubitemid 34973581)
33. Field RP (1989) Progress towards biological control of ragwort in Australia. In: Delfosse ES (ed) Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Rome, 1988, pp 315-322
34. JC Forbes 1976 Influence of management and environmental factors on the distribution of the marsh ragwort (Senecio aquaticus Huds.) in agricultural grassland in Orkney J Appl Ecol 13 985 990 10.2307/2402271
35. JC Forbes 1977 Population flux and mortality in ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) infestation Weed Res 17 387 391 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1977.tb00498.x
36. JC Forbes 1977 Chemical control of marsh ragwort (Senecio aquaticus Huds.) in established grassland Weed Res 17 247 250 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1977. tb00475.x 1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXls1altrY%3D
37. JC Forbes 1978 Control of Senecio jacobaea L. (ragwort) by autumn or spring herbicide applications Weed Res 18 109 110 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1978. tb01145.x 1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXlsFyltrY%3D
38. Forbes JC (1982) Evaluating herbicides for selective control of Senecio jacobaea in grass/clover swards. In: Proceedings of the 1982 British Crop Protection Conference-Weeds, pp 375-379
39. KE Frick 1970 Longitarsus jacobaeae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a flea beetle for the biological control of tansy ragwort. 1. Host specificity studies Ann Entomol Soc Am 63 284 296
40. AF Fulcher TG Ranney JD Burton JF Walgenbach DA Danehower 1998 Role of foliar phenolics in host plant resistance of Malus taxa to adult Japanese beetle Hortscience 33 862 865 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlsFWru7o%3D (Pubitemid 28385985)
41. Gourlay H (2007a) Ragwort crown-boring moth. Landcare Research, New Zealand Information Note
42. Gourlay H (2007b) Ragwort plume moth. Landcare Research, New Zealand Information Note
43. Gourlay H (2007c) Ragwort biocontrol agents & sprays. Landcare Research, New Zealand Information Note
44. BF Hägele M Rowell-Rahier 2000 Choice, performance and heritability of performance of specialist and generalist insect herbivores towards cacalol and seneciophylline, two allelochemicals of Adenostyles alpine (Asteraceae) J Evol Biol 13 131 142 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00145.x (Pubitemid 30063447)
45. Harman M, Dymock JJ, Syrett P (1990) Temperature and development of cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), in New Zealand. In: Delfosse ES (ed) Proceedings of the VII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Rome, 1989, pp 339-346
46. JL Harper 1958 The ecology of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) with especial reference to control Herbage Abstr 28 151 157
47. JL Harper WA Wood 1957 Senecio jacobaea L J Ecol 45 617 637 10.2307/2256946
48. S Harrison D Thomas TM Lewinsohn 1995 Testing a metapopulation model of coexistence in the insect community on ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) Am Nat 145 546 562 10.1086/285755
49. Hawkes RB, Johnson GR (1978) Longitarus jacobaeae aids moth in the biological control of tansy ragwort. In: Freeman TE (ed) Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on the Biological Control of Weeds, Gainesville, pp 193-196
50. XP Huang JAA Renwick 1995 Chemical and experimental basis for rejection of Tropaeolum majus by Pieris rapae larvae J Chem Ecol 21 1601 1617 10.1007/BF02035155 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXps1yjt7k%3D
51. A Ikonen J Tahvanainen H Roininen 2002 Phenolic secondary compounds as determinants of the host plant preferences of the leaf beetle Agelastica alni Chemoecology 12 125 131 10.1007/s00012-002-8337-2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnsVGnsrs%3D
52. JE Ireson DA Friend RJ Holloway SC Paterson 1991 Biology of Longitarsus flavicornis (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its effectiveness in controlling ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) in Tasmania J Aust Entomol Soc 30 129 141 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1991.tb00404.x
53. JE Ireson SM Leighton RJ Holloway WS Chatteron 2000 Establishment and redistribution of Longitarsus flavicornis (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) for the biological control of ragwort (Senecio jacobaeae L.) in Tasmania Aust Entomol 39 42 46 10.1046/j.1440-6055.2000.00133.x (Pubitemid 30399828)
54. Z Islam MJ Crawley 1983 Compensation and regrowth in ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) attacked by cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobeaea) J Ecol 71 829 843 10.2307/2259596 (Pubitemid 15270434)
55. James TK, Mortimer J (1983) Control of ragwort and nodding thistle in lucerne with hexazinone. In: Proceedings of the 36th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference, pp 17-20
56. RR James PB Mc Evoy CS Cox 1992 Combining the cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) and the ragwort flea beetle (Longitarsus jacobaea) for control of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea): an experimental analysis J Appl Ecol 29 589 596 10.2307/2404466
57. James TK, Rahman A, DeJong P (1997) Flazasulforon for control of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) in pasture. In: Proceedings of the 15th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, pp 477-481
58. AR Jassbi 2003 Secondary metabolites as stimulants and antifeedants of Salix integra for the leaf beetle Plagiodera versicolora Z Naturforsch Teil C-J Biosci 58 573 579 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntFKqtrg%3D (Pubitemid 36971462)
59. M Kempf T Beuerle M Bühringer M Denner D Trost K von der Ohe VBR Bhavanam P Schreier 2008 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey: risk analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Mol Nutr Food Res 52 1193 1200 18792927 10.1002/mnfr.200800051 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlehsL%2FK
60. H Kirk YH Choi HK Kim R Verpoorte E van der Meijden 2005 Comparing metabolomes: the chemical consequences of hybridization in plants New Phytol 167 613 622 15998411 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01448.x 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXpt1ert7w%3D (Pubitemid 41576996)
61. L Lajide P Escoubas J Mizutani 1996 Cyclohexadienones-insect growth inhibition from the foliar surface and tissue extracts of Senecio cannabifolius Experientia 52 259 263 10.1007/BF01920719 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XitFSisbs%3D (Pubitemid 26096896)
62. V Lattanzio S Arpaia A Cardinali D di Venere V Linsalata 2000 Role of endogenous flavanoids in resistance mechanism of Vigna to aphids J Agric Food Chem 48 5316 5320 11087479 10.1021/jf000229y 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnsVamurs%3D
63. KA Leiss YH Choi IB Abdel-Farid R Verpoorte PGL Klinkhamer 2009 NMR metabolomics of thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) resistance in Senecio hybrids J Chem Ecol 35 219 229 19169751 10.1007/s10886-008-9586-0 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhvF2gt74%3D
64. KA Leiss F Maltese YH Choi R Verpoorte PGL Klinkhamer 2009 Identification of chlorogenic acid as a resistance factor for thrips in chrysanthemum Plant Physiol 150 1567 1575 19448039 10.1104/pp.109.138131 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXovFeru7o%3D
65. M Macel K Vrieling 2003 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids as oviposition stimulans for the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae J Chem Ecol 29 1435 1446 12918926 10.1023/A:1024269621284 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXksF2jsbw%3D (Pubitemid 36870436)
66. M Macel M Bruinsma SM Dijkstra T Ooijendijk HM Niemeyer PGL Klinkhamer 2005 Differences in effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids on five generalist insect herbivore species J Chem Ecol 31 1493 1508 16222788 10.1007/s10886-005-5793-0 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlvVShsrg%3D (Pubitemid 40924545)
67. Makepeace W, Thompson A (1982) Ragwort control using a rope wick applicator. In: Proceedings of the 35th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference, pp 256-260
68. N Mallikarjuna KR Kranthi DR Jadhav S Kranthi S Chandra 2004 Influence of foliar chemical compounds on the development of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) in interspecific derivatives of groundnut J Appl Entomol 128 321 328 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2004.00834.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmtlGlurs%3D (Pubitemid 39275199)
69. Masri R (1995) Life history studies on Platypilla isodactyla a potential biological control agent of ragwort. Honours thesis, La Trobe University, Melbourne
70. McEvoy 1984 Seedling dispersal and the persistence of ragwort Senecio jacobaea (Compositae) in a grassland dominated by perennial species Oikos 42 138 143 10.2307/3544785 (Pubitemid 15271966)
71. PB McEvoy CS Cox 1987 Wind dispersal distances in dimorphic achenes of ragwort, Senecio jacobaea Ecology 68 2006 2015 10.2307/1939891
72. P McEvoy C Cox E Coombs 1991 Successful biological control of ragwort, Senecio jacobaea, by introduced insects in Oregon Ecol Appl 1 430 442 10.2307/1941900
73. DA McLaren 1992 Observations on the life cycle and establishment of Cochylis atricapitana (Lep: Cochylidae), a moth for biological control of Senecio jacobaeae in Australia Entomophaga 37 641 648 10.1007/BF02372335
74. McLaren D, Faithfull I (2004) Ragwort-Management. Landcare Note LC0382. Department of Sustainability and Environment, State of Victoria
75. McLaren DA, Ireson JE, Kwong RM (2000) Biological control of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) in Australia. In: Spencer NR (ed) Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 1999, Montana, pp 67-79
76. PW Miles JJ Oertli 1993 The significance of antioxidants in the aphid-plant interaction: the redox hypothesis Entomol Exp Appl 67 275 283 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhtlSisL4%3D
77. AS Moretto RA Distel 1998 Requirement of vegetation gaps for seedling establishment of two unpalatable grasses in a native grassland of central Argentina Aust J Ecol 23 419 423 10.1111/j.1442-9993.1998.tb00749.x
78. I Narberhaus C Theuring T Hartmann S Dobler 2003 Uptake and metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Longitarsus flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adapted and non adapted to alkaloid containing host plants J Comar Physiol 173 483 491 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmtFGmsbc%3D (Pubitemid 37105687)
79. I Narberhaus C Theuring T Hartmann S Dobler 2004 Time course of pyrrolizidine alkaloid sequestration in Longitarsus flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Chemoecology 14 17 23 10.1007/s00049-003-0254-0 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhvFajt7w%3D (Pubitemid 38162244)
80. C Naumann T Hartmann D Ober 2002 Evolutionary recruitment of a flavin-dependent monooxygenase for the detoxification of host plant-acquired pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the alkaloid-defended arctiid moth Tyria jacobaea PNAS 99 6085 6090 11972041 10.1073/pnas.082674499 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjslWnsrw%3D (Pubitemid 34493269)
81. Neumann H, Lütt S, Schleich-Seidfar C, Rabe I, Walter A, Böhling J, Böttner E, Mues B, Trede J, Werner M (2009) Umgang mit dem Jakobskreuzkraut Meiden-Dulden-Bekämpfen. Landesamt für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und ländliche Räume des Landes Schleswig-Holstein (LLUR) und Deutscher Verband für Landschaftspflege e.V. (DVL) http://www.schleswigholstein.de/LLUR/DE/Startseite/PDF/Jakobskreuzkraut. html
82. JC Onyilagha J Lazorko MY Gruber JJ Soroka MA Erlandson 2004 Effect of flavonoids on feeding preference and development of the crucifer pest Mamestra configurata Walker J Chem Ecol 30 109 124 15074660 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000013185. 62475.65 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXms1CntA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38250387)
83. Poole AL, Cairns D (1940) Biological aspects of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) control. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin No. 82, Government Printer, Wellington
84. AS Prakash TN Pereira PE Reilly AA Seawright 1999 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in human diet Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 443 53 67 10.1016/S1383-5742(99)00010-1 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXls1Olt7Y%3D (Pubitemid 29327266)
85. Rag-Fork (2006) http://www.ragfork.com/ragwort.html
86. PD Roberts AS Pullin 2007 The effectiveness of management interventions used to control ragwort species Environ Manage 39 691 706 17377727 10.1007/s00267-006-0039-7 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s3jt1Ojug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 46632396)
87. NT Rudd PB McEvoy 1996 Local dispersal by the cinnabar moth Tyria jacobaeae Ecol Appl 6 285 297 10.2307/2269572 (Pubitemid 126494859)
88. SM Sharrow WD Mosher 1982 Sheep as biological control agent for tansy ragwort J Range Manage 35 48 482 10.2307/3898610
89. S Siegrist-Maag A Lüscher M Suter 2008 Sensitive reaction of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) to cutting dates Agrarforschung 15 338 343
90. J Silvertown B Smith 1989 Mapping the microenvironment for seed germination in the field Ann Bot 63 163 168
91. Sullivan J (2006) Ecological research in Senecio species and their natural enemies. http://www.mollivan.com/science/senecios/index.php
92. M Suter A Lüscher 2008 Occurrence of Senecio aquaticus in relation to grassland management Appl Veg Sci 11 317 324 10.1111/j.1654-109X.2008. tb00448.x
93. M Suter S Siegrist-Maag J Connolly A Lüscher 2007 Can the occurrence of Senecio jacobaea be influenced by management practice? Weed Res 47 262 269 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00566.x (Pubitemid 46808844)
94. P Syrett 1983 Biological control of ragwort in New Zealand: a review Aust Weeds 2 96 101
95. Thompson A (1974) Herbicide effects on ragwort in pasture. Proceedings of the 25th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference, pp 90-93
96. Thompson A (1977) Herbicides for the spot treatment of ragwort in pasture. Proceedings of the 30th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference, pp 34-37
97. Thompson A (1983) Pasture weed control by rope wick applicator. In: Proceedings of the 36th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference, pp 96-98
98. A Thompson W Makepeace 1983 Longevity of buried ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) seed New Zeal J Exp Agric 11 89 90
99. Thompson A, Saunders AE (1984) A comparison of 2, 4D and MCPA alone and in combination for the control of ragwort. In: Proceedings of the 37th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference, pp 33-36
100. Thompson A, Saunders AE (1986) The effect of fertilizer on ragwort in pasture. In: Proceedings of the 39th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference, pp 33-36
101. USDA (2010) United States Department of Agriculture Plant Database. http://plants.usda.gov:8080/java/profile?symbol=SEER5
102. NM van Dam LWM Vuister C Bergshoeff H de Vos E van der Meijden 1995 The 'raison d'être' of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Cynoglossum officinale: deterrent effects against generalist herbivores J Chem Ecol 21 507 523 10.1007/BF02033698
103. van der Meijden E (1971) Senecio and Tyria (Callimorpha) in a Dutch dune area.A study on an interaction between a monophagous consumer and its host plant. In: den Boer PJ, Gradwell GR (eds) Dynamics of numbers in populations. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, pp 390-404
104. E van der Meijden RE van der Waals-Kooi 1979 The population ecology of Senecio jacobaea in a (Netherlands) sand dune system: 1. Reproductive strategy and the biennial habit J Ecol 67 131 153 10.2307/2259341
105. E van der Meijden CAM van Wijk RE Kooi 1991 Population dynamics of the cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae): oscillations due to food limitation and local extinction risks Neth J Zool 41 158 173 10.1163/156854291X00108
106. K Vrieling LL Soldaat W Smit 1991 The influence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Senecio jacobaea on Tyria jacobaea, Brachycaudus cardii and Haplothrips senecionis Neth J Zool 41 228 239 10.1163/156854291X00162
107. DA Wardle 1987 The ecology of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.)-a review New Zeal J Ecol 10 67 76 (Pubitemid 19318988)
108. TA Watt 1987 The biology and toxicity of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) and its herbicidal and biological control Herbage Abstr 57 1 6
109. Whitson TD, Hawkes B, Brown J, Humphrey D, Langland D (1986) Effect of herbicide treatments on tansy ragwort control. Research Progress Report Western Society of Weed Science, pp 53-54
110. JJ Windig 1991 Life cycle and abundance of Longitarsus jacobaeae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), bio control agent of Senecio jacobaea Entomophaga 36 605 618 10.1007/BF02374443 (Pubitemid 23399922)
111. BR Wiseman ME Snook RL Wilson DJ Isenhour 1992 Allelochemical content of selected popcorn silks-effects on growth of corn earworm larvae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) J Econ Entomol 85 2500 2504
112. B Wu T Takahashi T Kashiwagi S-I Tebayashi C-S Kim 2007 New flavonoid glycosides from the leaves of Solidago altissima Chem Pharm Bull 55 815 816 17473477 10.1248/cpb.55.815 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXntlKksbc%3D (Pubitemid 46708616)