High-resolution simulation over central Europe: Assimilation experiments during COPS IOP 9c

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 137, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2011, Pages 156-175

  Schwitalla, Thomas ^a   Bauer, Hans Stefan ^a   Wulfmeyer, Volker ^a   Aoshima, Fumiko ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM   (Germany)

Author keywords

3D Var; Convection permitting WRF; GPS; Precipitation; QPF

Indexed keywords

3D-VAR; CONVECTION-PERMITTING WRF; GPS; PRECIPITATION; QPF;

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; THREE DIMENSIONAL; VALUE ENGINEERING;

WEATHER FORECASTING;

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; BOUNDARY LAYER; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DATA ASSIMILATION; GPS; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); RELATIVE HUMIDITY; WEATHER FORECASTING; WIND FIELD;

CENTRAL EUROPE; FRANCE;

EID: 79951883814     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: 1477870X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/qj.721     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Aligo EA, Gallus WA, Segal W. 2009. On the impact of WRF model vertical grid resolution on midwest summer rainfall forecasts. Weather Forecasting 24: 575-594.
2. Aoshima F, Behrendt A, Bauer H-S, Wulfmeyer V. 2008 Statistics of convection initiation by use of Meteosat rapid scan data during the Convection and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS). Meteorol. Z. 17: 921-930.
3. Baldauf M, Förstner J, Klink S, Reinhardt T, Schraff C, Seifert A, Stephan K. 2009. 'Kurze Beschreibung des Lokal-Modells Kürzestfrist COSMO-DE (LMK) und seiner Datenbanken auf dem Datenserver des DWD'. DWD: Offenbach, Germany.
4. Bárdossy A, Lehmann W. 1998. Spatial distribution of soil moisture in a small catchment. Part 1: Geostatistical analysis. J. Hydrol. 206: 1-15.
5. Barker DM, Guo Y-R, Huang W, Bourgeois A. 2003. The three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) data assimilation system for the use with MM5. Tech. Note TN-453+STR, NCAR: Boulder, Colorado, USA.
6. Barker DM, Huang W, Guo Y-R, Xiao QN. 2004. A three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system for MM5. Implementation and initial results. Mon. Weather Rev. 132: 897-914.
7. Bauer H-S, Zus F, Wulfmeyer V, Schwitalla T, Grzeschik M, Dick G, Bender M. 2010. Operational assimilation of GPS slant path delay measurements into the MM5 4D-Var system. Tellus A DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00489.x.
8. Beljaars ACM. 1994. The parametrization of surface fluxes in large-scale models under free convection. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 121: 255-270.
9. Behrendt A, Pal S, Aoshima F, Bender M, Blyth A, Corsmeier U, Cuesta J, Dick G, Dorninger M, Flamant C, Di Girolamo P, Gorgas T, Huang Y, Kalthoff N, Khodayar S, Mannstein H, Träumner K, Wieser A, Wulfmeyer V. 2011. Observation of convection initiation processes with a suite of state-of-the-art research instruments during COPS IOP 8b. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137(S1): 81-100, DOI: 10.1002/qj.758.
10. Bennett LJ, Blyth AM, Burton RR, Gadian AM, Weckwerth TM, Behrendt A, Di Girolamo P, Dorninger M, Lock S-J, Smith VH, Mobbs SD. 2011 Initiation of convection over the Black Forest mountains during COPS IOP15a. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137(S1): 176-189.
11. Bevis M, Businger S, Herring T A, Anthes RA, Ware RH. 1992. GPS Meteorology: Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor using the Global Positioning System. J. Geophys. Res. 97: 15787-15801.
12. Boniface K, Ducrocq V, Jaubert G, Yan X, Brousseau P, Masson F, Champollion C, Chéry J, Doerflinger E. 2009. Impact of high-resolution data assimilation of GPS zenith delay on Mediterranean heavy rainfall forecasting. Ann. Geophys. 27: 2739-2753.
13. Bouttier F. 2007. AROME, avenir de la prévision régionale. La Météorologie 58: 12-20.
14. Chen F, Dudhia J. 2001. Coupling an advanced land-surface/hydrology model with the Penn State NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity. Mon. Weather Rev. 129: 569-585.
15. Chen F, Manning KW, LeMone MA, Trier SB, Roberts R, Tewari M, Horst TW, Oncley SP, Alfieri JG, Blanken PD, Niyogi D, Basara JB. 2007. Description and evaluation of the characteristics of the NCAR high-resolution land data assimilation system. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 46: 694-713.
16. Chen S-H. 2007. The impact of assimilating SSM/I and QuickSCAT satellite winds on hurricane Isidore simulations. Mon. Weather Rev. 135: 549-566.
17. Clark AJ, Gallus WA, Xue M, Kong F. 2009. A comparison of precipitation forecast skill between small convection-allowing and large convection-parameterizing ensembles. Weather Forecasting 24: 1121-1240.
18. Colle BA, Wolfe JB, Steenburgh WJ, Kingsmill DE, Cox JAW, Shafer JC. 2005. High-resolution simulations and microphysical validation of an orographic precipitation event over the Wasatch mountains during IPEX IOP3. Mon. Weather Rev. 133: 2947-2971.
19. Corsmeier U, Kalthoff N, Barthlott C, Behrendt A, DiGirolamo P, Dorninger M, Aoshima F, Handwerker J, Kottmeier C, Mahlke H, Mobbs S, Vaughan G, Wickert J, Wulfmeyer V. 2011. Processes driving deep convection over complex terrain: a multi-scale analysis of observations from COPS IOP 9c. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137(S1): 137-155, DOI: 10.1002/qj.754.
20. Courtier P, Thépaut J-N, Hollingsworth A. 1994. A strategy for operational implementation of 4D-Var, using an incremental approach. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 120: 1367-1387.
21. Courtier P, Andersson E, Heckley W, Pailleux J, Vasiljevic D, Hamruth A, Hollingsworth A, Rabier F, Fisher M. 1998. The ECMWF implementation of three-dimensional variational assimilation (3D-Var). I: Formulation. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 124: 1783-1807.
22. Cucurull L, Vandenberghe F, Barker D, Vilaclara E, Rius A. 2004. Three-dimensional variational data assimilation of ground-based GPS ZTD and meteorological observations during the 14 December 2001 storm event over the western Mediterranean Sea. Mon. Weather Rev. 132: 749-763.
23. Dorninger M, Gorgas T, Schwitalla T, Arpagaus M, Rotach M, Wulfmeyer V. 2009. 'Joint D-PHASE-COPS data set (JDC data set)'. Technical report. Available at.
24. Douville H, Viterbo P, Mahfouf J-F, Beljars ACM. 2001. Evaluation of the optimum interpolation and nudging techniques for soil moisture analysis using FIFE data. Mon. Weather Rev. 128: 1733-1756.
25. DTC. 2009. 'MET: Version 2.0 Model Evaluation Tools User's Guide'. Developmental Testbed Center: Boulder, Colorado, USA.
26. Dudhia J. 1989. Numerical study of convection observed during winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci. 46: 3077-3107.
27. Ebert EE, Damrath U, Wergen W, Baldwin ME. 2003. The WGNE assessment of short-term quantitative precipitation forecasts. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 84: 481-492.
28. ECMWF. 2009. 'Model upgrade plan: Horizontal resolution increase'. ECMWF: Reading, UK.
29. Ek MB, Mitchell KE, Lin Y, Rogers E, Grummann P, Koren V, Gayno G, Tarpley JD. 2003. Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational Mesoscale Eta Model. J. Geophys. Res. 108D22 DOI: 10.1029/2002JD003296.
30. EUMETSAT. 2009. 'MSG Meteorological Products Extraction Facility Algorithm Specification Document'. EUMETSAT: Darmstadt, Germany.
31. Evensen G. 1994. Sequential data assimilation with a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic model using Monte Carlo methods to forecast error statistics. J. Geophys. Res. 99: 10143-10162.
32. Evensen G. 2003. The ensemble Kalman filter: theoretical formulation and practical implementation. Ocean Dyn. 53: 343-367.
33. Fisher M. 2003. 'Background error covariance modelling'. In Proceedings of Seminar on Recent Developments in Data Assimilation for Atmosphere and Ocean. ECMWF: Reading, UK. 45-63.
34. Fritsch JM, Carbone RE. 2004. Improving quantitative precipitation forecasts in the warm season: A USWRP research and development strategy. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 85: 955-965.
35. Grams JS, Gallus WA, Koch SE, Wharton LS, Loughe A, Ebert EE. 2006. The use of a modified Ebert-McBride technique to evaluate mesoscale model QPF as a function of convective system morphology during IHOP 2002. Weather Forecasting 21: 288-306.
36. Grell GA, Dudhia J, Stauffer RR. 1995. 'A description of the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5)'. Tech. Note TN-398+STR. NCAR: Boulder, Colorado, USA.
37. Hoffman RN, Leidner SM. 2005. An introduction to the near-real-time QuikSCAT data. Weather Forecasting 20: 476-493.
38. Hollinger J. 1989. 'DMSP Special Sensor Microwave/Imager Calibration/Validation. Vol. 1'. Final Report, Naval Research Laboratory: Washington DC.
39. Hong S-Y. 2007. 'Stable boundary-layer mixing in a vertical diffusion scheme'. In Proceedings of Fall Conference, Seoul, Korea, 25-26 Oct. Korean Meteorol. Soc: Seoul.
40. Hong S-Y, Noh Y, Dudhia J. 2006. A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Weather Rev. 134: 2318-2341.
41. Huang XY, Xiao Q, Barker DM, Zhang X, Michalakes J, Huang W, Henderson T, Brey J, Chen Y, Ma Z, Dudhia J, Guo Y, Zhang X, Won DJ, Lin HC, Kuo YH. 2009. Four-dimensional variational data assimilation for WRF: Formulation and preliminary results. Mon. Weather Rev. 137: 299-314.
42. Ide K, Courtier P, Ghil M, Lorenc AC. 1997. Unified notation for data assimilation: Operational, sequential and variational. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 75: 181-189.
43. Janjić ZI. 2003. A non-hydrostatic model based on a new approach. Meterol. Atmos. Phys. 82: 271-285.
44. Kain JS, Weiss SJ, Bright DR, Baldwin ME, Levit JJ, Carbin GW, Schwartz CS, Weisman ML, Droegemeier KK, Weber DB, Thomas KW. 2008. Some practical considerations regarding horizontal resolution in the first generation of operational convection-allowing NWP. Weather Forecasting 23: 931-952.
45. Kottmeier C, Kalthoff N, Barthlott C, Corsmeier U, Van Baelen J, Behrendt A, Behrendt R, Blyth A, Coulter R, Crewell S, Di Girolamo P, Dorninger M, Flamant C, Foken T, Hagen M, Hauck C, Höller H, Konow H, Kunz M, Mahlke H, Mobbs SD, Richard E, Steinacker R, Weckwerth TM, Wieser A, Wulfmeyer V. 2008. Mechanisms initiating deep convection over complex terrain during COPS. Meteorol. Z. 17: 931-948.
46. Lim K-S, Hong S-Y. 2010. Development of an effective double-moment cloud microphysics scheme with progostic cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) for weather and climate models. Mon. Weather Rev. 138: 1587-1612.
47. Majewski D, Frank H, Liermann D, Ritter B. 2009. 'Kurze Beschreibung des Global-Modells GME (40 km/L40) und seiner Datenbanken auf dem Datenserver des DWD'. DWD: Offenbach, Germany.
48. Milbrandt JA, Yau MK, Mailhot J, Bélair S. 2008. Simulation of an orographic precipitation event during IMPROVE-2. Part I: Evaluation of the control run using a triple-moment bulk microphysics scheme. Mon. Weather Rev. 136: 3873-3893.
49. Mlawer EJ, Taubman SJ, Brown PD, Iacono MJ, Clough SA. 1997. Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmosphere: RRTM, a validated correlated k-model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res. 102: 16663-16682.
50. Morrison H, Thompson G, Tatarskii V. 2009. Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of one- and two-moment schemes. Mon. Weather Rev. 137: 991-1007.
51. Nolan DS, Stern DP, Zhang JA. 2009. Evaluation of planetary boundary-layer parameterizations in tropical cyclones by comparison of insitu observations and high-resolution simulations of hurricane Isabel (2003). Part II: Inner-core boundary layer and eyewall structure. Mon. Weather Rev. 137: 3675-3698.
52. Parrish DF, Derber JC. 1992. The National Meteorological Centre's spectral statistical-interpolation analysis system. Mon. Weather Rev. 120: 1747-1763.
53. Richard E, Buzzi A, Zängl G. 2007. Quantitative precipitation forecasting in the Alps: The advances achieved by the Mesoscale Alpine Programme. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 133: 831-846.
54. Rohn M, Kelly G, Saunders RW. 2001. Impact of a new cloud motion wind product from Meteosat on NWP analyses and forecasts. Mon Weather Rev. 129: 2392-2403.
55. Rotach MW, Arpagaus M, Dorninger M, Hegg C, Montani A, Ranzi R, Bouttier F, Buzzi A, Frustaci G, Mylne KE, Richard E, Rossa A, Schär C, Staudinger M, Volkert H, Wulfmeyer V, Ambrosetti P, Ament F, Appenzeller C, Bauer H-S, Davolio S, Denhard M, Fontannaz L. Frick J, Fundel F, Germann U, Hering A, Keil C, Liniger M, Marsigli C, Seity Y, Stoll M. Walser A, Zappa M. 2009. MAP D-PHASE: Real-time demonstration of weather forecast quality in the Alpine region. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 90: 1321-1336.
56. Rotunno R, Houze RA. 2007. Lessons on orographic precipitation from the Mesoscale Alpine Programme. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 133: 811-830.
57. Schraff C, Stephan K, Klink S. 2006. 'Revised latent heat nudging to cope with prognostic precipitation'. COSMO Newsletter 6: 31-37.
58. Schulz J-P, Schättler U. 2009. 'Kurze Beschreibung des Lokal-Modells COSMO-EU (LME) und seiner Datenbanken auf dem Datenserver des DWD'. DWD: Offenbach, Germany.
59. Schwitalla T, Bauer H-S, Wulfmeyer V, Zängl G. 2008. Systematic errors of QPF in low-mountain regions as revealed by MM5 simulations. Meteorol. Z. 17: 903-919.
60. Shewchuk JR. 1994. 'An introduction to the conjugate gradient method without the agonizing pain'. School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University: Pittsburgh, USA.
61. Singh R, Pal PK, Kishtawal CM, Joshi PC. 2008. The impact of variational assimilation of SSM/I and QuickSCAT satellite observations on the numerical simulation of Indian Ocean tropical cyclones. Weather Forecasting 23: 460-476.
62. Skamarock WB, Klemp JB. 2008. A time-split non-hydrostatic atmospheric model for research and NWP applications. J. Comput. Phys. 227: 3465-3485.
63. Skamarock WC, Klemp JB, Dudhia J, Gill DO, Barker DO, Duda MG, Wang W, Powers JG. 2008. 'A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3'. Technical Note TN-475+STR. NCAR: Boulder, Colorado, USA.
64. Soriano C, Jorba O, Baldasan JM. 2004. One-way nesting versus two-way nesting: Does it really make a difference? In Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XV. Borrego C, Schayes G. (eds.) Springer US: 177-185.
65. Steinacker R, Ratheiser M, Bica B, Chimani B, Dorninger M, Gepp W, Lotteraner C, Schneider S, Tschannett S. 2006. A mesoscale data analysis and downscaling method over complex terrain. Mon. Weather Rev. 134: 2758-2771.
66. Thompson G, Field PR, Rasmussen RM, Hall WD. 2008. Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization. Mon. Weather Rev. 136: 5095-5115.
67. Van Baelen J, Reverdy M, Tridon F, Labbouz L, Dick G, Bender M, Hagen M. 2011. On the relationship between water vapour field evolution and the life cycle of precipitation systems. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137(S1): 204-223.
68. Vedel H, Huang X-Y. 2004. Impact of ground-based GPS Zenith Troposheric Delay data on precipitation forecasts in Mediterranean France and Spain. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 82: 459-472.
69. Vömel H, Selkirk H, Miloshevich L, Valverde-Canossa J, Valdés J, Kyrö E, Kivi R, Stolz W, Peng G, Diaz JA. 2007. Radiation dry bias of the Vaisala RS92 humidity sensor. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 24: 953-963.
70. Warrach-Sagi K, Wulfmeyer V. 2010. Streamflow data assimilation for soil moisture analysis. Geosci. Model Dev. 3: 1-12.
71. Weckwerth TM, Parsons DB. 2006. A review of convection initiation and motivation for IHOP-2002. Mon. Weather Rev. 134: 5-22.
72. Weisman ML, Davis C, Wang W, Manning KW, Klemp JB. 2008. Experiences with 0-36 h explicit convective forecasts with the WRF-ARW model. Weather Forecasting 23: 407-437.
73. Wicker LJ, Skamarock WC. 2002. Time splitting methods for elastic models using forward time schemes. Mon. Weather Rev. 130: 2088-2097.
74. Wulfmeyer V, Bauer H-S, Grzeschik M, Behrendt A, Vandenberghe F, Browell EV, Ismail S, Ferrare R. 2006. Four-dimensional variational assimilation of water-vapor differential absorption lidar data: The first case study within IHOP 2002. Mon. Weather Rev. 134: 209-230.
75. Wickert J, Gendt G. 2006. Fernerkundung der Erdatmosphäre mit GPS. PROMET 32: 80-88.
76. Wulfmeyer V, Behrendt A, Bauer H-S, Kottmeier C, Corsmeier U, Blyth A, Craig G, Schumann U, Hagen M, Crewell S, DiGirolamo P, Flamant C, Miller M, Montani A, Mobbs S, Richard E, Rotach MW, Arpagaus M, Russchenberg H, Schlüssel P, König M, Gärtner V, Steinacker R, Dorninger M, Turner DD, Weckwerth T, Hense A, Simmer C. 2008. The Convective and Orographically induced Precipitation Study: A research and development project of the World Weather Research Program for improving quantitative precipitation forecasting in low-mountain regions. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 89: 1477-1486.
77. Wulfmeyer V, Behrendt A, Kottmeier C, Corsmeier U, Barthlott C, Craig GC, Hagen M, Althausen D, Aoshima F, Arpagaus M, Bauer H-S, Bennett L, Blyth A, Brandau C, Champollion C, Crewell S, Dick G, DiGirolamo P, Dorninger M, Dufournet Y, Eigenmann R, Engelmann R, Flamant C, Foken T, Gorgas T, Grzeschik M, Handwerker J, Hauck C, Höller H, Junkermann W, Kalthoff N, Kiemle C, Klink S, König M, Krauss L, Long CN, Madonna F, Mobbs S, Neininger B, Pal S, Peters G, Pigeon G, Richard E, Rotach MW, Russchenberg H, Schwitalla T, Smith V, Steinacker R, Trentmann J, Turner DD, van Baelen J, Vogt S, Volker H, Weckwerth T, Wernli H, Wieser A, Wirth M. 2011. The Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS): The scientific strategy, the field phase, and first highlights. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137(S1): 3-30, DOI: 10.1002/qj.752.
78. Yan X, Ducrocq V, Jaubert G, Rousseau P, Poli P, Champollion C, Flamant C, Boniface K. 2009. The benefit of GPS zenith delay assimilation to high-resolution quantitative precipitation forecasts: A case-study from COPS IOP 9. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 135: 1788-1800.
79. Zängl G. 2007. To what extent does increased model resolution improve simulated precipitation fields? A case study of two north-Alpine heavy-rainfall events. Meteorol. Z. 16: 571-580.
80. Zus F, Grzeschik M, Bauer H-S, Wulfmeyer V, Dick G, Bender M. 2008. Development and optimization of the IPM MM5 GPS slant-path 4D-Var system. Meteorol. Z. 17: 867-885.