Redox control of molecular motion in switchable artificial nanoscale devices

Antioxidants and Redox Signaling

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1119-1165

  Credi, Alberto ^a   Semeraro, Monica ^a   Silvi, Serena ^a   Venturi, Margherita ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTRONICS; ENERGY RESOURCE; MACHINE; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOTION; NANODEVICE; NANOVALVE; OXIDATION REDUCTION STATE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ELECTROCHEMISTRY; NANOTECHNOLOGY; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY;

EID: 79951866294     PISSN: 15230864     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3223     Document Type: Review

References (309)

1. Affeld A, Hübner GM, Seel C, and Schalley CA. Rotaxane or pseudorotaxane? Effects of small structural variations on the deslipping kinetics of rotaxanes with stopper groups of intermediate size. Eur J Org Chem: 2877-2890, 2001. (Pubitemid 32702988)
2. Allara DL. A perspective on surfaces and interfaces. Nature 437: 638-639, 2005. (Pubitemid 41486525)
3. Altieri A, Gatti FG, Kay ER, Leigh DA, Martel D, Paolucci F, Slawin AMZ, and Wong JKY. Electrochemically switchable hydrogen-bonded molecular shuttles. J Am Chem Soc 125: 8644-8654, 2003. (Pubitemid 36858433)
4. Amabilino DB and Stoddart JF. Interlocked and intertwined structures and superstructures. Chem Rev 95: 2725-2828, 1995.
5. Amabilino DB, Asakawa M, Ashton PR, Ballardini R, Balzani V, Belohradsky M, Credi A, Highuci M, Raymo FM, Shimizu T, Stoddart JF, Venturi M, and Yase K. Aggregation of self-assembling branched [n]rotaxanes. New J Chem 22: 959-972, 1998. (Pubitemid 128704499)
6. Amendola V, Colasson B, Fabbrizzi L, and Rodriguez Douton MJ. Redox-driven intramolecular anion translocation between a metal centre and a hydrogen-bond-donating compartment. Chem Eur J 13: 4988-4997, 2007. (Pubitemid 46915329)
7. Amendola V, Esteban-Gomez D, Fabbrizzi L, and Licchelli M. What anions do to N-H-containing receptors. Acc Chem Res 39: 343-353, 2006.
8. Amendola V, Fabbrizzi L, and Pallavicini P. Controlling the assembling/disassembling process of metal-containing superstructures. Coord Chem Rev 216: 435-448, 2001. (Pubitemid 32613123)
9. Amendola V, Fabbrizzi L, Gianelli L, Maggi C, Mangano C, Pallavicini P, and Zema M. Electrochemical assembling/disassembling of helicates with hysteresis. Inorg Chem 40: 3579-3587, 2001. (Pubitemid 32878783)
10. Amendola V, Fabbrizzi L, Linati L, Mangano C, Pallavicini P, Pedrazzini V, and Zema M. Electrochemically controlled assembling/disassembling processes with a bis-imine bisquinoline ligand and the Cu-II/Cu-I couple. Chem Eur J 5: 3679-3688, 1999. (Pubitemid 129611830)
11. Amendola V, Fabbrizzi L, Mangano C, and Pallavicini P. Molecular machines based on metal ion translocation. Acc Chem Res 34: 488-493, 2001. (Pubitemid 32822169)
12. Amendola V, Fabbrizzi L, Mangano C, Pallavicini P, Roboli E, and Zema M. M and P double helical complexes of copper(I) with bis-imino bis-quinoline enantiomerically pure chiral ligands. Inorg Chem 39: 5803-5806, 2000.
13. Amendola V, Fabbrizzi L, Mundum E, and Pallavicini P. Formation of a dicopper(I) helicate by oxidative dehydrogenation of a monomeric copper(II) polyamine complex. Dalton Trans: 773-774, 2003.
14. Amendola V, Fabbrizzi L, Pallavicini P, Sartirana E, and Taglietti A. Monitoring the redox-driven assembly/disassembly of a dicopper(I) helicate with an auxiliary fluorescent probe. Inorg Chem 42: 1632-1636, 2003.
15. Amouyal E. Photochemical production of hydrogen and oxygen from water - A review and state-of-the-art. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 38: 249-276, 1995.
16. Anelli PL, Asakawa M, Ashton PR, Bissell RA, Clavier G, Górski R, Kaifer AE, Langford SJ, Mattersteig G, Menzer S, Philp D, Slawin AMZ, Spencer N, Stoddart JF, Tolley MS, and Williams DJ. Toward controllable molecular shuttles. Chem Eur J 3: 1113-1135, 1997.
17. Anelli PL, Ashton PR, Ballardini R, Balzani V, Delgado M, Gandolfi MT, Goodnow TT, Kaifer AE, Philp D, Pietraszkiewicz M, Prodi L, Reddington MV, Slawin AMZ, Spencer N, Stoddart JF, Vicent C, and Williams DJ. Molecular meccano. 1. [2]Rotaxanes and a [2]catenane made to order. J Am Chem Soc 114: 193-218, 1992.
18. Anelli PL, Spencer N, and Stoddart JF. A molecular shuttle. J Am Chem Soc 113: 5131-5133, 1991.
19. Angelos S, Choi E, Vögtle F, De Cola L, and Zink JI. Photo-driven expulsion of molecules from mesostructured silica nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C 111: 6589-6592, 2007. (Pubitemid 46826412)
20. Arduini A, Calzavacca F, Pochini A, and Secchi A. Unidirectional threading of triphenylureidocalix[6]arene-based wheels: oriented pseudorotaxane synthesis. Chem Eur J 9: 793-799, 2003.
21. Arduini A, Ferdani R, Pochini A, Secchi A, and Ugozzoli F. Calix[6]arene as a wheel for rotaxane synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed 39: 3453-3457, 2000.
22. Aricó F, Badjic JD, Cantrill SJ, Flood AH, Leung KCF, Liu Y, and Stoddart JF. Templated synthesis of interlocked molecules. Top Curr Chem 249: 203-259, 2005. (Pubitemid 44424333)
23. Armaroli N and Balzani V. The future of energy supply: challenges and opportunities. Angew Chem Int Ed 46: 52-66, 2007. (Pubitemid 46071696)
24. Armaroli N, Balzani V, Collin JP, Gaviña P, Sauvage JP, and Ventura B. Rotaxanes incorporating two different coordinating units in their thread: Synthesis and electrochemically and photochemically induced molecular motions. J Am Chem Soc 121: 4397-4408, 1999.
25. Armaroli N, Chambron JC, Collin JP, Dietrich-Buchecker CO, Flamigni L, Kern JM, and Sauvage JP. Electrochemically and photochemically driven ring motions in copper catenanes and rotaxanes. In: Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Volume 3, edited by Balzani V. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2001, pp. 582-616.
26. Asakawa M, Ashton PR, Ballardini R, Balzani V, Belohradsky M, Gandolfi MT, Kocian O, Prodi L, Raymo FM, Stoddart JF, and Venturi M, The slipping approach to self-assembling [n]rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 119: 302-310, 1997. (Pubitemid 27079481)
27. Asakawa M, Ashton PR, Balzani V, Boyd SE, Credi A, Mattersteig G, Menzer S, Montalti M, Raymo FM, Ruffilli C, Stoddart JF, Venturi M, and Williams DJ. Molecular meccano, 49- Pseudorotaxanes and catenanes containing a redox-active unit derived from tetrathiafulvalene. Eur J Org Chem: 985-994, 1999.
28. Asakawa M, Ashton PR, Balzani V, Credi A, Hamers C, Mattersteig G, Montalti M, Shipway AN, Spencer N, Stoddart JF, Tolley MS, Venturi M, White AJP, and Williams DJ. A chemically and electrochemically switchable [2]catenane incorporating a tetrathiafulvalene unit. Angew Chem Int Ed 37: 333-337, 1998.
29. Asakawa M, Ashton PR, Balzani V, Credi A, Mattersteig G, Matthews OA, Montalti M, Spencer N, Stoddart JF, and Venturi M. Electrochemically induced molecular motions in pseudorotaxanes: a case of dual-mode (oxidative and reductive) dethreading. Chem Eur J 3: 1992-1996, 1997.
30. Asakawa M, Higuchi M, Mattersteig G, Nakamura T, Pease AR, Raymo FM, Shimidzu T, and Stoddart JF. Current/voltage characteristics of monolayers of redox-switchable [2]catenanes on gold. Adv Mater 12: 1099-1102, 2000 and references therein.
31. Ashton PR, Baldoni V, Balzani V, Credi A, Hoffmann HDA, Martinez-Diaz MV, Raymo FM, Stoddart JF, and Venturi M. Dual-mode "co-conformational" switching in catenanes incorporating bipyridinium and dialkylammonium recognition sites. Chem Eur J 7: 3482-3493, 2001.
32. Ashton PR, Ballardini R, Balzani V, Baxter I, Credi A, Fyfe MCT, Gandolfi MT, Gómez-López M, Martínez-Díaz MV, Piersanti A, Spencer N, Stoddart JF, Venturi M, White AJP, and Williams DJ. Acid-base controllable molecular shuttles. J Am Chem Soc 120: 11932-11942, 1998. (Pubitemid 29012862)
33. Ashton PR, Ballardini R, Balzani V, Boyd SE, Credi A, Gandolfi MT, Gómez-López M, Iqbal S, Philp D, Preece JA, Prodi L, Ricketts HG, Stoddart JF, Tolley MS, Venturi M, White AJP, and Williams DJ. Simple mechanical molecular and supramolecular machines: photochemical and electrochemical control of switching processes. Chem Eur J 3: 152-170, 1997.
34. Ashton PR, Ballardini R, Balzani V, Constable EC, Credi A, Kocian O, Langford SJ, Preece JA, Prodi L, Schofield ER, Spencer N, Stoddart JF, and Wenger S. Ru-II polypyridine complexes covalently linked to electron acceptors as wires for light-driven pseudorotaxane-type molecular machines. Chem Eur J 4: 2413-2422, 1998.
35. Ashton PR, Ballardini R, Balzani V, Credi A, Dress R, Ishow E, Kleverlaan CJ, Kocian O, Preece JA, Spencer N, Stoddart JF, Venturi M, and Wenger S. A photochemically driven molecular-level abacus. Chem Eur J 6: 3558-3574, 2000.
36. Ashton PR, Ballardini R, Balzani V, Credi A, Gandolfi MT, Menzer S, Pérez-García L, Prodi L, Stoddart JF, Venturi M, White AJP, and Williams DJ. Molecular meccano.4. The self-assembly of [2]catenanes incorporating photoactive and electroactive pi-extended systems. J Am Chem Soc 117: 11171-11197, 1995.
37. Ashton PR, Ballardini R, Balzani V, Gandolfi MT, Marquis DJF, Pérez-García L, Prodi L, Stoddart JF, and Venturi M. The self-assembly of controllable [2]catenanes. J Chem Soc Chem Commun: 177-180, 1994.
38. Ashton PR, Balzani V, Becher J, Credi A, Fyfe MCT, Mattersteig G, Menzer S, Nielsen MB, Raymo FM, Stoddart JF, Venturi M, and Williams DJ. A three-pole supramolecular switch. J Am Chem Soc 121: 3951-3957, 1999.
39. Ashton PR, Balzani V, Clemente-León M, Colonna B, Credi A, Jayaraman N, Raymo FM, Stoddart JF, and Venturi M. Ferrocene-containing carbohydrate dendrimers. Chem Eur J 8: 673-684, 2002. (Pubitemid 34142959)
40. Ashton PR, Balzani V, Credi A, Kocian O, Pasini D, Prodi L, Spencer N, Stoddart JF, Tolley MS, White AJP, and Williams DJ. Cyclophanes and [2]catenanes as ligands for transition metal complexes: Synthesis, structure, absorption spectra, and excited state and electrochemical properties. Chem Eur J 4: 590-607, 1998.
41. Ashton PR, Balzani V, Kocian O, Prodi L, Spencer N, and Stoddart JF. A light-fueled "piston cylinder" molecular-level machine. J Am Chem Soc 120: 11190-11191, 1998.
42. Ashton PR, Baxter I, Fyfe MCT, Raymo FM, Spencer N, Stoddart JF, White AJP, and Williams DJ. Rotaxane or pseudorotaxane? That is the question! J Am Chem Soc 120: 2297-2307, 1998.
43. Ashton PR, Gómez-López M, Iqbal S, Preece JA, and Stoddart JF. A self-complexing macrocycle acting as a chromophoric receptor. Tetrahedron Lett 38: 3635-3638, 1997. (Pubitemid 27202481)
44. Ashton PR, Philp D, Spencer N, and Stoddart JF. The self-assembly of [n]pseudorotaxanes. J Chem Soc Chem Commun: 1677-1679, 1991.
45. Ashton PR, Philp D, Spencer N, and Stoddart JF. A new design strategy for the self-assembly of molecular shuttles. J Chem Soc Chem Commun: 1124-1128, 1992.
46. Atwood JL, Davies JED, Macnicol DD, and Vögtle F. (Eds). Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Volume 3. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1996.
47. Bachand GD, Rivera SB, Carroll-Portillo A, Hess H, and Bachand M. Active capture and transport of virus particles using a biomolecular motor-driven, nanoscale antibody sandwich assay. Small 2: 381-385, 2006. (Pubitemid 43219140)
48. Ball P. A switch in time. Nature 445: 362-363, 2007.
49. Ball P. Welcome to the machine. Chem World 7: 56-60, 2010.
50. Ballardini R, Balzani V, Credi A, Gandolfi MT, and Venturi M. Artificial molecular-level machines: which energy to make them work? Acc Chem Res 34: 445-455, 2001.
51. Ballardini R, Balzani V, Credi A, Gandolfi MT, and Venturi M. Artificial molecular-level machines with [Ru(bpy)3]2 as a "light-fueled motor." Int J Photoenergy 3: 63-77, 2001.
52. Ballardini R, Balzani V, Dehaen W, Dell'Erba AE, Raymo FM, Stoddart JF, and Venturi M. Molecular meccano, 56-Anthracene-containing [2]rotaxanes: Synthesis, spectroscopic, and electrochemical properties. Eur J Org Chem: 591-602, 2000.
53. Ballardini R, Balzani V, Gandolfi MT, Prodi L, Venturi M, Philp D, Ricketts HG, and Stoddart JF. A photochemically driven molecular machine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 32: 1301-1303, 1993.
54. Ballardini R, Credi A, Gandolfi MT, Marchioni F, Silvi S, and Venturi M. Using light to induce energy and electron transfer or molecular motions in multicomponent systems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 6: 345-356, 2007. (Pubitemid 46537593)
55. Balzani V and Credi A. Artificial molecular-level machines. Chem Rec 1: 422-435, 2001. (Pubitemid 33771589)
56. Balzani V, Becher J, Credi A, Nielsen MB, Raymo FM, Stoddart JF, Talarico AM, and Venturi M. Molecular meccano - Part 58. The electrochemically-driven decomplexation/recomplexation of inclusion adducts of ferrocene derivatives with an electron-accepting receptor. J Org Chem 65: 1947-1956, 2000.
57. Balzani V, Ceroni P, Credi A, Gómez-Lopez M, Hamers C, Stoddart JF, and Wolf R. Controlled dethreading/rethreading of a scorpion-like pseudorotaxane and a related macrobicyclic self-complexing system. New J Chem 25: 25-31, 2001. (Pubitemid 32164796)
58. Balzani V, Clemente-León M, Credi A, Ferrer B, Venturi M, Flood AH, and Stoddart JF. Autonomous artificial nanomotor powered by sunlight. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 1178-1183, 2006. (Pubitemid 43191138)
59. Balzani V, Clemente-Leon M, Credi A, Semeraro M, Venturi M, Tseng HR, Wegner S, Saha S, and Stoddart JF. A comparison of shuttling mechanisms in two constitutionally isomeric bistable rotaxane-based sunlight-powered nanomotors. Aust J Chem 59: 193-206, 2006.
60. Balzani V, Credi A, and Venturi M. Processing energy and signals by molecular and supramolecular systems. Chem Eur J 14: 26-39, 2008.
61. Balzani V, Credi A, and Venturi M. Molecular logic circuits. Chem Phys Chem 4: 49-59, 2003.
62. Balzani V, Credi A, and Venturi M. Molecular-level devices and machines. In: Stimulating Concepts in Chemistry, edited by Shibasaki M, Stoddart JF, and Vögtle F. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2000, pp. 255-266.
63. Balzani V, Credi A, and Venturi M. Molecular-level devices. In: Supramolecular Science: Where It Is and Where It Is Going, edited by Ungaro R and Dalcanale E. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999, pp. 1-22.
64. Balzani V, Credi A, and Venturi M. Molecular Devices and Machines - Concepts and Perspectives for the Nanoworld. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2008.
65. Balzani V, Credi A, and Venturi M. Molecular devices and machines. Nanotoday 2: 18-25, 2007. (Pubitemid 46336615)
66. Balzani V, Credi A, and Venturi M. Controlled disassembling of self-assembling systems: toward artificial molecular-level devices and machines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 4814-4817, 2002. (Pubitemid 34411459)
67. Balzani V, Credi A, Ferrer B, Silvi S, and Venturi M. Artificial molecular motors and machines: design principles and prototype systems. Top Curr Chem 262: 1-27, 2005. (Pubitemid 44420779)
68. Balzani V, Credi A, Mattersteig G, Matthews OA, Raymo FM, Stoddart JF, Venturi M, White AJP, and Williams DJ. Switching of pseudorotaxanes and catenanes incorporating a tetrathiafulvalene unit by redox and chemical inputs. J Org Chem 65: 1924-1936, 2000.
69. Balzani V, Credi A, Raymo FM, and Stoddart JF. Artificial molecular machines. Angew Chem Int Ed 39: 3348-3391, 2000.
70. Balzani V, Credi A, Silvi S, and Venturi M. Artificial nanomachines based on interlocked molecular species: recent advances. Chem Soc Rev 35: 1135-1149, 2006. (Pubitemid 44611726)
71. Balzani V, Gómez-López M, and Stoddart JF. Molecular machines. Acc Chem Res 31: 405-414, 1998. (Pubitemid 128474601)
72. Balzani V. Photochemical molecular devices. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2: 459-476, 2003. (Pubitemid 41655720)
73. Barth JV, Costantini G, and Kern K. Engineering atomic and molecular nanostructures at surfaces. Nature 437: 671-679, 2005.
74. Bath J and Turberfield AJ. DNA Nanomachines. Nat Nanotech 2: 275-284, 2007.
75. Baumann F, Livoreil A, Kaim W, and Sauvage JP. Changeover in a multimodal copper(II) catenate as monitored by EPR spectroscopy. Chem Commun: 35-36, 1997. (Pubitemid 127496897)
76. Bayly SR, Gray TM, Chmielewski MJ, Davis JJ, and Beer PD. Anion templated surface assembly of a redox-active sensory rotaxane. Chem Commun 22: 2234-2236, 2007. (Pubitemid 46850684)
77. Belle C, Pierre JL, and Saint-Aman E. A molecular redox switch via iron translocation in a bicompartmental ligand. New J Chem 22: 1399-1402, 1998. (Pubitemid 128702014)
78. Benniston AC, Harriman A, and Lynch VM. Photoactive [2]rotaxanes - structure and photophysical properties of anthracene-stoppered and ferrocene-stoppered [2]rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 117: 5275-5291, 1995.
79. Benniston AC, Harriman A, and Yufit DS. Artificial phototropism: Reversible photoseparation of self-assembled interlocking conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 36: 2356-2358, 1997.
80. Benniston AC, Harriman A, Philp D, and Stoddart JF. Charge recombination in cyclophane-derived, intimate radical-ion pairs. J Am Chem Soc 115: 5298-5299, 1993.
81. Bernardo AR, Lu T, Córdova E, Zhang L, Gokel GW, and Kaifer AE. Host-guest complexation at the electrode/solution interface - the inclusion of an amphiphilic viologen guest by an amphiphilic calix[6]arene host. J Chem Soc Chem Commun: 529-530, 1994.
82. Biscarini F, Cavallini M, Kshirsagar R, Bottari G, Leigh DA, Leon S, and Zerbetto F. Self-organization of nano-lines and dots triggered by a local mechanical stimulus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 17650-17654, 2006. (Pubitemid 44852215)
83. Bissell RA, Córdova E, Kaifer AE, and Stoddart JF. A chemically and electrochemically switchable molecular shuttle. Nature 369: 133-137, 1994. (Pubitemid 24154432)
84. Bonnet S, Collin JP, Koizumi M, Mobian P, and Sauvage JP. Transition-metal-complexed molecular machine prototypes. Adv Mater 18: 1239-1250, 2006. (Pubitemid 43798371)
85. Boulas PL, Gómez-Kaifer M, and Echegoyen L. Electrochemistry of supramolecular systems. Angew Chem Int Ed 37: 216-247, 1998.
86. Bourgel C, Boyd ASF, Cooke G, Augier de Cremiers H, Duclairoir FMA, and Rotello VM. The first redox controlled hydrogen bonded three-pole switch. Chem Commun 19: 1954-1955, 2001.
87. Breault GA, Hunter CA, and Mayers PC. Supramolecular topology. Tetrahedron 55: 5265-5293, 1999. (Pubitemid 29189479)
88. Brouwer AM, Frochot C, Gatti FG, Leigh DA, Mottier L, Paolucci F, Roffia S, and Wurpel GWH. Photoinduction of fast, reversible translational motion in a hydrogen-bonded molecular shuttle. Science 291: 2124-2128, 2001. (Pubitemid 32224438)
89. Browne WR and Feringa BL. Making molecular machines work. Nat Nanotech 1: 25-35, 2006.
90. Bucher C, Moutet JC, Pécaut J, Royal G, Saint-Aman E, and Thomas F. Redox-triggered molecular movement in a multicomponent metal complex in solution and in the solid state. Inorg Chem 43: 3777-3779, 2004.
91. Cao D, Amelia M, Klivansky LM, Koshkakaryan G, Khan SI, Semeraro M, Silvi S, Venturi M, Credi A, and Liu Y. Probing donor-acceptor interactions and co-conformational changes in redox active desymmetrized [2]catenanes. J Am Chem Soc 132: 1110-1122, 2010.
92. Cárdenas DJ, Livoreil A, and Sauvage JP. Redox control of the ring-gliding motion in a Cu-complexed catenane: a process involving three distinct geometries. J Am Chem Soc 118: 11980-11981, 1996. (Pubitemid 26417499)
93. Carella A, Coudret C, Guirado G, Rapenne G, Vives G, and Launay JP. Electron-triggered motions in technomimetic molecules. Dalton Trans 2: 177-186, 2007. (Pubitemid 44937132)
94. Castro R, Cuadrado I, Alonso B, Casado CM, Móran M, and Kaifer AE. Multisite inclusion complexation of redox active dendrimer guests. J Am Chem Soc 119: 5760-5761, 1997. (Pubitemid 27321446)
95. Ceccarelli M, Mercuri F, Passerone D, and Parrinello M. The microscopic switching mechanism of a [2]catenane. J Phys Chem B 109: 17094-17099, 2005. (Pubitemid 41361385)
96. Cecchet F, Rudolf P, Rapino S, Margotti M, Paolucci F, Baggerman J, Brouwer AM, Kay ER, Wong JKY, and Leigh DA. Structural, electrochemical, and photophysical properties of a molecular shuttle attached to an acid-terminated self-assembled monolayer. J Phys Chem B 108: 15192-15199, 2004.
97. Ceroni P, Credi A, and Venturi M. (Eds). Electrochemistry of Functional Supramolecular Systems. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Copyright John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
98. Ceroni P, Leigh DA, Mottier L, Paolucci F, Roffia S, Tetard D, and Zerbetto F. Electrochemically induced dynamics of a benzylic amide [2]catenane. J Phys Chem B 103: 10171-10179, 1999. (Pubitemid 129614065)
99. Chambron JC, Dietrich-Buchecker CO, and Sauvage JP. From classical chirality to topologically chiral catenands and knots. Top Curr Chem 165: 131-162, 1993.
100. Champin B, Mobian P, and Sauvage JP. Transition metal complexes as molecular machine prototypes. Chem Soc Rev 36: 358-366, 2007.
101. Chandross EA. More on molecular electronics. Science 303: 1137-1137, 2004.
102. Chen Y, Ohlberg DAA, Li XM, Stewart DR, Williams RS, Jeppesen JO, Nielsen KA, Stoddart JF, Olynick DL, and Anderson E. Nanoscale molecular-switch devices fabricated by imprint lithography. Appl Phys Lett 82: 1610-1612, 2003.
103. Choi JW, Flood AH, Steuerman DW, Nygaard S, Braunschweig AB, Moonen NNP, Laursen BW, Luo Y, DeIonno E, Peters AJ, Jeppesen JO, Xu K, Stoddart JF, and Heath JR. Ground-state equilibrium thermodynamics and switching kinetics of bistable [2]rotaxanes switched in solution, polymer gels, and molecular electronic devices. Chem Eur J 12: 261-279, 2006. (Pubitemid 43004123)
104. Clemente-León M, Credi A, Martínez-Díaz MV, Mingotaud C, and Stoddart JF. Towards organization of molecular machines at interfaces: Langmuir films and Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers of an acid-base switchable rotaxane. Adv Mater 18: 1291-1296, 2006. (Pubitemid 43798377)
105. Coffey T and Krim J. C-60 molecular bearings and the phenomenon of nanomapping. Phys Rev Lett 96: art. n. 186104, 2006.
106. Collier CP, Jeppesen JO, Luo Y, Perkins J, Wong EW, Heath JR, and Stoddart JF. Molecular-based electronically switchable tunnel junction devices. J Am Chem Soc 123: 12632-12641, 2001.
107. Collier CP, Mattersteig G, Wong EW, Luo Y, Beverly K, Sampaio J, Raymo FM, Stoddart JF, and Heath JR. A [2]catenane-based solid state electronically reconfigurable switch. Science 289: 1172-1175, 2000.
108. Collier CP, Wong EW, Belohradsky M, Raymo FM, Stoddart JF, Kuekes PJ, Williams RS, and Heath JR. Electronically configurable molecular-based logic gates. Science 285: 391-394, 1999.
109. Collin JP, Dietrich-Buchecker CO, Gaviña P, Jimenez-Molero MC, and Sauvage JP. Shuttles and muscles: linear molecular machines based on transition metals. Acc Chem Res 34: 477-487, 2001. (Pubitemid 32822168)
110. Collin JP, Gaviña P, and Sauvage JP. Electrochemically induced molecularmotions in copper-complexed threaded systems: from the unstoppered compound to the semi-rotaxane and the fully blocked rotaxane. New J Chem 21: 525-528, 1997. (Pubitemid 127729901)
111. Collin JP, Jouvenot D, Koizumi M, and Sauvage JP. A ruthenium( II)-complexed rotaxane whose ring incorporates a 6,6′-diphenyl-2,2′- bipyridine: synthesis and light-driven motions. Eur J Inorg Chem: 1850-1855, 2005.
112. Connors KA. The stability of cyclodextrin complexes in solution. Chem Rev 97: 1325-1357, 1997. (Pubitemid 127659601)
113. Córdova E, Bissell RA, Spencer N, Ashton PR, Stoddart JF, and Kaifer AE. Novel rotaxanes based on the inclusion complexation of biphenyl guests by cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene). J Org Chem 58: 6550-6552, 1993.
114. Coutouli-Argyropoulou E, Kelaidopoulou A, Sideris C, and Kokkinidis G. Electrochemical studies of ferrocene derivatives and their complexation by beta-cyclodextrin. J Electroanal Chem 477: 130-139, 1999. (Pubitemid 30544650)
115. Cramer F. Chaos and Order. Weinheim, Germany: VCH, 1993.
116. Credi A and Tian H. (Eds). Adv Funct Mater 17: special issue on Molecular Machines and Switches, 2007, pp. 671-840.
117. Credi A, Dumas S, Silvi S, Venturi M, Arduini A, Pochini A, and Secchi A. Viologen-calix[6]arene pseudorotaxanes. Ion-pair recognition and threading/dethreading molecular motions. J Org Chem 69: 5881-5887, 2004. (Pubitemid 39145666)
118. Credi A, Montalti M, Balzani V, Langford SJ, Raymo FM, and Stoddart JF. Simple molecular-level machines. Interchange between different threads in pseudorotaxanes. New J Chem 22: 1061-1065, 1998. (Pubitemid 128703005)
119. Credi A. Artificial molecular motors powered by light. Aust J Chem 59: 157-169, 2006.
120. Credi A. Photochemical molecular devices based on pseudorotaxanes, rotaxanes, and catenanes. In: Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Volume 3, edited by Abdel-Mottaleb MSA and Nalwa HS. Stevenson Ranch, CA: American Scientific Publishers, 2003, pp. 319-353.
121. Cummins D, Boschloo G, Ryan M, Corr D, Rao SN, and Fitzmaurice D. Ultrafast electrochromic windows based on redox-chromophore modified nanostructured semiconducting and conducting films. J Phys Chem B 104, 11449-11459, 2000.
122. David E, Born R, Kaganer E, Joselevich E, Dürr H, and Willner I. Photoinduced electron transfer in supramolecular assemblies composed of one-shell and two-shell dialkoxybenzene-tethered Ru(II)-tris(bipyridine) derivatives and a bipyridinium cyclophane. J Am Chem Soc 119: 7778-7790, 1997. (Pubitemid 27376393)
123. Dawson RE, Lincoln SF, and Easton CJ. The foundation of a light driven molecular muscle based on stilbene and alpha-cyclodextrin. Chem Commun 34: 3980-3982, 2008.
124. De Santis G, Fabbrizzi L, Iacopino D, Pallavicini P, Perotti A, and Poggi A. Electrochemically switched anion translocation in a multicomponent coordination compound. Inorg Chem 36: 827-832, 1997. (Pubitemid 127489996)
125. DeIonno E, Tseng HR, Harvey DD, Stoddart JF, and Heath JR. Infrared spectroscopic characterization of [2]rotaxane molecular switch tunnel junction devices. J Phys Chem B 110: 7609-7612, 2006.
126. Devonport W, Blower MA, Bryce MR, and Goldenberg LM. A redox-active tetrathiafulvalene [2]pseudorotaxane: spectroelectrochemical and cyclic voltammetric studies of the highly-reversible complexation/decomplexation process. J Org Chem 62: 885-887, 1997. (Pubitemid 127492888)
127. Diehl MR, Steuerman DW, Tseng HR, Vignon SA, Star A, Celestre PC, Stoddart JF, and Heath JR. Single-walled carbon nanotube based molecular switch tunnel junctions. Chem Phys Chem 4: 1335-1339, 2003.
128. Drechsler U, Erdogan B, and Rotello VM. Nanoparticles: scaffolds for molecular recognition. Chem Eur J 10: 5570-5579, 2004.
129. Durola F and Sauvage JP. Fast electrochemically induced translation of the ring in a copper-complexed [2]rotaxane: the biisoquinoline effect. Angew Chem Int Ed 46: 3537-3540, 2007. (Pubitemid 46973450)
130. Edwards SA. The Nanotech Pioneers. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2006.
131. Eelkema R, Pollard MM, Katsonis N, Vicario J, Broer DJ, and Feringa BL. Rotational reorganization of doped cholesteric liquid crystalline films. J Am Chem Soc 128: 14397-14407, 2006. (Pubitemid 44707750)
132. Fabbrizzi L, Gatti F, Pallavicini P, and Zambarbieri E. Redox-driven intramolecular anion translocation between transition metal centres. Chem Eur J 5: 682-690, 1999. (Pubitemid 129504175)
133. Fabbrizzi L, Licchelli M, and Pallavicini P. Transition metals as switches. Acc Chem Res 32: 846-853, 1999.
134. Fabbrizzi L, Licchelli M, Pallavicini P, and Sacchi D. Supramolecular functions related to the redox activity of transition metals. Supramol Chem 13: 569-582, 2001. (Pubitemid 33683437)
135. Feng M, Gao L, Du SX, Deng ZT, Cheng ZH, Ji W, Zhang DQ, Guo XF, Lin X, Chi LF, Zhu DB, Fuchs H, and Gao HJ. Observation of structural and conductance transition of rotaxane molecules at a submolecular scale. Adv Funct Mater 17: 770-776, 2007. (Pubitemid 46571643)
136. Feringa BL. (Ed). Molecular Switches. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2001.
137. Ferri V, Elbing M, Pace G, Dickey, Zharnikov M, Samorì P, Mayor M, and Rampi MA. Light-powered electrical switch based on cargo-lifting azobenzene monolayers. Angew Chem Int Ed 47: 3407-3409, 2008.
138. Feynman RP. There's plenty of room at the bottom. Eng Sci 23: 22-36, 1960. See also: www.feynmanonline.com.
139. Fioravanti G, Haraszkiewicz N, Kay ER, Mendoza SM, Bruno C, Marcaccio M, Wiering PG, Paolucci F, Rudolf P, Brouwer AM, and Leigh DA. Three state redox-active molecular shuttle that switches in solution and on a surface. J Am Chem Soc 130: 2593-2601, 2008. (Pubitemid 351304774)
140. Flood AH, Peters AJ, Vignon SA, Steuerman DW, Tseng HR, Kang S, Heath JR, and Stoddart JF. The role of physical environment on molecular electromechanical switching. Chem Eur J 10: 6558-6564, 2004. (Pubitemid 40018318)
141. Flood AH, Ramirez RJA, Deng WQ, Muller RP, Goddard WA, and Stoddart JF. Meccano on the nanoscale - a blueprint for making some of the world's tiniest machines. Aust J Chem 57: 301-322, 2004.
142. Fujita M, Tominaga M, Hori A, and Therrien B. Coordination assemblies from a Pd(II)-cornered square complex. Acc Chem Res 38: 369-378, 2005. (Pubitemid 40792598)
143. Fyfe MCT and Stoddart JF. Synthetic supramolecular chemistry. Acc Chem Res 30: 393-401, 1997. (Pubitemid 127472590)
144. Garaudée S, Silvi S, Venturi M, Credi A, Flood AH, and Stoddart JF. Shuttling dynamics in an acid-base-switchable [2]rotaxane. Chem Phys Chem 6: 2145-2152, 2005. (Pubitemid 41503706)
145. Gaviña P and Sauvage JP. Transition-metal template synthesis of a rotaxane incorporating two different coordinating units in its thread. Tetrahedron Lett 38: 3521-3524, 1997. (Pubitemid 27202450)
146. Gibson HW and Marand H. Polyrotaxanes - molecular composites derived by physical linkage of cyclic and linear species. Adv Mater 5: 11-21, 1993.
147. Godínez LA, Patel S, Criss CM, and Kaifer AE. Calorimetric studies on the complexation of several ferrocene derivatives by alpha-cyclodextrin and beta-cyclodextrin - effects of urea on the thermodynamic parameters. J Phys Chem 99: 17449-17455, 1995.
148. González B, Casado CM, Alonso B, Cuadrado I, Móran M, Wang Y, and Kaifer AE. Synthesis, electrochemistry and cyclodextrin binding of novel cobaltocenium-functionalized dendrimers. Chem Commun: 2569-2570, 1998. (Pubitemid 28544846)
149. Goodsell DS. Bionanotechnology - Lessons from Nature. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2004.
150. Gosztola D, Niemczyk MP, Svec W, Lukas AS, and Wasielewski MR. Excited doublet states of electrochemically generated aromatic imide and diimide radical anions. J Phys Chem A 104: 6545-6551, 2000.
151. Granqvist CG. Electrochromic materials: out of a niche. Nat Mater 5: 89-90, 2006.
152. Green JE, Choi JW, Boukai A, Bunimovich Y, Johnston-Halperin E, Delonno E, Luo Y, Sheriff BA, Xu K, Shin YS, Tseng HR, Stoddart JF, and Heath JR. A 160-kilobit molecular electronic memory patterned at 10(11) bits per square centimetre. Nature 445: 414-417, 2007. (Pubitemid 46160906)
153. Grill L, Rieder KH, Moresco F, Stojkovic S, Gourdon A, and Joachim C. Exploring the interatomic forces between tip and single molecules during STM manipulation. Nano Lett 6: 2685-2689, 2006. (Pubitemid 46129557)
154. Gunter MJ. Superstructured porphyrins as effectors in dynamic supramolecular assemblies: receptors, rotaxanes and catenanes. Eur J Org Chem: 1655-1673, 2004.
155. Guo X, Zhou Y, Feng M, Xu Y, Zhang D, Gao H, Fan Q, and Zhu D. Tetrathiafulvalene-, 1,5-dioxynaphthalene-, and cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene)- based [2]rotaxanes with cyclohexyl and alkyl chains as spacers: synthesis, Langmuir-Blodgett films, and electrical bistability. Adv Funct Mater 17: 763-769, 2007.
156. Hamilton DG, Davies JE, Prodi L, and Sanders JKM. Synthesis, structure and photophysics of neutral pi-associated [2]catenanes. Chem Eur J 4: 608-620, 1998. (Pubitemid 28286165)
157. Harada A. Cyclodextrin-based molecular machines. Acc Chem Res 34: 456-464, 2001. (Pubitemid 32822166)
158. Heath JR, Stoddart JF, and Williams RS. More on molecular electronics. Science 303: 1136-1137, 2004.
159. Heim C, Affeld A, Nieger M, and Vögtle F. Size complementarity of macrocyclic cavities and stoppers in amiderotaxanes. Helv Chim Acta 82: 746-759, 1999. (Pubitemid 29230502)
160. Hernandez JV, Kay ER, and Leigh DA. A reversible synthetic rotary molecular motor. Science 306: 1532-1537, 2004. (Pubitemid 39564944)
161. Huang TJ, Brough B, Ho CM, Liu Y, Flood AH, Bonvallet PA, Tseng HR, Stoddart JF, Ballaer M, and Magonov S. A nanomechanical device based on linear molecular motors. Appl Phys Lett 85: 5391-5393, 2004. (Pubitemid 40043588)
162. Huang TJ, Tseng HR, Sha L, Lu W, Brough B, Flood AH, Yu BD, Celestre PC, Chang JP, Stoddart JF, and Ho CM. Mechanical shuttling of linear motor-molecules in condensed phases on solid substrates. Nano Lett 4: 2065-2071, 2004.
163. Hübner GM, Natchsheim G, Qian YL, Seel C, and Vögtle F. The spatial demand of dendrimers: deslipping of rotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed 39: 1269-1272, 2000. (Pubitemid 30219926)
164. Ikeda T, Saha S, Aprahamian I, Leung KCF, Williams A, Deng WQ, Flood AH, Goddard WA III, and Stoddart JF. Toward electrochemically controllable tristable three-station [2]catenanes. Chem Asian J 2: 76-93, 2007.
165. ITRS Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2009 Edition. www.itrs.net. Accessed August 2010.
166. Jäger R and Vögtle F. A new synthetic strategy towards molecules with mechanical bonds: nonionic template synthesis of amide-linked catenanes and rotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 36: 930-944, 1997.
167. Jang SS, Jang YH, Kim YH, GoddardWAIII, Choi JW, Heath JR, Laursen BW, Flood AH, Stoddart JF, Nørgaard K, and Bjørnholm T. Molecular dynamics simulation of amphiphilic bistable [2]rotaxane Langmuir monolayers at the air/water interface. J Am Chem Soc 127: 14804-14816, 2005. (Pubitemid 41511018)
168. Jang SS, Jang YH, Kim YH, Goddard III WA, Flood AH, Laursen BW, Tseng HR, Stoddart JF, Jeppesen JO, Choi JW, Steuerman DW, DeIonno E, and Heath JR. Structures and properties of self-assembled monolayers of bistable [2]rotaxanes on Au(111) surfaces from molecular dynamics simulations validated with experiment. J Am Chem Soc 127: 1563-1575, 2005.
169. Jang YH, Hwang SG, Kim YH, Jang SS, and Goddard WA III. Density functional theory studies of the [2]rotaxane component of the Stoddart-Heath molecular switch. J Am Chem Soc 126: 12636-12645, 2004. (Pubitemid 39304943)
170. Jeon WS, Kim E, Ko YH, Hwang I, Lee JW, Kim SY, Kim HJ, and Kim K. Molecular loop lock: A redox-driven molecular machine based on a host-stabilized charge-transfer complex. Angew Chem Int Ed 44: 87-91, 2005. (Pubitemid 40069851)
171. Jeon WS, Ziganshina AY, Lee JW, Ko YH, Kang JK, Lee C, and Kim K. A [2]pseudorotaxane-based molecular machine: Reversible formation of a molecular loop driven by electrochemical and photochemical stimuli. Angew Chem Int Ed 42: 4097-4100, 2003. (Pubitemid 37128030)
172. Jeppesen JO, Nielsen KA, Perkins J, Vignon SA, Di Fabio A, Ballardini R, Gandolfi MT, Venturi M, Balzani V, Becher J, and Stoddart JF. Amphiphilic bistable rotaxanes. Chem Eur J 9: 2982-3007, 2003.
173. Jeppesen JO, Perkins J, Becher J, and Stoddart JF. Slow shuttling in an amphiphilic bistable [2]rotaxane incorporating a tetrathiafulvalene unit. Angew Chem Int Ed 40: 1216-1219, 2001.
174. Jiménez-Molero MC, Dietrich-Buchecker C, and Sauvage JP. Towards synthetic molecular muscles: contraction and stretching of a linear rotaxane dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed 39: 3284-3287, 2000.
175. Johansen O, Mau AWH, and Sasse WHF. The 9-anthracenecarboxylate anion as sensitizer for the photoreduction of water. Chem Phys Lett 94: 107-112, 1983.
176. Jones RAL. Soft Machines - Nanotechnology and Life. Oxford: OUP, 2005.
177. Juris A, Balzani V, Barigelletti F, Campagna S, Belser P, and von Zelewsky A. Ru(II) polypyridine complexes: photophysics, photochemistry, eletrochemistry, and chemiluminescence. Coord Chem Rev 84: 85-277, 1988.
178. Kaifer AE. Interplay between molecular recognition and redox chemistry. Acc Chem Res 32: 62-71, 1999.
179. Kaifer AE. Supramolecular Electrochemistry. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 1999.
180. Katz E, Baron R, Willner I, Richke N, and Levine RD. Temperature- dependent and friction-controlled electrochemically induced shuttling along molecular strings associated with electrodes. Chem Phys Chem 6: 2179-2189, 2005. (Pubitemid 41503709)
181. Katz E, Lioubashevsky O, and Willner I. Electromechanics of a redox-active rotaxane in a monolayer assembly on an electrode. J Am Chem Soc 126: 15520-15532, 2004. (Pubitemid 39577488)
182. Kay ER, Leigh DA, and Zerbetto F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew Chem Int Ed 46: 72-191, 2007. (Pubitemid 46074791)
183. Kelly LA and Rodgers MAJ. Intermolecular and intramolecular oxidative quenching of mixed-ligand tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(ii) complexes by methyl viologen. J Phys Chem 99: 13132-13140, 1995.
184. Kelly TR. (Ed). Top Curr Chem 262: special volume on Molecular Machines, 2005, pp. 1-236.
185. Kern JM, Raehm L, Sauvage JP, Divisia-Blohorn B, and Vidal PL. Controlled molecular motions in copper-complexed rotaxanes: an XAS study. Inorg Chem 39: 1555-1560, 2000.
186. Kim HJ, Jeon WS, Ko YH, and Kim K. Inclusion of methylviologen in cucurbit[7]uril. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 5007-5011, 2002. (Pubitemid 34411494)
187. Kim K. Mechanically interlocked molecules incorporating cucurbituril and their supramolecular assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 31: 96-107, 2002.
188. Kim YH and Goddard WA III. Efficiency of pi-pi tunneling in [2]rotaxane molecular electronic switches. J Phys Chem C 111: 4831-4837, 2007.
189. Kim YH, Jang SS, and Goddard WA III. Possible performance improvement in [2]catenane molecular electronic switches. Appl Phys Lett 88: art. n. 163112, 2006.
190. Kim YH, Jang SS, Jang YH, and Goddard WA III. First-principles study of the switching mechanism of [2]catenane molecular electronic devices. Phys Rev Lett 94: art. n. 156801, 2005.
191. Kinbara K and Aida T. Toward intelligent molecular machines: Directed motions of biological and artificial molecules and assemblies. Chem Rev 105: 1377-1400, 2005. (Pubitemid 40596868)
192. Kocer A, Walko M, Meijberg W, and Feringa BL. A light-actuated nanovalve derived from a channel protein. Science 309: 755-758, 2005. (Pubitemid 41077318)
193. Korybut-Daszkiewicz B, Wieckowska A, Bielewicz R, Domagala S, and Wozniak K. An electrochemically controlled molecular shuttle. Angew Chem Int Ed 43: 1668-1672, 2004. (Pubitemid 39257858)
194. Kottas GS, Clarke LI, Horinek D, and Michl J. Artificial molecular rotors. Chem Rev 105: 1281-1376, 2005. (Pubitemid 40600881)
195. Koumura N, Zijlstra RWJ, van Delden RA, Harada N, and Feringa BL. Light-driven monodirectional molecular rotor. Nature 401: 152-155, 1999. (Pubitemid 29436315)
196. Kropf M, Joselevich E, Dürr H, and Willner I. Photoinduced electron transfer in supramolecular assemblies composed of alkoxyanisyl-tethered ruthenium(II)-tris(bipyridazine) complexes and a bipyridinium cyclophane electron acceptor. J Am Chem Soc 118: 655-665, 1996. (Pubitemid 126532513)
197. Lagona J, Mukhopadhyay P, Chakrabarti S, and Isaacs L. The cucurbit[n]uril family. Angew Chem Int Ed 44: 4844-4870, 2005. (Pubitemid 41138666)
198. Lehn JM. Supramolecular Chemistry: Concepts and Perspectives. Weinheim, Germany: VCH, 1995.
199. Lehn J-M. Toward complex matter: Supramolecular chemistry and self-organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 4763-4768, 2002. (Pubitemid 34411448)
200. Leigh DA, Morales MAF, Pérez EM, Wong JKY, Saiz CG, Slawin AMZ, Carmichael AJ, Haddleton DM, Brouwer AM, Buma WJ, Wurpel GWH, Leon S, and Zerbetto F. Patterning through controlled submolecular motion: rotaxane-based switches and logic gates that function in solution and polymer films. Angew Chem Int Ed 44: 3062-3067, 2005. (Pubitemid 40689845)
201. Leigh DA, Troisi A, and Zerbetto F. Reducing molecular shuttling to a single dimension. Angew Chem Int Ed 39: 350-353, 2000. (Pubitemid 30064677)
202. Létinois-Halbes U, Hanss D, Beierle JM, Collin JP, and Sauvage JP. A fast-moving [2]rotaxane whose stoppers are remote from the copper complex core. Org Lett 7: 5753-5756, 2005. (Pubitemid 43052845)
203. Liscio A, Palermo V, Gentilini D, Nolde F, Müllen K, and Samorì P. Quantitative measurement of the local surface potential of pi-conjugated nanostructures: a Kelvin probe force microscopy study. Adv Funct Mater 16: 1407-1416, 2006. (Pubitemid 44117326)
204. Liu Y, Flood AH, Bonvallet PA, Vignon SA, Northrop BH, Tseng HR, Jeppesen JA, Huang TJ, Brough B, Ballaer M, Magonov S, Solares SD, Goddard WA III, Ho CM, and Stoddart JF. Linear artificial molecular muscles. J Am Chem Soc 127: 9745-9759, 2005. (Pubitemid 40981538)
205. Livoreil A, Dietrich-Buchecker CO, and Sauvage JP. Electrochemically triggered swinging of a [2]-catenate. J Am Chem Soc 116: 9399-9400, 1994.
206. Livoreil A, Sauvage JP, Armaroli N, Balzani V, Flamigni L, and Ventura B. Electrochemically and photochemically driven ring motions in a disymmetrical copper [2]-catenate. J Am Chem Soc 119: 12114-12124, 1997. (Pubitemid 28078696)
207. Lo Nostro P, Lopes JR, Ninham BW, and Baglioni P. Effect of cations and anions on the formation of polypseudorotaxanes. J Phys Chem B 106: 2166-2174, 2002. (Pubitemid 35275971)
208. Loeb SJ. Rotaxanes as ligands: from molecules to materials. Chem Soc Rev 36: 226-235, 2007.
209. Lu T, Zhang L, Gokel GW, and Kaifer AE. The first surface-attached catenane - self-assembly of a 2-component monolayer. J Am Chem Soc 115: 2542-2543, 1993.
210. Luo Y, Collier CP, Jeppesen JO, Nielsen KA, Delonno E, Ho G, Perkins J, Tseng HR, Yamamoto T, Stoddart JF, and Heath JR. Two-dimensional molecular electronics circuits. Chem Phys Chem 3: 519-531, 2002.
211. Mann S. Life as a nanoscale phenomenon. Angew Chem Int Ed 47: 5306-5320, 2008.
212. Mateo-Alonso A, Guldi DM, Paolucci F, and Prato M. Fullerenes: Multitask components in molecular machinery. Angew Chem Int Ed 46: 8120-8126, 2007. (Pubitemid 350096582)
213. McDonagh AM, Bayly SR, Riley DJ, Ward MD, McCleverty JA, Cowin MA, Morgan CN, Varrazza R, Penty RV, and White IH. A variable optical attenuator operating in the near-infrared region based on an electrochromic molybdenum complex. Chem Mater 12: 2523-2524, 2000.
214. Mecklenburg SL, Opperman KA, Chen PY, and Meyer TJ. Designed intramolecular competition in a chromophorebiquencher complex. J Phys Chem 100: 15145-15151, 1996. (Pubitemid 126788517)
215. Melosh NA, Boukai A, Diana F, Gerardot B, Badolato A, Petroff PM, and Heath JR. Ultrahigh-density nanowire lattices and circuits. Science 300: 112-115, 2003. (Pubitemid 36423039)
216. Mirzoian A and Kaifer AE. Electrochemically controlled self-complexation of cyclodextrin-viologen conjugates. Chem Commun: 1603-1604, 1999. (Pubitemid 29391242)
217. Mirzoian A and Kaifer AE. Reactive pseudorotaxanes: Inclusion complexation of reduced viologens by the hosts beta-cyclodextrin and heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin. Chem Eur J 3: 1052-1057, 1997.
218. Monk PMS. The Viologens - Physicochemical Properties, Synthesis and Application of the salts of 4,4′-Bipyridine. Chichester, United Kingdom: Wiley, 1998.
219. Moon K and Kaifer AE. Dimeric molecular capsules under redox control. J Am Chem Soc 126, 15016-15017, 2004. (Pubitemid 39557247)
220. Moon K, Grindstaff J, Sobransingh D, and Kaifer AE. Cucurbit[8]uril- mediated redox-controlled self-assembly of viologen-containing dendrimers. Angew Chem Int Ed 43: 5496-5499, 2004. (Pubitemid 39486666)
221. Mortimer RJ. Electrochromic materials. Chem Soc Rev 26: 147-156, 1997. (Pubitemid 127097197)
222. Mortimer RJ. Organic electrochromic materials. Electrochim Acta 44: 2971-2981, 1999.
223. + ions in a macrocycle containing 2 SH-groups or an S-S bridge inside the cavity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 33: 1750-1751, 1994.
224. Nguyen TD, Leug KCF, Liong M, Pentecost CD, Stoddart JF, and Zink JI. Construction of a pH-driven supramolecular nanovalve. Org Lett 8: 3363-3366, 2006. (Pubitemid 44191962)
225. Nguyen TD, Liu Y, Saha S, Leug KCF, Stoddart JF, and Zink JI. Design and optimization of molecular nanovalves based on redox-switchable bistable rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 129: 626-634, 2007. (Pubitemid 46147763)
226. Nguyen TD, Tseng HR, Celestre PC, Flood AH, Liu Y, Stoddart JF, and Zink JI. A reversible molecular valve. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 10029-10034, 2005. (Pubitemid 41023320)
227. Nielsen MB, Hansen JG, and Becher J. Self-complexing tetrathiafulvalene- based donor-acceptor macrocycles. Eur J Org Chem: 2807-2815, 1999.
228. Nielsen MB, Nielsen SB, and Becher J. "Self-complexing" tetrathiafulvalene macrocycles; a tetrathiafulvalene switch. Chem Commun: 475-476, 1998.
229. Niemz A and Rotello VM. From enzyme to molecular device. Exploring the interdependence of redox and molecular recognition. Acc Chem Res 32: 44-52, 1999.
230. Nikitin K, Lestini E, Lazzari M, Altobello S, and Fitzmaurice D. A tripodal [2]rotaxane on the surface of gold. Langmuir 23: 12147-12153, 2007. (Pubitemid 350197384)
231. Norgaard K, Jeppesen JO, Laursen BA, Simonsen JB, Weygand MJ, Kjaer K, Stoddart JF, and Bjornholm T. Evidence of strong hydration and significant tilt of amphiphilic [2]rotaxane molecules in langmuir films studied by synchrotron X-ray reflectivity. J Phys Chem B 109: 1063-1066, 2005. (Pubitemid 40206814)
232. Norgaard K, Laursen BW, Nygaard S, Kjaer K, Tseng HR, Flood AH, Stoddart JF, and Bjornholm T. Structural evidence of mechanical shuttling in condensed monolayers of bistable rotaxane molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed 44: 7035-7039, 2005. (Pubitemid 41587568)
233. Nygaard S, Leung KCF, Aprahamian I, Ikeda T, Saha S, Laursen BW, Kim SY, Hansen SW, Stein PC, Flood AH, Stoddart JF, and Jeppesen JO. Functionally rigid bistable [2]rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 129: 960-970, 2007. (Pubitemid 46183946)
234. Pallavicini P, Boiocchi M, Dacarro G, and Mangano C. Enhanced kinetic inertness in the electrochemical interconversion of Cu(I) double helical to Cu(II) monomeric complexes. New J Chem 31: 927-935, 2007. (Pubitemid 47324749)
235. Patel K, Angelos S, Dichtel WR, Coskun A, Yang YW, Zink JI, and Stoddart JF. Enzyme-responsive snap-top covered silica nanocontainers. J Am Chem Soc 130: 2382-2383, 2008. (Pubitemid 351304722)
236. Pease AR and Stoddart JF. Computing at the molecular level. Struct Bond 99: 189-236, 2001.
237. Pease AR, Jeppesen JO, Stoddart JF, Luo Y, Collier CP, and Heath JR. Switching devices based on interlocked molecules. Acc Chem Res 34: 433-444, 2001.
238. Percec V, Rudick JG, Peterca M, and Heiney PA. Nanomechanical function from self-organizable dendronized helical polyphenylacetylenes. J Am Chem Soc 130: 7503-7508, 2008. (Pubitemid 351813245)
239. Petty MC. Langmuir-Blodgett Films - An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
240. Pijper D and Feringa BL. Molecular transmission: controlling the twist sense of a helical polymer with a single light-driven molecular motor. Angew Chem Int Ed 46: 3693-3696, 2007. (Pubitemid 46981251)
241. Pluth MD and Raymond KN. Reversible guest exchange mechanisms in supramolecular host-guest assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 36: 161-171, 2007.
242. Poleschak I, Kern JM, and Sauvage JP. A copper-complexed rotaxane in motion: pirouetting of the ring on the millisecond timescale. Chem Commun 4: 474-476, 2004. (Pubitemid 38270868)
243. Raehm L, Kern JM, and Sauvage JP. A transition metal containing rotaxane in motion: Electrochemically induced pirouetting of the ring on the threaded dumbbell. Chem Eur J 5: 3310-3317, 1999. (Pubitemid 129611777)
244. Rapenne G. Synthesis of technomimetic molecules: towards rotation control in single-molecular machines and motors. Org Biomol Chem 3: 1165-1169, 2005. (Pubitemid 40538232)
245. Raymo FM and Stoddart JF. Interlocked macromolecules. Chem Rev 99: 1643-1663, 1999. (Pubitemid 129585156)
246. Raymo FM, Houk KN, and Stoddart JF. The mechanism of the slippage approach to rotaxanes. Origin of the "all-or-nothing" substituent effect. J Am Chem Soc 120: 9318-9322, 1998.
247. Rekharsky MV and Inoue Y. Complexation and chiral recognition thermodynamics of 6-amino-6-deoxy-beta-cyclodextrin with anionic, cationic, and neutral chiral guests: counterbalance between van der Waals and coulombic interactions. J Am Chem Soc 124: 813-826, 2002. (Pubitemid 34112791)
248. Rouvray DH. That fuzzy feeling in chemistry. Chem Brit 31: 544-546, 1995.
249. Rouvray DH. Fuzzy logic: A new tool for chemical process control. Chem Ind January 20: 60-62, 1997.
250. Rouvray DH. Fuzzy Logic in Chemistry. London: Academic Press, 1997.
251. Ruben M, Payer D, Landa A, Comisso A, Gattinoni C, Lin N, Collin JP, Sauvage JP, De Vita A, and Kern K. 2D supramolecular assemblies of benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tribenzoic acid: temperature-induced phase transformations and hierarchical organization with macrocyclic molecules. J Am Chem Soc 128: 15644-15651, 2006. (Pubitemid 44894104)
252. Ruthkosky M, Kelly CA, Zaros MC, and Meyer GJ. Long-lived charge-separated states following excitation of Cu(I) donor-acceptor compounds. J Am Chem Soc 119: 12004-12005, 1997. (Pubitemid 28012774)
253. Saha S, Flood AH, Stoddart JF, Impellizzeri S, Silvi S, Venturi M, and Credi A. A redox-driven multicomponent molecular shuttle. J Am Chem Soc 129: 12159-12171, 2007. (Pubitemid 47556852)
254. Saha S, Leung KCF, Nguyen TD, Stoddart JF, and Zink JI. Nanovalves. Adv Funct Mater 17: 685-693, 2007. (Pubitemid 46571636)
255. Samorì P. (Ed). Scanning Probe Microscopies Beyond Imaging - Manipulation of Molecules and Nanostructures. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2006.
256. Sauvage JP. (Ed). Struct Bond 99: special volume on Molecular Machines and Motors, 2001, pp. 1-302.
257. Sauvage JP. Transition metal-complexed catenanes and rotaxanes as molecular machine prototypes. Chem Commun 12: 1507-1510, 2005.
258. Sauvage JP and Dietrich-Buchecker CO. (Eds). Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 1999.
259. Schalley CA, Beizai K, and Vögtle F. On the way to rotaxane-based molecular motors: studies in molecular mobility and topological chirality. Acc Chem Res 34: 465-476, 2001. (Pubitemid 32822167)
260. Schalley CA, Weilandt T, Bruggemann J, and Vögtle F. Hydrogen-bond-mediated template synthesis of rotaxanes, catenanes, and knotanes. Top Curr Chem 248: 141-200, 2004.
261. Schliwa M. (Ed). Molecular Motors. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2003.
262. Schmidt PM, Brown RS, and Luong JHT. Inclusion complexation of tetrathiafulvalene in cyclodextrins and bioelectroanalysis of the glucose-glucose oxidase reaction. Chem Eng Sci 50: 1867-1876, 1995.
263. Seiler M, Dürr H, Willner I, Joselevich E, Doron A, and Stoddart JF. Photoinduced electron-transfer in supramolecular assemblies composed of dialkoxybenzene-tethered Ruthenium(ii) trisbipyridine and bipyridinium salts. J Am Chem Soc 116: 3399-3404, 1994. (Pubitemid 24980896)
264. Service RF. Molecular electronics - next-generation technology hits an early midlife crisis. Science 302: 556-556, 2003.
265. Service RF. More on molecular electronics - response. Science 303: 1137-1137, 2004.
266. Shen YB, Walters KA, Abboud K, and Schanze KS. Intramolecular charge transfer in pyridinium-substituted Rupolypyridine complexes. Inorg Chim Acta 300: 414-426, 2000.
267. Shipway AN and Willner I. Electronically transduced molecular mechanical and information functions on surfaces. Acc Chem Res 34: 421-432, 2001. (Pubitemid 32822164)
268. Silvi S, Venturi M, and Credi A. Artificial molecular shuttles: from concepts to devices. J Mater Chem 19: 2279, 2009.
269. Simmel FC and Dittmer WU. DNA nanodevices. Small 1: 284-299, 2005. (Pubitemid 43951775)
270. Sobransingh D and Kaifer AE. Electrochemically switchable cucurbit[7]uril-based pseudorotaxanes. Org Lett 8: 3247-3250, 2006. (Pubitemid 44187426)
271. Sotomayor M and Schulten K. Single-molecule experiments in vitro and in silico. Science 316: 1144-1148, 2007, special section on Single Molecules. (Pubitemid 46877468)
272. Steinberg-Yfrach G, Rigaud JL, Durantini EN, Moore AL, Gust D, and Moore TA. Light-driven production of ATP catalysed by F0F1-ATP synthase in an artificial photosynthetic membrane. Nature 392: 479-482, 1998. (Pubitemid 28168976)
273. Steuerman DW, Tseng HR, Peters AJ, Flood AH, Jeppesen JO, Nielsen KA, Stoddart JF, and Heath JR. Molecular-mechanical switch-based solid-state electrochromic devices. Angew Chem Int Ed 43: 6486-6491, 2004. (Pubitemid 40029502)
274. Stewart DR, Ohlberg DAA, Beck PA, Chen Y, Williams RS, Jeppesen JO, Nielsen KA, and Stoddart JF. Molecule-independent electrical switching in Pt/organic monolayer/Ti devices. Nano Lett 4: 133-136, 2004. (Pubitemid 38167878)
275. Stoddart JF. (Ed). Acc Chem Res 34(6): special issue on Molecular Machines, 2001, pp. 409-522.
276. Summers A. The Bipyridinium Herbicides. New York: Academic Press, 1980.
277. Thiem HJ, Brandl M, and Breslow R. Molecular modeling calculations on the acylation of beta-cyclodextrin by ferrocenylacrylate esters. J Am Chem Soc 110: 8612-8616, 1988.
278. Thompson SE and Parthasarathy. Moore's law: the future of Si microelectronics. Mater Today 9: 20-25, 2006.
279. Tseng HR, Vignon SA, and Stoddart JF. Toward chemically controlled nanoscale molecular machinery. Angew Chem Int Ed 42: 1491-1495, 2003. (Pubitemid 36458507)
280. Tseng HR, Vignon SA, Celestre PC, Perkins J, Jeppesen JO, Di Fabio A, Ballardini R, Gandolfi MT, Venturi M, Balzani V, and Stoddart JF. Redox-controllable amphiphilic [2]rotaxanes. Chem Eur J 10: 155-172, 2004.
281. Tseng HR, Wu D, Fang N, Zhang X, and Stoddart JF. The metastability of an electrochemically controlled nanoscale machine on gold surfaces. Chem Phys Chem 5: 111-116, 2004.
282. Ulman A. Characterization of Organic Thin Films. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1995.
283. van den Heuvel MGL and Dekker C. Motor proteins at work for nanotechnology. Science 317: 333-336, 2007. (Pubitemid 47106365)
284. van den Heuvel MGL, de Graaff MP, and Dekker C. Molecular sorting by electrical steering of microtubules in kinesin-coated channels. Science 312: 910-914, 2006. (Pubitemid 43727323)
285. Venturi M, Credi A, and Balzani V. Electrochemistry of coordination compounds: an extended view. Coord Chem Rev 185-186: 233-256, 1998.
286. Vives G, Gonzales A, Jaud J, Launay JP, and Rapenne G. Synthesis ofmolecularmotors incorporating para-phenylene-conjugated or bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-insulated electroactive groups. Chem Eur J 13: 5622-5631, 2007. (Pubitemid 47151847)
287. Wang B and Král P. Chemically tunable nanoscale propellers of liquids. Phys Rev Lett 98: art. n. 266102, 2007.
288. Wang W and Kaifer AE. Electrochemical switching and size selection in cucurbit[8]uril-mediated dendrimer self-assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed 45: 7042-7046, 2006. (Pubitemid 44690343)
289. Wang Y, Alvarez J, and Kaifer AE. Redox control of host-guest recognition: a case of host selection determined by the oxidation state of the guest. Chem Commun: 1457-1458, 1998. (Pubitemid 128675644)
290. Wang Y, Mendoza S, and Kaifer AE. Electrochemical reduction of cobaltocenium in the presence of beta-cyclodextrin. Inorg Chem 37: 317-320, 1998. (Pubitemid 128483315)
291. Ward TR, Lutz A, Parel SP, Ensling J, Gütlich P, Buglyó P, and Orvig C. An iron-based molecular redox switch as a model for iron release from enterobactin via the salicylate binding mode. Inorg Chem 38: 5007-5017, 1999.
292. Weber N, Hamann C, Kern JM, and Sauvage JP. Synthesis of a copper [3]rotaxane able to function as an electrochemically driven oscillatory machine in solution, and to form SAMs on a metal surface. Inorg Chem 42: 6780-6792, 2003.
293. Weiss PS. More on molecular electronics. Science 303: 1136-1137, 2004.
294. Wendell DW, Patti J, and Montemagno CD. Using biological inspiration to engineer functional nanostructured materials. Small 2: 1324-1329, 2006. (Pubitemid 44569176)
295. Whelan CM, Gatti F, Leigh DA, Rapino S, Zerbetto F, and Rudolf P. Adsorption of fumaramide [2]rotaxane and its components on a solid substrate: a coverage-dependent study. J Phys Chem B 110: 17076-17081, 2006. (Pubitemid 44418882)
296. Willner I, Pardo-Yssar V, Katz E, and Ranjit KT. A photo-activated "molecular train" for optoelectronic applications: light-stimulated translocation of a beta-cyclodextrin receptor within a stoppered azobenzone-alkyl chain supramolecular monolayer assembly on a Au-electrode. J Electroanal Chem 497: 172-177, 2001. (Pubitemid 32139127)
297. Willner I. (Ed). Org Biomol Chem 4(18): special issue on DNA-based Nanoarchitectures and Nanomachines, 2006.
298. Wong EW, Collier CP, Belohradsky M, Raymo FM, Stoddart JF, Kuekes PJ, Williams RS, and Heath JR. Fabrication and transport properties of single-molecule-thick electrochemical junctions. J Am Chem Soc 122: 5831-5840, 2000. (Pubitemid 30432286)
299. Wu J, Leung KCF, Benitez D, Han JY, Cantrill SJ, Fang L, and Stoddart JF. An acid-base-controllable [c2]daisy chain. Angew Chem Int Ed 47: 7470-7474, 2008.
300. Wu JS, Toda K, Tanaka A, and Sanemasa I. Association constants of ferrocene with cyclodextrins in aqueous medium determined by solubility measurements of ferrocene. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 71: 1615-1618, 1998. (Pubitemid 128500029)
301. Yamamoto T, Tseng HR, Stoddart JF, Balzani V, Credi A, Marchioni F, and Venturi M. Redox-induced ring shuttling and evidence for folded structures in long and flexible two-station rotaxanes. Collect Czech Chem Commun 68: 1488-1514, 2003. (Pubitemid 37162309)
302. Yonemoto EH, Riley RL, Kim YL, Atherton SJ, Schmehl RH, and Mallouk TE. Photoinduced electron-transfer in covalently linked ruthenium tris(bipyridyl) viologen molecules - observation of back electron-transfer in the Marcus inverted region. J Am Chem Soc 114: 8081-8087, 1992.
303. Yonemoto EH, Saupe GB, Schmehl RH, Hubig SM, Riley RL, Iverson BL, and Mallouk TE. Electron-transfer reactions of ruthenium trisbipyridyl-viologen donor-acceptor molecules - comparison of the distance dependence of electron-transfer rates in the normal and Marcus inverted regions. J Am Chem Soc 116: 4786-4795, 1994. (Pubitemid 24981044)
304. Yoshizawa M, Kumazawa K, and Fujita M. Room-temperature and solution-state observation of the mixed-valence cation radical dimer of tetrathiafulvalene, [(TTF)2]+, within a self-assembled molecular cage. J Am Chem Soc 127: 13456-13457, 2005. (Pubitemid 41401173)
305. Yu H, Luo Y, Beverly K, Stoddart J F, Tseng HR, and Heath JR. The molecule-electrode interface in single-molecule transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed 24: 5706-5711, 2003. (Pubitemid 37522556)
306. Zelikovich L, Libman J, and Shanzer A. Molecular redox switches based on chemical triggering of iron translocation in triple-stranded helical complexes. Nature 374: 790-792, 1995.
307. Zhang L, Macías A, Lu T, Gordon JI, Gokel GW, and Kaifer AE. Calixarenes as hosts in aqueous-media - inclusion complexation of ferrocene derivatives by a water-soluble calix[6]arene. J Chem Soc Chem Commun: 1017-1019, 1993.
308. Zhao SS and Luong JHT. Bioelectrocatalysis of a water-soluble tetrathiafulvalene 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin complex. Anal Chim Acta 282: 319-327, 1993. (Pubitemid 23300304)
309. Ziganshina AY, Ko YO, Jeon WS, and Kim K. Stable pidimer of a tetrathiafulvalene cation radical encapsulated in the cavity of cucurbit[8]uril. Chem Commun: 806-807, 2004.