Clinical Strategies for Improving the Detection of Fetal Growth Restriction

Clinics in Perinatology

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 21-31

  Gardosi, Jason ^a  

^a West Midlands Perinatal Institute   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Fetal surveillance; Intrauterine growth restriction; Pregnancy; Small for gestational age

Indexed keywords

ANTEPARTUM HEMORRHAGE; CESAREAN SECTION; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; FETUS; FETUS DISTRESS; FETUS WEIGHT; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; HUMAN; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; MATERNAL CARE; MEDICAL AUDIT; NEWBORN DEATH; PREDICTION; PREECLAMPSIA; PREMATURE LABOR; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMALL FOR DATE INFANT; STILLBIRTH;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; FEMALE; FETAL DEATH; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; FETAL MONITORING; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREGNANCY, HIGH-RISK; PREVALENCE; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, DOPPLER; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, PRENATAL; UTERINE ARTERY;

EID: 79951824370     PISSN: 00955108     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2010.12.012     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Kady S., Gardosi J. Perinatal mortality and fetal growth restriction. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2004, 18:397-410.
2. Jacobsson B., Ahlin K., Francis A., et al. Cerebral palsy and restricted growth status at birth: population-based case-control study. BJOG 2008, 115:1250-1255.
3. Barker D.J., Gluckman P.D., Godfrey K.M., et al. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Lancet 1993, 341:938-941.
4. Hepburn M., Rosenberg K. An audit of the detection and management of small-for-gestational age babies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986, 93:212-216.
5. Backe B., Nakling J. Effectiveness of antenatal care: a population based study. BJOG 1993, 100:727-732.
6. Gardosi J. Intrauterine growth restriction: new standards for assessing adverse outcome. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009, 23:741-749.
7. Gardosi J., Figueras F., Clausson B., et al. The customised growth potential: an international research tool to study the epidemiology of fetal growth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2011, 25(1):2-10.
8. Gardosi J., Chang A., Kalyan B., et al. Customised antenatal growth charts. Lancet 1992, 339:283-287.
9. Gardosi J., Mongelli M., Wilcox M., et al. An adjustable fetal weight standard. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995, 6:168-174.
10. Mongelli M., Figueras F., Francis A., et al. A customized birthweight centile calculator developed for an Australian population. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2007, 47:128-131.
11. McCowan L., Stewart A.W., Francis A., et al. A customised birthweight centile calculator developed for a New Zealand population. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2004, 44(5):428-431.
12. Ego A., Subtil D., Grange G., et al. Customized versus population-based birth weight standards for identifying growth restricted infants: a French multicenter study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006, 194:1042-1049.
13. Figueras F., Meier E., Iraola A., et al. Customised birthweight standards for a Spanish population. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008, 136:20-24.
14. Gardosi J., Francis A. A customized standard to assess fetal growth in a US population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009, 201:25. e1-7.
15. Odibo A.O., Francis A., Cahill A.G., et al. Association between pregnancy complications and small-for-gestational-age birth weight defined by customized fetal growth standard versus a population-based standard. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010, [Epub ahead of print].
16. Clausson B., Gardosi J., Francis A., et al. Perinatal outcome in SGA births defined by customised versus population-based birthweight standards. BJOG 2001, 108:830-834.
17. Wilcox M., Gardosi J., Mongelli M., et al. Birth weight from pregnancies dated by ultrasonography in a multicultural British population. BMJ 1993, 307:588-591.
18. Figueras F., Meler E., Eixarch E., et al. Association of smoking during pregnancy and fetal growth restriction: subgroups of higher susceptibility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008, 138:171-175.
19. Tamura R.K., Sabbagha R.E., Depp R., et al. Diminished growth in fetuses born preterm after spontaneous labor or rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984, 148:1105-1110.
20. Ott W.J. Accurate gestation dating. Obstet Gynecol 1985, 66(3):311-315.
21. Gardosi J.O. Prematurity and fetal growth restriction. Early Hum Dev 2005, 81:43-49.
22. Hadlock F.P., Harrist R.B., Martinez-Poyer J. In-utero analysis of fetal growth: a sonographic weight standard. Radiology 1991, 181:129-133.
23. GROW (Gestation Related Optimal Weight) Customised growth chart software; versions 5.x-7.x, 2000-2010. Gestation Network Available at:, Accessed December 12, 2010. http://www.gestation.net.
24. Gardosi J., Francis A. Adverse pregnancy outcome and association with smallness for gestational age by customised and population based birthweight percentiles. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009, 201:28. e1-8.
25. Gardosi J., Clausson B., Francis A. The value of customised centiles in assessing perinatal mortality risk associated with parity and maternal size. BJOG 2009, 116:1356-1363.
26. de Jong C.L., Gardosi J., Dekker G.A., et al. Application of a customised birthweight standard in the assessment of perinatal outcome in a high-risk population. BJOG 1998, 105:531-535.
27. McCowan L., Harding J.E., Stewart A.W. Customised birthweight centiles predict SGA pregnancies with perinatal morbidity. BJOG 2005, 112:1026-1033.
28. Figueras F., Figueras J., Meier E., et al. Customised birthweight percentiles accurately predict perinatal morbidity. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007, 92(4):277-280.
29. Alfirevic Z., Neilson J.P. Doppler ultrasonography in high-risk pregnancies: systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995, 172:1379-1387.
30. Lindqvist P.G., Molin J. Does antenatal identification of small-for-gestational age fetuses significantly improve their outcome?. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005, 25:258-264.
31. Giles W., Bisits A., O'Callaghan S., et al. The Doppler assessment in multiple pregnancy randomised controlled trial of ultrasound biometry versus umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound and biometry in twin pregnancy. BJOG 2003, 110:593-597.
32. Dugoff L., Hobbins J.C., Malone F.D., et al. First-trimester maternal serum PAPP-A and free-beta subunit human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations and nuchal translucency are associated with obstetric complications: a population-based screening study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004, 191:1446-1451.
33. Smith G.C., Stenhouse E.J., Crossley J.A., et al. Early pregnancy levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and the risk of intrauterine growth restriction, premature birth, preeclampsia, and stillbirth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:1762-1767.
34. Lepage N., Chitayat D., Kingdom J., et al. Association between second-trimester isolated high maternal serum maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin levels and obstetric complications in singleton and twin pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003, 188:1354-1359.
35. Aquilina J., Thompson O., Thilaganathan B., et al. Improved early prediction of preeclampsia by combining second-trimester maternal serum inhibin-A and uterine artery Doppler. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001, 17:477-484.
36. D'Anna R., Baviera G., Corrado F., et al. Is mid-trimester maternal serum inhibin-A a marker of preeclampsia ointrauterine growth restriction?. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002, 81:540-543.
37. Martin A.M., Bindra R., Curcio P., et al. Screening for preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction by uterine artery Doppler at 11-14 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001, 18:583-586.
38. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. NICE Guideline CG6. Antenatal care: routine care for the healthy pregnant woman. Nice Clinical Guideline CG6. Available at: Accessed December 8, 2010. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11947/40115/40115.pdf.
39. Villar J., Carroli G., Wojdyla D., et al. Preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and intrauterine growth restriction, related or independent conditions?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006, 194:921-931.
40. Cnattingius S., Bergstrom R., Lipworth L., et al. Prepregnancy weight and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:147-152.
41. Farrell T., Holmes R., Stone P. The effect of body mass index on three methods of fetal weight estimation. BJOG 2002, 109:651-657.
42. Mongelli M., Gardosi J. Symphysis-fundus height and pregnancy characteristics in ultrasound-dated pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 1999, 94:591-594.
43. Gardosi J., Francis A. Controlled trial of fundal height measurement plotted on customised antenatal growth charts. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999, 106:309-317.
44. Hedriana H.L., Moore T.R. A comparison of single versus multiple growth ultrasonographic examinations in predicting birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994, 170:1600-1604.
45. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists The investigation and management of the small-for-gestational age fetus Green Top Guideline no. 31. Available at:, Accessed December 8, 2010. http://www.rcog.org.uk/files/rcogcorp/uploadedfiles/GT31SmallGestationalAgeFetus.pdf.
46. Morse K., Williams A., Gardosi J. Fetal growth screening by fundal height measurement. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009, 23:809-818.
47. De Jong C.L., Francis A., Van Geijn H.P., et al. Customized fetal weight limits for antenatal detection of fetal growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000, 15:36-40.
48. Gardosi J., Kady S.M., McGeown P., et al. Classification of stillbirth by relevant condition at death (ReCoDe): population-based cohort study. BMJ 2005, 331:1113-1117.
49. Vergani P., Cozzolino S., Pozzi E., et al. Identifying the causes of stillbirth: a comparison of four classification systems. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008, 199:319. e1-4.
50. Froen J.F., Gardosi J., Thurmann A., et al. Restricted fetal growth in sudden intrauterine unexplained death. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004, 83:81-87.