Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) in disorders of cognitive control and emotion regulation: A perspective

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 393-405

  Waider, Jonas ^a   Araragi, Naozumi ^a   Gutknecht, Lise ^a   Lesch, Klaus Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

ADHD; Anxiety aggression; Depression; Development; Knockout; OCD; Serotonin; Suicide; TPH1; TPH2; Tryptophan hydroxylase

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; SEROTONIN 1A RECEPTOR; TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE 2;

ANXIETY; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; DRUG RESPONSE; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; EMOTIONALITY; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME DEFICIENCY; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE CORRELATION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; MOOD DISORDER; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEROTONIN METABOLISM; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TISSUE SPECIFICITY;

ANIMALS; COGNITION DISORDERS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; EMOTIONS; HUMANS; MICE; MICE, TRANSGENIC; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MOOD DISORDERS; TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE;

EID: 79951952652     PISSN: 03064530     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.012     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Abumaria N., Ribic A., Anacker C., Fuchs E., Flugge G. Stress upregulates TPH1 but not TPH2 mRNA in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus: identification of two TPH2 mRNA splice variants. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2008, 28:331-342.
2. Abumaria N., Rygula R., Hiemke C., Fuchs E., Havemann-Reinecke U., Ruther E., Flugge G. Effect of chronic citalopram on serotonin-related and stress-regulated genes in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007, 17:417-429.
3. Alenina N., Kikic D., Todiras M., Mosienko V., Qadri F., Plehm R., Boye P., Vilianovitch L., Sohr R., Tenner K., Hortnagl H., Bader M. Growth retardation and altered autonomic control in mice lacking brain serotonin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106:10332-10337.
4. Arborelius L., Eklund M.B. Both long and brief maternal separation produces persistent changes in tissue levels of brain monoamines in middle-aged female rats. Neuroscience 2007, 145:738-750.
5. Armbruster D., Mueller A., Strobel A., Kirschbaum C., Lesch K.P., Brocke B. Influence of functional tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene variation and sex on the startle response in children, young adults, and older adults. Biol. Psychol. 2010, 83:214-221.
6. Azmitia E.C., McEwen B.S. Early response of rat brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity to cycloheximide, puromycin and corticosterone. J. Neurochem. 1976, 27:773-778.
7. Azmitia E.C., Whitaker-Azmitia P.M. Awakening the sleeping giant: anatomy and plasticity of the brain serotonergic system. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1991, 52(Suppl.):4-16.
8. Bach-Mizrachi H., Underwood M.D., Kassir S.A., Bakalian M.J., Sibille E., Tamir H., Mann J.J., Arango V. Neuronal tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA expression in the human dorsal and median raphe nuclei: major depression and suicide. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:814-824.
9. Bach-Mizrachi H., Underwood M.D., Tin A., Ellis S.P., Mann J.J., Arango V. Elevated expression of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 mRNA at the neuronal level in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of depressed suicides. Mol. Psychiatry 2008.
10. Baehne C.G., Ehlis A.C., Plichta M.M., Conzelmann A., Pauli P., Jacob C., Gutknecht L., Lesch K.P., Fallgatter A.J. Tph2 gene variants modulate response control processes in adult ADHD patients and healthy individuals. Mol. Psychiatry 2009, 14:1032-1039.
11. Barr C.S., Newman T.K., Becker M.L., Parker C.C., Champoux M., Lesch K.P., Goldman D., Suomi S.J., Higley J.D. The utility of the non-human primate; model for studying gene by environment interactions in behavioral research. Genes Brain Behav. 2003, 2:336-340.
12. Beaulieu J.M., Zhang X., Rodriguiz R.M., Sotnikova T.D., Cools M.J., Wetsel W.C., Gainetdinov R.R., Caron M.G. Role of GSK3 beta in behavioral abnormalities induced by serotonin deficiency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105:1333-1338.
13. Boadle-Biber M.C., Corley K.C., Graves L., Phan T.H., Rosecrans J. Increase in the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase from cortex and midbrain of male Fischer 344 rats in response to acute or repeated sound stress. Brain Res. 1989, 482:306-316.
14. Boldrini M., Underwood M.D., Mann J.J., Arango V. More tryptophan hydroxylase in the brainstem dorsal raphe nucleus in depressed suicides. Brain Res. 2005, 1041:19-28.
15. Bonkale W.L., Turecki G., Austin M.C. Increased tryptophan hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the dorsal raphe nucleus of alcohol-dependent, depressed suicide subjects is restricted to the dorsal subnucleus. Synapse 2006, 60:81-85.
16. Bonnin A., Torii M., Wang L., Rakic P., Levitt P. Serotonin modulates the response of embryonic thalamocortical axons to netrin-1. Nat. Neurosci. 2007, 10:588-597.
17. Brown S.M., Peet E., Manuck S.B., Williamson D.E., Dahl R.E., Ferrell R.E., Hariri A.R. A regulatory variant of the human tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene biases amygdala reactivity. Mol. Psychiatry 2005, 10. 884-888, 805.
18. Canli T., Congdon E., Gutknecht L., Constable R.T., Lesch K.P. Amygdala responsiveness is modulated by tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variation. J. Neural Transm. 2005, 112:1479-1485.
19. Canli T., Congdon E., Todd Constable R., Lesch K.P. Additive effects of serotonin transporter and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variation on neural correlates of affective processing. Biol. Psychol. 2008.
20. Canli T., Lesch K.P. Long story short: the serotonin transporter in emotion regulation and social cognition. Nat. Neurosci. 2007, 10:1103-1109.
21. Carkaci-Salli N., Flanagan J.M., Martz M.K., Salli U., Walther D.J., Bader M., Vrana K.E. Functional domains of human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (hTPH2). J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:28105-28112.
22. Carver C.S., Johnson S.L., Joormann J. Serotonergic function, two-mode models of self-regulation, and vulnerability to depression: what depression has in common with impulsive aggression. Psychol. Bull. 2008, 134:912-943.
23. Chamas F.M., Underwood M.D., Arango V., Serova L., Kassir S.A., Mann J.J., Sabban E.L. Immobilization stress elevates tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA and protein in the rat raphe nuclei. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, 55:278-283.
24. Chen G.L., Miller G.M. Rhesus monkey tryptophan hydroxylase-2 coding region haplotypes affect mRNA stability. Neuroscience 2008, 155:485-491.
25. Chen G.L., Novak M.A., Meyer J.S., Kelly B.J., Vallender E.J., Miller G.M. The effect of rearing experience and TPH2 genotype on HPA axis function and aggression in rhesus monkeys: a retrospective analysis. Horm. Behav. 2010, 57:184-191.
26. Chen G.L., Novak M.A., Meyer J.S., Kelly B.J., Vallender E.J., Miller G.M. TPH2 5'- and 3'-regulatory polymorphisms are differentially associated with HPA axis function and self-injurious behavior in rhesus monkeys. Genes Brain Behav. 2010, 9:335-347.
27. Chen G.L., Vallender E.J., Miller G.M. Functional characterization of the human TPH2 5' regulatory region: untranslated region and polymorphisms modulate gene expression in vitro. Hum. Genet. 2008, 122:645-657.
28. Cichon S., Winge I., Mattheisen M., Georgi A., Karpushova A., Freudenberg J., Freudenberg-Hua Y., Babadjanova G., Van Den Bogaert A., Abramova L.I., Kapiletti S., Knappskog P.M., McKinney J., Maier W., Jamra R.A., Schulze T.G., Schumacher J., Propping P., Rietschel M., Haavik J., Nothen M.M. Brain-specific tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2): a functional Pro206Ser substitution and variation in the 5'-region are associated with bipolar affective disorder. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2008, 17:87-97.
29. Clark J.A., Flick R.B., Pai L.Y., Szalayova I., Key S., Conley R.K., Deutch A.Y., Hutson P.H., Mezey E. Glucocorticoid modulation of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 protein in raphe nuclei and 5-hydroxytryptophan concentrations in frontal cortex of C57/Bl6 mice. Mol. Psychiatry 2008, 13:498-506.
30. Clark J.A., Pai L.Y., Flick R.B., Rohrer S.P. Differential hormonal regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 mRNA in the murine dorsal raphe nucleus. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 57:943-946.
31. Clark M.S., McDevitt R.A., Hoplight B.J., Neumaier J.F. Chronic low dose ovine corticotropin releasing factor or urocortin II into the rostral dorsal raphe alters exploratory behavior and serotonergic gene expression in specific subregions of the dorsal raphe. Neuroscience 2007, 146:1888-1905.
32. Clark M.S., McDevitt R.A., Neumaier J.F. Quantitative mapping of tryptophan hydroxylase-2, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, and serotonin transporter expression across the anteroposterior axis of the rat dorsal and median raphe nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 2006, 498:611-623.
33. Clark M.S., Russo A.F. Tissue-specific glucocorticoid regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA levels. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1997, 48:346-354.
34. Cordes S.P. Molecular genetics of the early development of hindbrain serotonergic neurons. Clin. Genet. 2005, 68:487-494.
35. Côté F., Fligny C., Bayard E., Launay J.M., Gershon M.D., Mallet J., Vodjdani G. Maternal serotonin is crucial for murine embryonic development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104:329-334.
36. Côté F., Thevenot E., Fligny C., Fromes Y., Darmon M., Ripoche M.A., Bayard E., Hanoun N., Saurini F., Lechat P., Dandolo L., Hamon M., Mallet J., Vodjdani G. Disruption of the nonneuronal tph1 gene demonstrates the importance of peripheral serotonin in cardiac function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100:13525-13530.
37. De Luca V., Likhodi O., Van Tol H.H., Kennedy J.L., Wong A.H. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene expression and promoter polymorphisms in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005, 183:378-382.
38. De Luca V., Likhodi O., Van Tol H.H., Kennedy J.L., Wong A.H. Gene expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 in post-mortem brain of suicide subjects. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006, 9:21-25.
39. Di Pino G., Moessner R., Lesch P., Lauder J., Persico A. Roles for serotonin in neurodevelopment: more than just neural transmission. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2004, 2:403-418.
40. Ding Y.Q., Marklund U., Yuan W., Yin J., Wegman L., Ericson J., Deneris E., Johnson R.L., Chen Z.F. Lmx1b is essential for the development of serotonergic neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 2003, 6:933-938.
41. Dygalo N.N., Shishkina G.T., Kalinina T.S., Yudina A.M., Ovchinnikova E.S. Effect of repeated treatment with fluoxetine on tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene expression in the rat brainstem. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2006, 85:220-227.
42. Fabre V., Beaufour C., Evrard A., Rioux A., Hanoun N., Lesch K.P., Murphy D.L., Lanfumey L., Hamon M., Martres M.P. Altered expression and functions of serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors in knock-out mice lacking the 5-HT transporter. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2000, 12:2299-2310.
43. Fineberg N.A., Potenza M.N., Chamberlain S.R., Berlin H.A., Menzies L., Bechara A., Sahakian B.J., Robbins T.W., Bullmore E.T., Hollander E. Probing compulsive and impulsive behaviors, from animal models to endophenotypes: a narrative review. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010, 35:591-604.
44. Gartside S.E., Johnson D.A., Leitch M.M., Troakes C., Ingram C.D. Early life adversity programs changes in central 5-HT neuronal function in adulthood. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 17:2401-2408.
45. Gaspar P., Cases O., Maroteaux L. The developmental role of serotonin: news from mouse molecular genetics. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2003, 4:1002-1012.
46. Gobbi G., Murphy D.L., Lesch K., Blier P. Modifications of the serotonergic system in mice lacking serotonin transporters: an in vivo electrophysiological study. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2001, 296:987-995.
47. Goodwin G.M., De Souza R.J., Green A.R. The effects of a 5-HT1 receptor ligand isapirone (TVX Q 7821) on 5-HT synthesis and the behavioural effects of 5-HT agonists in mice and rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1986, 89:382-387.
48. Grohmann M., Hammer P., Walther M., Paulmann N., Buttner A., Eisenmenger W., Baghai T.C., Schule C., Rupprecht R., Bader M., Bondy B., Zill P., Priller J., Walther D.J. Alternative splicing and extensive RNA editing of human TPH2 transcripts. PLoS One 2010, 5:e8956.
49. Gundlah C., Alves S.E., Clark J.A., Pai L.Y., Schaeffer J.M., Rohrer S.P. Estrogen receptor-beta regulates tryptophan hydroxylase-1 expression in the murine midbrain raphe. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 57:938-942.
50. Gutknecht L., Jacob C., Strobel A., Kriegebaum C., Muller J., Zeng Y., Markert C., Escher A., Wendland J., Reif A., Mössner R., Gross C., Brocke B., Lesch K.P. Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variation influences personality traits and disorders related to emotional dysregulation. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007, 10:309-320.
51. Gutknecht L., Kriegebaum C., Waider J., Schmitt A., Lesch K.P. Spatio-temporal expression of tryptophan hydroxylase isoforms in murine and human brain: convergent data from Tph2 knockout mice. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009, 19:266-282.
52. Gutknecht L., Waider J., Kraft S., Kriegebaum C., Holtmann B., Reif A., Schmitt A., Lesch K.P. Deficiency of brain 5-HT synthesis but serotonergic neuron formation in Tph2 knockout mice. J. Neural Transm. 2008, 115:1127-1132.
53. Haghighi F., Bach-Mizrachi H., Huang Y.Y., Arango V., Shi S., Dwork A.J., Rosoklija G., Sheng H.T., Morozova I., Ju J., Russo J.J., Mann J.J. Genetic architecture of the human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 Gene: existence of neural isoforms and relevance for major depression. Mol. Psychiatry 2008, 13:813-820.
54. Halmoy A., Johansson S., Winge I., McKinney J.A., Knappskog P.M., Haavik J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in offspring of mothers with impaired serotonin production. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2010, 67:1033-1043.
55. Harvey M., Shink E., Tremblay M., Gagne B., Raymond C., Labbe M., Walther D.J., Bader M., Barden N. Support for the involvement of TPH2 gene in affective disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 2004, 9:980-981.
56. Hendricks T.J., Fyodorov D.V., Wegman L.J., Lelutiu N.B., Pehek E.A., Yamamoto B., Silver J., Weeber E.J., Sweatt J.D., Deneris E.S. Pet-1 ETS gene plays a critical role in 5-HT neuron development and is required for normal anxiety-like and aggressive behavior. Neuron 2003, 37:233-247.
57. Herrmann M.J., Huter T., Muller F., Muhlberger A., Pauli P., Reif A., Renner T., Canli T., Fallgatter A.J., Lesch K.P. Additive effects of serotonin transporter and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variation on emotional processing. Cereb. Cortex 2007, 17:1160-1163.
58. Heydendael W., Jacobson L. Differential effects of imipramine and phenelzine on corticosteroid receptor gene expression in mouse brain: potential relevance to antidepressant response. Brain Res. 2008, 1238:93-107.
59. Homberg J.R., Lesch K.P. Looking on the bright side of serotonin transporter gene variation. Biol. Psychiatry 2010.
60. Hornung J.P. The human raphe nuclei and the serotonergic system. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2003, 26:331-343.
61. Jacob C.P., Muller J., Schmidt M., Hohenberger K., Gutknecht L., Reif A., Schmidtke A., Mossner R., Lesch K.P. Cluster B personality disorders are associated with allelic variation of monoamine oxidase A activity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, 30:1711-1718.
62. Jacob C.P., Nguyen T.T., Dempfle A., Heine M., Windemuth-Kieselbach C., Baumann K., Jacob F., Prechtl J., Wittlich M., Herrmann M.J., Gross-Lesch S., Lesch K.P., Reif A. A gene-environment investigation on personality traits in two independent clinical sets of adult patients with personality disorder and attention deficit/hyperactive disorder. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2010, 260:317-326.
63. Johansson S., Halmoy A., Mavroconstanti T., Jacobsen K.K., Landaas E.T., Reif A., Jacob C., Boreatti-Hummer A., Kreiker S., Lesch K.P., Kan C.C., Kooij J.J., Kiemeney L.A., Buitelaar J.K., Franke B., Ribases M., Bosch R., Bayes M., Casas M., Ramos-Quiroga J.A., Cormand B., Knappskog P., Haavik J. Common variants in the TPH1 and TPH2 regions are not associated with persistent ADHD in a combined sample of 1,636 adult cases and 1,923 controls from four European populations. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2010, 153B:1008-1015.
64. Kriegebaum C., Song N.N., Gutknecht L., Huang Y., Schmitt A., Reif A., Ding Y.Q., Lesch K.P. Brain-specific conditional and time-specific inducible Tph2 knockout mice possess normal serotonergic gene expression in the absence of serotonin during adult life. Neurochem. Int. 2010.
65. Lerch-Haner J.K., Frierson D., Crawford L.K., Beck S.G., Deneris E.S. Serotonergic transcriptional programming determines maternal behavior and offspring survival. Nat. Neurosci. 2008, 11:1001-1003.
66. Lesch K.P. Gene-environment interaction in generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized Anxiety Disorders: Symptomatology, Pathogenesis and Management 2002, 71-87. D. Nutt, K. Rickels, D. Stein (Eds.).
67. Lesch K.P. Gene-environment interaction and the genetics of depression. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2004, 29:174-184.
68. Lesch K.P. Neurogenomics of depression. From Novel Insights to Therapeutic Strategies 2005, 713-732. Wiley-VCH Weinheim. J. Licinio, M.L. Wong (Eds.).
69. Lesch, K.P., 2011. When the serotonin transporter gene meets adversity: contribution of animal models to our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms in disorders of emotion regulation. In: Hagan, J.J. (Ed.). Animal Models in Behavioral Neuroscience. Springer, Heidelberg, New York. in press.
70. Li X.M., Perry K.W., Wong D.T. Difference in the in vivo influence of serotonin1A autoreceptors on serotonin release in prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus of the same rat treated with fluoxetine. Chin. J. Physiol. 1999, 42:53-59.
71. Lopez V.A., Detera-Wadleigh S., Cardona I., Kassem L., McMahon F.J. Nested association between genetic variation in tryptophan hydroxylase II, bipolar affective disorder, and suicide attempts. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 61:181-186.
72. Malek Z.S., Dardente H., Pevet P., Raison S. Tissue-specific expression of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNAs in the rat midbrain: anatomical evidence and daily profiles. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2005, 22:895-901.
73. Mann J.J., Currier D., Murphy L., Huang Y.Y., Galfalvy H., Brent D., Greenhill L., Oquendo M. No association between a TPH2 promoter polymorphism and mood disorders or monoamine turnover. J. Affect. Disord. 2008, 106:117-121.
74. Martel M.M. Research review: a new perspective on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: emotion dysregulation and trait models. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2009, 50:1042-1051.
75. McEuen J.G., Beck S.G., Bale T.L. Failure to mount adaptive responses to stress results in dysregulation and cell death in the midbrain raphe. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:8169-8177.
76. McKinney J., Johansson S., Halmoy A., Dramsdahl M., Winge I., Knappskog P.M., Haavik J. A loss-of-function mutation in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 segregating with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 2008, 13:365-367.
77. McKinney J., Knappskog P.M., Haavik J. Different properties of the central and peripheral forms of human tryptophan hydroxylase. J. Neurochem 2005, 92:311-320.
78. McKinney J.A., Turel B., Winge I., Knappskog P.M., Haavik J. Functional properties of missense variants of human tryptophan hydroxylase 2. Hum. Mutat. 2009, 30:787-794.
79. Mössner R., Walitza S., Geller F., Scherag A., Gutknecht L., Jacob C., Bogusch L., Remschmidt H., Simons M., Herpertz-Dahlmann B., Fleischhaker C., Schulz E., Warnke A., Hinney A., Wewetzer C., Lesch K.P. Transmission disequilibrium of polymorphic variants in the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006, 9:437-442.
80. Nakamura K., Sugawara Y., Sawabe K., Ohashi A., Tsurui H., Xiu Y., Ohtsuji M., Lin Q.S., Nishimura H., Hasegawa H., Hirose S. Late developmental stage-specific role of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 in brain serotonin levels. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:530-534.
81. Osipova D.V., Kulikov A.V., Popova N.K. C1473G polymorphism in mouse tph2 gene is linked to tryptophan hydroxylase-2 activity in the brain, intermale aggression, and depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test. J. Neurosci. Res. 2009, 87:1168-1174.
82. Patel P.D., Pontrello C., Burke S. Robust and tissue-specific expression of TPH2 versus TPH1 in rat raphe and pineal gland. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, 55:428-433.
83. Reif A., Rosler M., Freitag C.M., Schneider M., Eujen A., Kissling C., Wenzler D., Jacob C.P., Retz-Junginger P., Thome J., Lesch K.P., Retz W. Nature and nurture predispose to violent behavior: serotonergic genes and adverse childhood environment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 32:2375-2383.
84. Renson J., Weissbach H., Udenfriend S. Hydroxylation of tryptophan by phenylalanine hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 1962, 237:2261-2264.
85. Ruijter J.M., Ramakers C., Hoogaars W.M., Karlen Y., Bakker O., van den Hoff M.J., Moorman A.F. Amplification efficiency: linking baseline and bias in the analysis of quantitative PCR data. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009, 37:e45.
86. Savelieva K.V., Zhao S., Pogorelov V.M., Rajan I., Yang Q., Cullinan E., Lanthorn T.H. Genetic disruption of both tryptophan hydroxylase genes dramatically reduces serotonin and affects behavior in models sensitive to antidepressants. PLoS One 2008, 3:e3301.
87. Scheuch K., Lautenschlager M., Grohmann M., Stahlberg S., Kirchheiner J., Zill P., Heinz A., Walther D.J., Priller J. Characterization of a functional promoter polymorphism of the human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene in serotonergic raphe neurons. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 62:1288-1294.
88. Shishkina G.T., Kalinina T.S., Dygalo N.N. Up-regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 mRNA in the rat brain by chronic fluoxetine treatment correlates with its antidepressant effect. Neuroscience 2007, 150:404-412.
89. Siesser W.B., Zhang X., Jacobsen J.P., Sotnikova T.D., Gainetdinov R.R., Caron M.G. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 genotype determines brain serotonin synthesis but not tissue content in C57Bl/6 and BALB/c congenic mice. Neurosci. Lett. 2010, 481:6-11.
90. Singh V.B., Corley K.C., Phan T.H., Boadle-Biber M.C. Increases in the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase from rat cortex and midbrain in response to acute or repeated sound stress are blocked by adrenalectomy and restored by dexamethasone treatment. Brain Res. 1990, 516:66-76.
91. Singh V.B., Onaivi E.S., Phan T.H., Boadle-Biber M.C. The increases in rat cortical and midbrain tryptophan hydroxylase activity in response to acute or repeated sound stress are blocked by bilateral lesions to the central nucleus of the amygdala. Brain Res. 1990, 530:49-53.
92. Tenner K., Qadri F., Bert B., Voigt J.P., Bader M. The mTPH2 C1473G single nucleotide polymorphism is not responsible for behavioural differences between mouse strains. Neurosci. Lett. 2008, 431:21-25.
93. Underwood M.D., Arango V., Bakalian M.J., Ruggiero D.A., Mann J.J. Dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic neurons innervate the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rat. Brain Res. 1999, 824:45-55.
94. Van Den Bogaert A., Sleegers K., De Zutter S., Heyrman L., Norrback K.F., Adolfsson R., Van Broeckhoven C., Del-Favero J. Association of brain-specific tryptophan hydroxylase, TPH2, with unipolar and bipolar disorder in a Northern Swedish, isolated population. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2006, 63:1103-1110.
95. Van den Hove D.L., Lauder J.M., Scheepens A., Prickaerts J., Blanco C.E., Steinbusch H.W. Prenatal stress in the rat alters 5-HT1A receptor binding in the ventral hippocampus. Brain Res. 2006, 1090:29-34.
96. van Riel E., Meijer O.C., Steenbergen P.J., Joels M. Chronic unpredictable stress causes attenuation of serotonin responses in cornu ammonis 1 pyramidal neurons. Neuroscience 2003, 120:649-658.
97. Vitalis T., Cases O., Passemard S., Callebert J., Parnavelas J.G. Embryonic depletion of serotonin affects cortical development. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2007, 26:331-344.
98. Walitza S., Renner T.J., Dempfle A., Konrad K., Wewetzer C., Halbach A., Herpertz-Dahlmann B., Remschmidt H., Smidt J., Linder M., Flierl L., Knolker U., Friedel S., Schafer H., Gross C., Hebebrand J., Warnke A., Lesch K.P. Transmission disequilibrium of polymorphic variants in the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 2005, 10:1126-1132.
99. Walther D.J., Bader M. A unique central tryptophan hydroxylase isoform. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2003, 66:1673-1680.
100. Walther D.J., Peter J.U., Bashammakh S., Hortnagl H., Voits M., Fink H., Bader M. Synthesis of serotonin by a second tryptophan hydroxylase isoform. Science 2003, 299:76.
101. Winge I., McKinney J.A., Knappskog P.M., Haavik J. Characterization of wild-type and mutant forms of human tryptophan hydroxylase 2. J. Neurochem. 2007, 100:1648-1657.
102. Winge I., McKinney J.A., Ying M., D'Santos C.S., Kleppe R., Knappskog P.M., Haavik J. Activation and stabilization of human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 by phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding. Biochem. J. 2008, 410:195-204.
103. Zhang X., Beaulieu J.M., Sotnikova T.D., Gainetdinov R.R., Caron M.G. Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 controls brain serotonin synthesis. Science 2004, 305:217.
104. Zhang X., Gainetdinov R.R., Beaulieu J.M., Sotnikova T.D., Burch L.H., Williams R.B., Schwartz D.A., Krishnan K.R., Caron M.G. Loss-of-function mutation in tryptophan hydroxylase-2 identified in unipolar major depression. Neuron 2005, 45:11-16.
105. Zhao Z.Q., Scott M., Chiechio S., Wang J.S., Renner K.J., Gereau R.W.t., Johnson R.L., Deneris E.S., Chen Z.F. Lmx1b is required for maintenance of central serotonergic neurons and mice lacking central serotonergic system exhibit normal locomotor activity. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:12781-12788.
106. Zhou Z., Roy A., Lipsky R., Kuchipudi K., Zhu G., Taubman J., Enoch M.A., Virkkunen M., Goldman D. Haplotype-based linkage of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 to suicide attempt, major depression, and cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in 4 populations. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2005, 62:1109-1118.
107. Zill P., Baghai T.C., Zwanzger P., Schule C., Eser D., Rupprecht R., Moller H.J., Bondy B., Ackenheil M. SNP and haplotype analysis of a novel tryptophan hydroxylase isoform (TPH2) gene provide evidence for association with major depression. Mol. Psychiatry 2004, 9:1030-1036.
108. Zill P., Buttner A., Eisenmenger W., Moller H.J., Ackenheil M., Bondy B. Analysis of tryptophan hydroxylase I and II mRNA expression in the human brain: a post-mortem study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2007, 41:168-173.