Morphology, molecular phylogeny, and taxonomic inconsistencies in the study of Bradypus sloths (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)

Journal of Mammalogy

Volumn 92, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 86-100

  De Moraes Barros, Nadia ^a   Silva, Juliana A B ^a   Morgante, João Stenghel ^a  

^a Laboratorio de Biologia Evolutiva e Conservação de Vertebrados LABEC   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Misidentification; Molecular data; Phylogenetic incongruity; Three toed sloth

Indexed keywords

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; HISTORICAL RECORD; MAMMAL; MORPHOLOGY; PHYLOGENETICS; PHYLOGENY; TAXONOMY;

BRAZIL;

BRADYPODIDAE; BRADYPUS; BRADYPUS TRIDACTYLUS; BRADYPUS VARIEGATUS; MYA; SLOTHS;

EID: 79951894461     PISSN: 00222372     EISSN: 15451542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1644/10-MAMM-A-086.1     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. AGUIAR, J. M. 2004. The 2004 edentate species assessment workshop. Species summaries and species discussion. Edentata 6:3-26.
2. ANDERSON, R. P., AND C. O. HANDLEY, JR. 2001. A new species of three-toed sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Panama, with a review of the genus Bradypus. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114:1-33. (Pubitemid 32403611)
3. ARNASON, U., A. GULLBERG, AND A. JANKE. 1997. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA suggest a sister group relationship between Xenarthra (Edentata) and Ferungulates. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14:762-768. (Pubitemid 27287297)
4. ÁVILA-PIRES, F. D., AND E. GOUVEIA. 1977. Mamíferos do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Boletim do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia 291:1-29.
5. AVISE, J. C. 2004. Molecular markers, natural history, and evolution. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
6. BARROS, M. C., I. SAMPAIO, AND H. SCHNEIDER. 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S mitochondrial DNA data in sloths and anteaters. Genetics and Molecular Biology 26:5-11. (Pubitemid 36442991)
7. BARROS, M. C., I. SAMPAIO, AND H. SCHNEIDER. 2008. Novel 12S mtDNA findings in sloths (Pilosa, Folivora) and anteaters (Pilosa, Vermilingua) suggest a true case of long branch attraction. Genetics and Molecular Biology 31:793-799.
8. DE BLAINVILLE, M.H.M.D. 1840. Osteógraphie ou description iconographique comparÉe du squelette et du système dentaire des cinq classes d animaux vertÉbrÉs rÉcents et fossiles pour servir de base a la zoologie et a la gÉologie. Mammifères.- Paresseaux.-G. Bradypus. Part 4. Arthus Bertrand, Paris, France.
9. DELSUC, F., F. M. CATZEFLIS, M. J. STANHOPE, AND E. J. P. DOUZERY. 2001. The evolution of armadillos, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. Biological Sciences 268:1605-1615. (Pubitemid 32730417)
10. DELSUC, F., ET AL. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of living xenarthrans and the impact of character and taxon sampling on the placental tree rooting. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19:1656-1671.
11. DELSUC, F., S. F. VIZCAINO, AND E. J. DOUZERY. 2004. Influence of Tertiary paleoenvironmental changes on the diversification of South American mammals: a relaxed molecular clock study within xenarthrans. BMC Evolutionary Biology 4:11.
12. EIZIRIK, E., W. J. MURPHY, AND S. J. O BRIEN. 2001. Molecular dating and biogeography of the early placental mammal radiation. Journal of Heredity 92:212-219. (Pubitemid 32521993)
13. GANNON, W. L., R. S. SIKES, AND THE ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MAMMALOGISTS. 2007. Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research. Journal of Mammalogy 88:809-823. (Pubitemid 47001236)
14. GARDNER, A. L. (ed.). 2007 [dated 2007 but published 2008]. Mammals of South America. Vol. 1. Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
15. GILMORE, D. P., C. P. COSTA, AND D. P. F. DUARTE. 2000. An update on the physiology of two- and three-toed sloths. Brazilian Journal of Medical Biology Research 33:129-146. (Pubitemid 30141009)
16. GOOD, J. M., ET AL. 2008. Ancient hybridization and mitochondrial capture between two species of chipmunks. Molecular Ecology 17:1313-1327. (Pubitemid 351294600)
17. GREENWOOD, A. D., J. CASTRESANA, G. FELDMAIER-FUCHS, AND S. PÄ Ä BO. 2001. A molecular phylogeny of two extinct sloths. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 18:94-103. (Pubitemid 32113880)
18. HAWKSWORTH, D. L. 2004. Biological papers without cited voucher material are so much waste paper. European Journal of Science Education 30:81-83.
19. HAYSSEN, V. 2009. Bradypus tridactylus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae). Mammalian Species 839:1-9.
20. HAYSSEN, V. 2010. Bradypus variegatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae). Mammalian Species 42(850):19-32.
21. INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES (IUCN). 2009. IUCN Red list of threatened species. Version 2009.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 20 February 2010.
22. LARA-RUIZ, P., A. G. CHIARELLO, AND F. R. SANTOS. 2008. Extreme population divergence and conservation implications for the rare endangered Atlantic Forest sloth, Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae). Biological Conservation 141:1332-1342.
23. MCLENACHAN, P., AND D. PENNY. 2005. NCBI Genome Project. Massey University, Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
24. MORAES-BARROS, N., C. Y. MIYAKI, AND J. S. MORGANTE. 2007. Identifying Management Units in non-endangered species: the example of the sloth Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825. Brazilian Journal of Biology 6:829-837. (Pubitemid 351463392)
25. MORAES-BARROS, N., AND J. S. MORGANTE. 2007. A simple protocol for the extraction and sequence analysis of DNA from study skin of museum collections. Genetics and Molecular Biology 30:1181-1185.
26. MORAES-BARROS, N., J. A. B. SILVA, C. Y. MIYAKI, AND J. S. MORGANTE. 2006. Comparative phylogeography of the Atlantic Forest endemic sloth (Bradypus torquatus) and the widespread three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) (Bradypodidae, Xenarthra). Genetica 126:189-198.
27. MURPHY, W. J., T. H. PRINGLE, T. A. CRIDER, M. S. SPRINGER, AND W. MILLER. 2007. Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny. Genetics Research 17:413-421. (Pubitemid 46556445)
28. NIKOLAEV, S., J. I. MONTOYA-BURGOS, E. H. MARGULIES, J. ROUGEMONT, B. NYFFELER, AND S. E. ANTONARAKIS. 2007. Early history of mammals is elucidated with the ENCODE multiple species sequencing data. PLoS Genetics 3:e2.
29. PAYNE, R. B., AND M. D. SORENSON. 2003. Museum collections as sources of genetic data. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 51:97-104. (Pubitemid 37342587)
30. POINAR, H., M. KUCH, G. MCDONALD, P. MARTIN, AND S. PAABO. 2003. Nuclear gene sequences from a late Pleistocene sloth coprolite. Current Biology 13:1150-1152. (Pubitemid 36815265)
31. POSADA, D., AND K. A. CRANDALL. 1998. Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14:817-818. (Pubitemid 28552116)
32. PRASAD, A. B., M. W. ALLARD, AND E. D. GREEN. 2008. Confirming the phylogeny of mammals by use of large comparative sequence data sets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25:1795-1808.
33. RANWEZ, V., F. DELSUC, S. RANWEZ, K. BELKHIR, M. K. TILAK, AND E. J. DOUZERY. 2007. OrthoMaM: a database of orthologous genomic markers for placental mammal phylogenetics. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7:241.
34. RODRÍGUEZ, F. J., J. L. OLIVER, A. MARÍN, AND J. R. MEDINA. 1990. The general stochastic model of nucleotide substitution. Journal of Theoretical Biology 142:485-501. (Pubitemid 20108270)
35. SANDERSON, M. J. 2002. Estimating absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times: a penalized likelihood approach. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19:101-109. (Pubitemid 34008052)
36. SANDERSON, M. J. 2003. R8s: inferring absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times in the absence of a molecular clock. Bioinformatics 19:301-302. (Pubitemid 36181923)
37. SCHINZ, H. R. 1825. Das Thierreich eingetheilr nach dem Bau der Thiere als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschihte und der vergleichenden Anatomie. J. G. Cotta, Stuttgart and Tu bingen, Germany. Vol. 4.
38. SORENSON, M. D., AND R. B. PAYNE. 2001. A single origin of brood parasitism in African finches: implications for host-parasite coevolution. Evolution 55:2550-2567. (Pubitemid 34115685)
39. SORENSON, M. D., AND R. B. PAYNE. 2002. Molecular genetic perspectives on avian brood parasitism. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42:388-400.
40. STANHOPE, M. J., ET AL. 1998. Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95:9967-9972. (Pubitemid 28415278)
41. SWOFFORD, D. L. 2002. PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
42. TAMURA, K., AND M. NEI. 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitution in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10:512-526. (Pubitemid 23157236)
43. THOMAS, G. H. 2008. Phylogenetic distributions of British birds of conservation concern. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. Biological Sciences 275:2077-2083.
44. TROUESSART, E. L. 1898. Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium. Fasciculus V. Sirenia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Allotheria, Monotremata. R. Friedländer & Sohn, Berlin, Germany.
45. VIEIRA, C. D. C. 1955. Lista remissiva dos mam feros do Brasil. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de São Paulo 8:341-474.
46. VILGALYS, R. 2003. Taxonomic misidentification in public DNA databases. New Phytologist 160:4-5. (Pubitemid 37155966)
47. WETZEL, R. M. 1982. Systematics, distribution, ecology, and conservation of South American edentates. Pp. 345-375 in Mammalian biology in South America (M. A. Mares and H. H. Genoways, eds.). Pymantuning Laboratory of Ecology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
48. WETZEL, R. M., AND F. D. ÁVILA-PIRES. 1980. Identification and distribution of the recent sloths of Brazil (Edentata). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 40:831-836.