Classifying curved orogens based on timing relationships between structural development and vertical-axis rotations

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 383, Issue , 2004, Pages 1-15

  Weil, Arlo B ^a   Sussman, Aviva J ^a,b  

^a BRYN MAWR COLLEGE   (United States)

^b LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Arc; Fold thrust belt; Orocline; Paleomagnetism; Rotation

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION; GEOMAGNETISM; KINEMATICS; MOLECULAR PHYSICS; ROTATION; STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS; TIMING CIRCUITS;

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME; DISPLACEMENT FIELD; FOLD-THRUST BELTS; OROCLINE; PALEOMAGNETISM; STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT; TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL; VERTICAL-AXIS ROTATION;

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

BELT; BUCKLING; CURVATURE; DEFORMATION; DISPLACEMENT; FOLDING; GEOMETRY; KINEMATICS; OROGENY; PALEOMAGNETISM; STRAIN; STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS; STRUCTURAL RESPONSE;

EID: 79951793463     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2383-3(2004)383[1:CCOBOT]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Allenby, R. J., 1987, Origin of the Bolivian orocline: A geologic study utilizing Landsat and shuttle imaging radar: Tectonophysics, v. 142, p. 137-154, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951 (87) 90119-3.
2. Allerton, S., 1994, Vertical axis rotations associated with folding and thrusting: An example from the eastern Subbetic, southern Spain: Geology, v. 22, p. 1039-1042, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (1994) 0222.3. CO;2.
3. Allerton, S., 1998, Geometry and kinematics of vertical-axis rotations in fold and thrust belts: Tectonophysics, v. 299, p. 15-30, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951 (98) 00196-6. (Pubitemid 29412259)
4. Allmendinger, R. W., Figueroa, D., Snyder, D., Beer, J., Mpodozis, C., and Isacks, B. L., 1990, Foreland shortening and crustal balancing in the Andes at 30 degrees S latitude: Tectonics, v. 9, p. 789-809.
5. Argand, E., 1924, La Tectonique de l'Asia, in 13th International Geological Congress Conference Proceedings, Brussels, p. 171.
6. Bates, M. P., 1989, Palaeomagnetic evidence for rotations and deformation in the Nogueras Zone, Central Southern Pyrenees, Spain: Journal of the Geological Society [London], v. 146, p. 459-476.
7. Beck, M., 1987, Tectonic rotations on the leading edge of South America: the Bolivian orocline revisited: Geology, v. 15, p. 806-808.
8. Beck, M., 1988, Analysis of Late Jurassic-recent paleomagnetic data from active margins of South America: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 1, p. 39-52, doi: 10.1016/0895-9811 (88) 90014-4.
9. Beutner, E. C., 1977, Causes and consequences of curvature in the Sevier orogenic belt, Utah to Montana, in Heisey, E. L., Lawson, D. E., Norwood, E. R., Wach, P. H., and Hale, L. A., eds., Rocky Mountain Thrust Belt, Geology and Resources: Guidebook for the Wyoming Geological Association Annual Field Conference 29, p. 153-165.
10. Boyer, S. E., 1995, Sedimentary basin taper as a factor controlling the geometry and advance of thrust belts: American Journal of Science, v. 295, p. 1220-1250.
11. Brun, J. P., and Burg, J. P., 1982, Combined thrusting and wrenching in the Ibero-Armorican arc: a corner effect during continental collision: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 61, p. 319-332, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X (82) 90063-2.
12. Brun, J. P., and Merle, O., 1985, Strain patterns in models of spreading-gliding nappes: Tectonics, v. 4, p. 705-719.
13. Bryant, B., and Reed, J. C., 1970, Geology of the Grandfather Mountain Window and Vicinity, North Carolina and Tennessee: U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 615, 190 p.
14. Butler, R. F., Richards, D. R., Sempere, T., and Marshall, L. G., 1995, Paleomagnetic determinations of vertical-axis tectonic rotations from Later Cretaceous and Paleocene strata of Bolivia: Geology, v. 23, p. 799-802, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (1995) 0232.3. CO;2. (Pubitemid 26456777)
15. Carey, S. W., 1955, The orocline concept in geotectonics: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, v. 89, p. 255-288.
16. Carey, S. W., 1958, A tectonic approach to continental drift, in Carey, S. W., ed., Continental Drift, A symposium: Hobart, Tasmania, p. 177-355.
17. Cederquist, D. P., 1998, Paleomagnetism of Cambro-Ordovician carbonates from the Pennsylvania Salient: Syn-deformational remagnetizations confirm that folding is younger than most of the oroclinal bending [M. S. thesis]: Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, 40 p.
18. Channell, J. E. T., Lowrie, W., Medizza, F., and Alvarez, W., 1978, Palaeomagnetism and Tectonics in Umbria, Italy: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 39, p. 199-210, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X (78) 90196-6.
19. Cobbold, P. R., and Davy, P., 1988, Indentation tectonics in nature and experiments; II, Central Asia: Bulletin of the Geological Institute of the University of Uppsala, v. 14, p. 143-162.
20. Cloos, E., 1947, Oolite deformation in the South Mountain Fold, Maryland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 58, p. 843-918.
21. Craddock, J. P., and Relle, M., 2003, Fold axis-parallel rotation within the Laramide Derby Dome Fold, Wind River Basin, Wyoming, USA: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 25, p. 1959-1972, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141 (03) 00035-X. (Pubitemid 37096752)
22. Cunningham, W. D., 1993, Strike-slip faults in the southernmost Andes and the development of the Patagonian orocline: Tectonics, v. 12, p. 169-186. (Pubitemid 23390434)
23. Dana, J. D., 1866, A Textbook of Geology: Philadelphia, Theodore Bliss, 354 p.
24. Davis, D., Suppe, J., and Dahlen, F. A., 1983, Mechanics of fold-and-thrust belts and accretionary wedges: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 88, p. 1153-1172.
25. Davy, P. H., and Cobbold, P. R., 1991, Experiments on shortening of a 4-layer model of the continental lithosphere: Tectonophysics, v. 188, p. 1-25, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951 (91) 90311-F.
26. Eldredge, S., and Van der Voo, R., 1988, Paleomagnetic study of thrust sheet rotations in the Helena and Wyoming salients of the Northern Rocky Mountains, in Schmidt, C. J., ed., Interaction of the Rocky Mountain Foreland and the Cordilleran thrust belt: Geological Society of America Memoir 171, p. 319-332.
27. Eldredge, S., Bachtadse, V., and Van der Voo, R., 1985, Paleomagnetism and the orocline hypothesis: Tectonophysics, v. 119, p. 153-179, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951 (85) 90037-X.
28. Elliot, D., 1976, The energy balance and deformation mechanisms of thrust sheets: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v. 283, p. 289-312.
29. Ferrill, D. A., and Groshong, R. H., 1993, Kinematic model for the curvature of the northern Subalpine Chain, France: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 15, p. 523-541, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141 (93) 90146-2. (Pubitemid 23392172)
30. Fleming, R. S., and Sumner, J. R., 1975, Interpretation of geophysical anomalies over the arcuate Appalachians (abs.): Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 7, no. 1, p. 58.
31. Frank, F. C., 1968, Curvature of Island Arcs: Nature, v. 220, p. 363.
32. Geiser, P. A., and Engelder, T., 1983, The distribution of layer parallel shortening fabrics in the Appalachian foreland of New York and Pennsylvania: Evidence for two non-coaxial phases of the Alleghanian Orogeny, in Hatcher, R. D., Williams, H., and Zeitz, I., eds., Contributions to the tectonics and geophysics of mountain chains: Geological Society of America Memoir 158, p. 161-175.
33. Gilotti, J. A., and Kumpulainen, R., 1986, Strain softening induced ductile flow in the Saerv thrust sheet, Scandinavian Caledonides, in Platt, J. P., Coward, M. P., Deramond, J., Hossack, J., eds., Thrusting and deformation: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 8, p. 441-455. (Pubitemid 16596564)
34. Gray, M. B., and Mitra, G., 1993, Migration of deformation fronts during progressive deformation: Evidence from detailed structural studies in the Pennsylvania Anthracite region, U. S: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 15, p. 435-449, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141 (93) 90139-2. (Pubitemid 23392200)
35. Gray, M. B., and Stamatakos, J., 1997, New model for evolution of fold and thrust belt curvature, based on integrated structural and paleomagnetic results from the Pennsylvania salient: Geology, v. 25, p. 1067-1070, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (1997) 0252.3. CO;2.
36. Groshong, R. L., 1972, Strain Calculated from Twinning in Calcite: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 2025-2038.
37. Grubbs, K. L., and Van der Voo, R., 1976, Structural deformation of the Idaho-Wyoming overthrust belt (USA), as determined by Triassic paleomagnetism: Tectonophysics, v. 33, p. 321-336, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951 (76) 90151-7.
38. Hansen, 1971, Strain Facies: New York, Springer-Verlag, 207 p.
39. Hartley, A. E., Jolley, E. J., and Turner, P., 1992, Paleomagnetic evidence for rotation in the Precordillera of northern Chile: structural constraints and implications for the evolution of the Andean forearc: Tectonophysics, v. 205, p. 49-64, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951 (92) 90417-5.
40. Hindle, H., and Burkhard, M., 1999, Strain, displacement and rotation associated with the formation of curvature on fold belts; the example of the Jura arc: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 21, p. 1089-1101, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141 (99) 00021-8.
41. Hindle, D., Kley, J., Klosko, E., Stein, S., Dixon, T., and Norabuena, E., 2002, Consistency of geologic and geodetic displacements during Andean orogenesis: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 8, p. 29-1-29-4.
42. Hindle, D., and Kley, J., 2002, Displacements, strains and rotations in the Central Andean plate boundary, in Stein, S., and Freymueller, J. T., Plate boundary zones: Washington, D. C., American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Series, v. 30, p. 135-144.
43. Hirt, A. M., and Lowrie, W., 1988, Paleomagnetism of the Umbria-Arches orogenic belt: Tectonophysics, v. 146, p. 91-106, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951 (88) 90084-4.
44. Hobbs, W. H., 1914, Mechanics of formation of arcuate mountain belts: Journal of Geology, v. 22, p. 72-90.
45. Hogan, J. P., and Dunne, W. M., 2001, Calculation of shortening due to outcrop-scale deformation and its relation to regional deformation patterns: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 23, p. 1507-1529, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141 (01) 00016-5. (Pubitemid 32770714)
46. Hutton, D. H. W., and Alsop, G. I., 1996, The Caledonian strike-swing and associated lineaments in NW Ireland and adjacent areas: sedimentation, deformation and igneous patterns: Journal of the Geological Society [London], v. 153, p. 345-360.
47. Irving, E., and Opdyke, N. D., 1965, The paleomagnetism of the Bloomsburg redbeds and its possible application to the tectonic history of the Appalachians: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 9, p. 153-167.
48. Isacks, B. L., 1988, Uplift of the central Andean plateau and bending of the Bolivian orocline: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 3211-3231.
49. Johnston, S. T., 2001, The Great Alaskan Terrane Wreck: reconciliation of paleomagnetic and geologic data in the northern Cordillera: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 193, p. 259-272. (Pubitemid 34054512)
50. Johnston, S. T., and Acton, S., 2003, The Eocene Southern Vancouver Island Orocline-a response to seamount accretion and the cause of fold-and-thrust belt and extensional basin formation: Tectonophysics, v. 365, p. 165-183. (Pubitemid 36533367)
51. Keep, M., 2000, Models of lithospheric-scale deformation during plate collision: effects of indentor shape and lithospheric thickness: Tectonophysics, v. 326, p. 203-216, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951 (00) 00123-2. (Pubitemid 32166116)
52. Kent, D., and Opdyke, N. D., 1985, Multicomponent magnetization from the Mississippian Mauch Chunk Formation of the central Appalachians and their tectonic implications: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 5371-5383.
53. Kent, D., 1988, Further paleomagnetic evidence for oroclinal rotation in the central folded Appalachians from the Bloomsburg and the Mauch Chunk formations: Tectonics, v. 7, p. 749-759.
54. Kissel, C., and Laj, C., 1988, The Tertiary geodynamical evolution of the Aegean arc; a paleomagnetic reconstruction: Tectonophysics, v. 146, p. 183-201, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951 (88) 90090-X.
55. Kissel, C., Speranza, F., and Milicevic, V., 1995, Paleomagnetism of external southern and central Dinarides and northern Albanides; implications for the Cenozoic activity of the Scutari-Pec transverse zone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 14, 999-15, 007, doi: 10.1029/95JB01243.
56. Kissel, C., Laj, C., Poisson, A., and Görür, N., 2003, Paleomagnetic reconstruction of the Cenozoic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean: Tectonophysics, v. 362, p. 199-217, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951 (02) 00638-8. (Pubitemid 36175236)
57. Kley, J., 1999, Geologic and geometric constraints on a kinematic model of the Bolivian Orocline, Central Andean deformation: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 12, p. 221-235, doi: 10.1016/S0895-9811 (99) 00015-2.
58. Knowles, R. R., and Opdyke, N. D., 1968, Paleomagnetic results from the Mauch Chunk Formation: A test of the origin of curvature in the folded Appalachians of Pennsylvania: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 73, p. 6515-6526.
59. Kodama, K. P., 1988, Remanence rotation due to rock strain during folding and the stepwise application of the fold test: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 3357-3371.
60. Kollmeier, J. M., van der Pluijm, B. A., and Van der Voo, R., 2000, Analysis of Variscan dynamics; early bending of the Cantabria-Asturias Arc, northern Spain: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 181, p. 203-216, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X (00) 00203-X.
61. Kotasek, J., and Krs, M., 1965, Palaeomagnetic study of tectonic rotation in the Carpathian Mountains of Czechoslovakia: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 1, p. 39-49, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182 (65) 90005-2.
62. Laj, C., Jamet, M., Sorel, D., and Valente, J. P., 1982, First paleomagnetic results from Mio-Pliocene series of the Hellenic sedimentary arc: Tectonophysics, v. 86, p. 45-67.
63. Lash, G. G., 1988, Along-strike variations in foreland basin evolution; possible evidence for continental collision along an irregular margin: Basin Research, v. 1, p. 71-83.
64. Lawrence, R. D. S., Khan, S. H., De Jong, K. A., Farah, K. A., and Yeats, R. S., 1981, Thrust and strike-slip interaction along the Chaman transform zone, Pakistan, in Thrust and Nappe Tectonics: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 9, p. 363-370.
65. Lawton, T. F., Boyer, S. E., and Schmitt, J. G., 1994, Influence of inherited taper on structural variability and conglomerate distribution, Cordilleran fold and thrust belt-Western United States: Geology, v. 22, p. 339-342, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (1994) 0222.3. CO;2. (Pubitemid 24425952)
66. Le Pichon, A., Francheteau, J., and Bonnin, J., 1973, Plate Tectonics: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 302 p.
67. Lickorish, W. H., Ford, M., Buergisser, J., and Cobbold, P. R., 2002, Arcuate thrust systems in sandbox experiments; a comparison to the external arcs of the Western Alps: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 1089-1107. (Pubitemid 36049203)
68. Lowrie, W., and Hirt, A. M., 1986, Paleomagnetism in Arcuate Mountain Belts, in Wezel-Forese, C., ed., The Origin of Arcs, Developments in Geotectonics, 21: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 141-158.
69. MacDonald, W. D., 1980, Net tectonic rotation, apparent tectonic rotation, and the structural tilt correction in paleomagnetic studies, in Norman Watkins memorial: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 85, p. 3659-3669.
70. Macedo, J., and Marshak, S., 1999, Controls on the geometry of fold-thrust belt salients: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p. 1808-1822, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (1999) 1112.3. CO;2.
71. MacFadden, B. J., Anaya, F., and Swisher, C. C., III, 1995, Neogene paleomagnetism and oroclinal bending of the central Andes of Bolivia: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 8153-8167, doi: 10.1029/95JB00149.
72. Marques, F. O., and Cobbold, P. R., 2002, Topography as a major factor in the development of arcuate thrust belts: insights from sandbox experiments: Tectonophysics, v. 348, p. 247-268, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951 (02) 00077-X. (Pubitemid 34653486)
73. Marshak, S., 1988, Kinematics of orocline and arc formation in thin-skinned orogens: Tectonics, v. 7, p. 73-86.
74. Marshak, S., Wilkerson, M. S., and Hsui, A. T., 1992, Generation of curved fold-thrust belts: Insights from simple physical and analytical models, in McClay, K., ed., Thrust Tectonics: London, Chapman and Hall, p. 83-92.
75. McCaig and McClelland, 1992, Palaeomagnetic techniques applied to thrust belts, in McClay, K., ed., Thrust Tectonics: London, Chapman and Hall, p. 209-216.
76. McNaught, M. A., and Mitra, G., 1996, The use of finite strain data in constructing a retrodeformable cross section of the Meade thrust sheet, southeastern Idaho, U. S. A.: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 18, p. 573-583, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141 (96) 80025-3.
77. McWilliams, M., and Li, Y., 1985, Oroclinal bending of the Southern Sierra Nevada Batholith: Science, v. 230, p. 172-174.
78. Merle, O., 1989, Strain models within spreading nappes: Tectonophysics, v. 165, p. 57-71, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951 (89) 90035-8.
79. Merle, O., and Brun, J. P., 1984, The curved translation path of the Parpaillon nappe (French Alps): Journal of Structural Geology, v. 6, p. 711-719, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141 (84) 90010-5. (Pubitemid 15423291)
80. Miller, J. D., and Kent, D. V., 1986a, Paleomagnetic of the Upper Devonian Catskill Formation from the southern limb of the Pennsylvania Salient: Possible evidence of oroclinal rotation: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 13, p. 1173-1176.
81. Miller, J. D., and Kent, D. V., 1986b, Synfolding and prefolding magnetizations in the upper Devonian Catskill formation of eastern Pennsylvania: Implication for the tectonic history of Acadia: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 12, 791-12, 803.
82. Miser, H. D., 1932, Oklahoma structural salient of the Ouachita Mountains: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 138.
83. Mitouard, P., Kissel, C., and Laj, C., 1990, Post-Oligocene rotations in southern Ecuador and northern Peru and the formation of the Huancabamba deflection in the Andean Cordillera: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 98, p. 329-339, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X (90) 90035-V.
84. Mitra, G., 1997, Evolution of salients in a fold-and-thrust belt: the effects of sedimentary basin geometry, strain distribution and critical taper, in Sengupta, S., ed., Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro-to Macroscales: London, Chapman and Hall, p. 59-90.
85. Mitra, G., and Yonkee, W. A., 1985, Spaced cleavage and its relationship to folds and thrusts in the Idaho-Utah-Wyoming thrust belt of the Rocky Mountain Cordilleras: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 7, p. 361-373, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141 (85) 90041-0. (Pubitemid 15577500)
86. Mukul, M., and Mitra, G., 1998, Finite strain and strain variation analysis in the Sheeprock thrust sheet; an internal thrust sheet in the Provo salient of the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt, central Utah: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 20, p. 385-405, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141 (97) 00087-4. (Pubitemid 28329322)
87. Muttoni, G., Argnani, A., Kent, D. V., Abrahamsen, N., and Cibin, U., 1998, Paleomagnetic evidence for Neogene tectonic rotations in the northern Apennines, Italy: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 154, p. 25-40, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X (97) 00183-0.
88. Muttoni, G., Lanci, L., Argnani, A., Hirt, A. M., Cibin, U., Abrahamsen, N., and Lowrie, W., 2000, Paleomagnetic evidence for a Neogene two-phase counterclockwise tectonic rotation in the Northern Apennines (Italy): Tectonophysics, v. 326, p. 241-253, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951 (00) 00140-2. (Pubitemid 32169402)
89. Nickelson, R. P., 1988, Structural evolution of folded thrusts and duplexes on a first-order anticlinorium in the Valley and Ridge Province of Pennsylvania, in Mitra, G., and Wojtal, S., eds., Geometries and mechanisms of thrusting, with special reference to the Appalachians: Geological Society of America Special Paper 222, p. 89-106.
90. Nickelson, R. P., 1996, Alleghanian sequential deformation on the SW limb of the Pennsylvania salient in Fulton and Franklin Counties, south-central Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 61st Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists Guidebook, 108 p.
91. Nur, A., Hagai, R., and Oona, S., 1986, Fault mechanics and the kinematics of block rotations: Geology, v. 14, p. 746-749.
92. Paulsen, T., and Marshak, S., 1997, Structure of the Mount Raymond transverse zone at the southern end of the Wyoming Salient, Sevier fold-thrust belt, Utah: Tectonophysics, v. 280, p. 199-211, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951 (97) 00205-9.
93. Paulsen, T., and Marshak, S., 1998, Charleston transverse zone, Wasatch Mountains, Utah; structure of the Provo Salient's northern margin, Sevier fold-thrust belt: Geological Society of America, v. 110, p. 512-522, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (1998) 1102.3. CO;2.
94. Paulsen, T., and Marshak, S., 1999, Origin of the Uinta Recess, Sevier foldthrust belt, Utah; influence of basin architecture on fold-thrust belt geometry: Tectonophysics, v. 312, p. 203-216, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951 (99) 00182-1. (Pubitemid 30119116)
95. Platt, J. P., Behrmann, J. H., Cunningham, P. C., Dewey, J. F., Helman, M., Parish, M., Shepley, M. G., Wallis, S., and Weston, P. J., 1989, Kinematics of the Alpine arc and the motion history of Adria: Nature, v. 337, p. 158-161, doi: 10.1038/337158A0. (Pubitemid 19311650)
96. Protzman, G. M., and Mitra, G., 1990, Strain fabric associated with the Meade thrust sheet; implications for cross section balancing: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 12, p. 403-417, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141 (90) 90030-3.
97. Ramsay, J. G., 1981, Tectonics of the Helvetic nappes, in McClay, K. R., and Price, N. J., eds., Thrust and nappe tectonics, International conference: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 9, p. 293-309.
98. Ramsay, J. G., and Huber, M. I., 1983, The techniques of modern structural geology, volume 1: Strain analysis: London, Academic Press, 306 p.
99. Rankin, D. W., 1976, Appalachian salients and recesses: Late Precambrian continental breakup and the opening of the Iapetus Ocean: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 81, p. 5605-5619.
100. Ratschbacher, L., Linzer, H. G., and Moser, F., 1993, Cretaceous to Miocene thrusting and wrenching along the central south Carpathians due to a corner effect during collision and oroclinal formation: Tectonics, v. 12, p. 855-873. (Pubitemid 24418784)
101. Ries, A. C., and Shackleton, R. M., 1976, Arcuate fold belts: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, v. 283, p. 281-288.
102. Rogers, H. D., 1858, The Geology of Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, Lippincott, v. 2, 1045 p.
103. Rogers, J., 1975, Appalachian salients and recesses (abs.): Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 7, no. 1, p. 111-112.
104. Roperch, P., Fornari, M., Herail, G., and Parraguez, G. V., 2000, Tectonic rotations within the Bolivian Altiplano; implications for the geodynamic evolution of the Central Andes during the late Tertiary: Journal of Geophysical Research, B, v. 105, p. 795-820.
105. Sacchi, R., and Cadoppi, P., 1988, Oroclines and pseudo-orocline: Tectonophysics, v. 146, p. 47-58, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951 (88) 90080-7.
106. Scanlan, P., and Turner, P., 1992, Structural constraints on palaeomagnetic rotations south of the Arica bend, northern Chile: Implications for the Bolivian Orocline: Tectonophysics, v. 205, p. 141-154, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951 (92) 90423-4.
107. Schwartz, S. Y., and Van der Voo, R., 1983, Paleomagnetic evaluation of the orocline hypothesis in the central and southern Appalachians: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 10, p. 505-508.
108. Schwartz, S. Y., and Van der Voo, R., 1984, Paleomagnetic study of thrust sheet rotation during foreland impingement in the Wyoming-Idaho Overthrust Belt: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, p. 10, 071-10, 086.
109. Sempere, T., 1995, Phanerozoic evolution of Bolivia and adjacent regions, in Tankard, A. J., Soruco, R. S., and Welsink, H. J, eds., Petroleum basins of South America: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, v. 62, p. 207-230.
110. Sheffels, B. M., 1995, Is the bend in the Bolivian Arc an orocline?, in Tankard, A. J., Soruco, R. S., and Welsink, H. J, eds., Petroleum basins of South America: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 62, p. 511-522.
111. Sinclair, H. D., 1996, Plan-view curvature of foreland basins and its implications for palaeostrength of the lithosphere underlying the western Alps: Basin Research, v. 8, p. 173-182, doi: 10.1046/J.1365-2117.1996.01525. X. (Pubitemid 126571407)
112. Somoza, R., Singer, S., and Coira, B., 1996, Paleomagnetism of upper Miocene ignimbrites at the Puna: An analysis of vertical-axis rotations in the central Andes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, no. B5, p. 11, 387-11, 400.
113. Speranza, F., Islami, I., Kissel, C., and Hyseni, A., 1995, Paleomagnetic evidence for Cenozoic clockwise rotation of the external Albanides: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 129, no. 1-4, p. 121-134, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X (94) 00231-M.
114. Speranza, F., Sagnotti, L., and Mattei, M., 1997, Tectonics of the Umbria-Marche-Romagna Arc (central northern Apennines, Italy): New paleomagnetic constraints: Journal of Geophysical Research, B2, v. 102, p. 3153-3166.
115. Speranza, F., Adamoli, L., Maniscalco, R., and Florindo, F., 2003, Genesis and evolution of a curved mountain front; paleomagnetic and geological evidence from the Gran Sasso Range (Central Apennines, Italy), in Mac Niocaill, C., Torsvik, T. H., van der Pluijm, B. A., eds., Paleomagnetism applied to tectonics; a tribute to Rob Va n der Voo: Tectonophysics, v. 362, no. 1-4, p. 183-197. (Pubitemid 36178570)
116. Stamatakos, J. A., Hirt, A. M., and Lowrie, W., 1996, The age and timing of folding in the Central Appalachians from paleomagnetic results: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 815-829, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (1996) 1082.3. CO;2.
117. Stamatakos, J. A., and Kodama, K. P., 1991a, The effects of grain-scale deformation on the Bloomsburg Formation pole: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 17, 919-17, 933.
118. Stamatakos, J. A., and Kodama, K. P., 1991b, Flexural flow folding and the paleomagnetic fold test; an example of strain reorientation of remanence in the Mauch Chunk Formation: Tectonics, v. 10, p. 807-819.
119. Stamatakos, J. A., and Hirt, A. M., 1994, Paleomagnetic considerations of the development of the Pennsylvania salient in the central Appalachians: Tectonophysics, v. 231, p. 237-255, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951 (94) 90037-X. (Pubitemid 24427074)
120. Stewart, S. A., 1995, Paleomagnetic analysis of fold kinematics and implications for geological models of the Cantabrian/Asturian Arc, north Spain: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 20, 079-20, 094, doi: 10.1029/95JB01482.
121. Suess, E., 1909, The Face of the Earth, translated from German by H. B. C. Sollas and W. J. Sollas: Oxford, Clarendon, 672 p.
122. Sussman, A. J., 2002, Thrust Belt Curvature: Structural and Paleomagnetic Analyses in the Catalan Pyrenees and Sevier Orogen [Ph. D. Dissertation]: Tucson, The University of Arizona, 174 p.
123. Sussman, A. J., Butler, R. F., Dinares-Turell, J., and Verges, J., 2004, Verticalaxis rotation of a foreland fold: an example from the southern Pyrenees: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 218, p. 435-449, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X (03) 00644-7.
124. Tapponier, P., Peltzer, G., LeDain, A. Y., Armijo, R., and Cobbold, P., 1982, Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from experiments with plasticine: Geology, v. 10, p. 611-616.
125. Thomas, W. A., 1977, Evolution of Appalachian-Ouachita salients and recesses from reentrants and promontories in the continental margin: American Journal of Science, v. 277, p. 1233-1278.
126. Thomas, W. A., 1983, Continental margins, orogenic belts, and intracratonic structures: Geology, v. 11, p. 270-272.
127. Thomas, W. A., and Whiting, B. M., 1995, The Alabama Promontory; example of the evolution of an Appalachian-Ouachita thrust-belt recess at a promontory of the rifted continental margin: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 41, p. 1-20.
128. Van der Voo, R., and Channell, J. E. T., 1980, Paleomagnetism in Orogenic Belts: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 18, p. 455-481.
129. Weil, A. B., Van der Voo, R., van der Pluijm, B. A., and Parés, J. M., 2000, Unraveling the timing and geometric characteristics of the Cantabria-Asturias Arc (northern Spain) through paleomagnetic analysis: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 22, p. 735-756, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141 (99) 00188-1.
130. Weil, A. B., Van der Voo, R., and van der Pluijm, B., 2001, New paleomagnetic data from the southern Cantabria-Asturias Arc, northern Spain: Implications for true oroclinal rotation and the final amalgamation of Pangea: Geology, v. 29, p. 991-994, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (2001) 0292.0. CO;2.
131. Weil, A. B., and Van der Voo, R., 2002, The evolution of the paleomagnetic fold test as applied to complex geologic situations, illustrated by a case study from northern Spain: Physics and Chemistry of The Earth, v. 27, p. 1223-1235, doi: 10.1016/S1474-7065 (02) 00116-X. (Pubitemid 35389750)
132. Wojtal, S. F., 1989, Measuring displacement gradients and strains in faulted rocks: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 11, p. 669-678, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141 (89) 90003-5.
133. Woodward, N. B., 1986, Thrust geometry of the Snake River Range, Idaho and Wyoming: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 178-193.
134. Zweigel, P., 1998, Arcuate accretionary wedge formation at convex plate margin corners: results of sandbox analogue experiments: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 20, p. 1597-1609, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141 (98) 00052-2. (Pubitemid 29178276)
135. Zweigel, P., Ratschbacher, L., and Frisch, W., 1998, Kinematics of an arcuate fold-thrust belt; the southern Eastern Carpathians (Romania), in Decker, K., Lillie, R., and Tomek, C., eds., PANCARDI: the lithospheric structure and evolution of the Pannonian/Carpathian/Dinaride region: Tectonophysics, v. 297, p. 177-208.