Current clinical evidence for Korean red ginseng in management of diabetes and vascular disease: A Toronto's Ginseng Clinical Testing Program

Journal of Ginseng Research

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 264-273

  Vuksan, Vladimir ^a,b   Sievenpipper, John ^a,b   Jovanovski, Elena ^a,b   Jenkins, Alexandra L ^a,b  

^a ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Ginsenoside extract; Glycemic control; Korean red ginseng; Randomized controlled trial; Vascular disease

Indexed keywords

PANAX GINSENG;

EID: 79951793310     PISSN: 12268453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.4.264     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1414-1431. (Pubitemid 28405191)
2. Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Bigger JT, Buse JB, Cushman WC, Genuth S, Ismail-Beigi F, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2545-2559. (Pubitemid 351831356)
3. ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, Marre M, Cooper M, Glasziou P, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2560-2572. (Pubitemid 351831357)
4. Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. JAMA 1999;281:2005-2012. (Pubitemid 29254858)
5. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2457-2471. (Pubitemid 46919772)
6. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven PD, Zieve FJ, Marks J, Davis SN, Hayward R, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009;360:129-139.
7. Sotaniemi EA, Haapakoski E, Rautio A. Ginseng therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1995;18:1373-1375.
8. Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57:243-248. (Pubitemid 36240475)
9. Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA Vuksan V Decreasing, null and increasing effects of eight popular types of ginseng on acute postprandial glycemic indices in healthy humans: the role of ginsenosides. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:248-258. (Pubitemid 38746114)
10. Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. Null and opposing effects of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng CA. Meyer) on acute glycemia: results of two acute dose escalation studies. J Am Coll Nutr 2003;22:524-532. (Pubitemid 38010019)
11. Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Vidgen E, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. A systematic quantitative analysis of the literature of the high variability in ginseng (Panax spp.): should ginseng be trusted in diabetes? Diabetes Care 2004;27:839-840. (Pubitemid 38280564)
12. Pasupuleti VK, Anderson JW. Ginseng in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review of the evidence in humans. Nutraceuticals, glycemic health and type 2 diabetes. 1st ed. Ames: Wiley-Blackwell/IFT Press, 2008.
13. Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL. Herbal remedies in the management of diabetes: lessons learned from the study of ginseng. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005;15:149-160. (Pubitemid 40934158)
14. Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, Francis T, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Xu Z, Vidgen E. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1009-1013. (Pubitemid 30191931)
15. Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Wong J, Xu Z, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Arnason JT, Assinewe V, Stavro MP Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, et al. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) attenuates postprandial glycemia in a time-dependent but not dose-dependent manner in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:753-758. (Pubitemid 32241810)
16. Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Leiter LA, Josse RG, Xu Z. Similar postprandial glycemic reductions with escalation of dose and administration time of American ginseng in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1221-1226.
17. Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, Wong E, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Francis T, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Josse RG, et al. American ginseng improves glycemia in individuals with normal glucose tolerance: effect of dose and time escalation. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:738-744. (Pubitemid 32065739)
18. Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Xu Z, Wong EY, Jenkins AL, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Leiter LA, Josse RG, Stavro MP. Konjac-Mannan and American ginsing: emerging alternative therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20(5 Suppl): 370S-380S. (Pubitemid 32951814)
19. Stavro PM Woo M, Heim TF, Leiter LA, Vuksan V North American ginseng exerts a neutral effect on blood pressure in individuals with hypertension. Hypertension 2005;46:406-411. (Pubitemid 41099177)
20. Stavro PM, Woo M, Leiter LA, Heim TF, Sievenpiper JL, Vuksan V. Long-term intake of North American ginseng has no effect on 24-hour blood pressure and renal function. Hypertension 2006;47:791-796. (Pubitemid 43740253)
21. Tetsutani T, Yamamura M, Yamaguchi T, Onoyama O, Kono M. Can red ginseng control blood glucose in diabetic patients. Ginseng Rev 2000;28:44-47.
22. Sievenpiper JL, Sung MK, Di Buono M, Seung-Lee K, Nam KY, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. Korean red ginseng rootlets decrease acute postprandial glycemia: results from sequential preparation-and dose-fnding studies. J Am Coll Nutr 2006;25:100-107. (Pubitemid 46939848)
23. Vuksan V, Sung MK, Sievenpiper JL, Stavro PM, Jenkins AL, Di Buono M, Lee KS, Leiter LA, Nam KY, Arnason JT, et al. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves glucose and insulin regulation in well-controlled, type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study of efficacy and safety. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;18:46-56. (Pubitemid 350297892)
24. Zhou W, Chai H, Lin PH, Lumsden AB, Yao Q, Chen CJ. Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of ginseng root for cardiovascular disease. Med Sci Monit 2004;10: RA187-RA192. (Pubitemid 39166444)
25. Yun TK. Brief introduction of Panax ginseng CA. Meyer. J Korean Med Sci 2001;16 Suppl: S3-S5.
26. Kang SY, Kim SH, Schini VB, Kim ND. Dietary ginsenosides improve endothelium-dependent relaxation in the thoracic aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbit. Gen Pharmacol 1995;26:483-487.
27. Kang SY, Schini-Kerth VB, Kim ND. Ginsenosides of the protopanaxatriol group cause endothelium-dependent relaxation in the rat aorta. Life Sci 1995;56:1577-1586.
28. 3 evokes endothelium-independent relaxation in rat aortic rings: role of K+ channels. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;367:51-57. (Pubitemid 29094614)
29. 3 mediates endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ginsenosides in rat aorta: role of K+ channels. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;367:41-49. (Pubitemid 29094613)
30. Kim ND, Kang SY, Schini VB. Ginsenosides evoke endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in rat aorta. Gen Pharmacol 1994;25:1071-1077. (Pubitemid 24348698)
31. 3 inhibits phenylephrine-induced vascular contraction through induction of nitric oxide synthase. Br J Pharmacol 2003;140:661-670. (Pubitemid 37386430)
32. Sung J, Han KH, Zo JH, Park HJ, Kim CH, Oh BH. Effects of red ginseng upon vascular endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Chin Med 2000;28:205-216.
33. Park KM, Kim YS, Jeong TC, Joe CO, Shin HJ, Lee YH, Nam KY, Park JD. Nitric oxide is involved in the immunomodulating activities of acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng. Planta Med 2001;67:122-126. (Pubitemid 32234673)
34. Shin JY, Song JY, Yun YS, Yang HO, Rhee DK, Pyo S. Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides extract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002;24:469-482.
35. Han K, Shin IC, Choi KJ, Yun YP, Hong JT, Oh KW. Korea red ginseng water extract increases nitric oxide concentrations in exhaled breath. Nitric Oxide 2005;12:159-162. (Pubitemid 40439239)
36. Han KH, Choe SC, Kim HS, Sohn DW, Nam KY, Oh BH, Lee MM, Park YB, Choi YS, Seo JD, et al. Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and white coat hypertension. Am J Chin Med 1998;26:199-209. (Pubitemid 128731306)
37. Caron MF, Hotsko AL, Robertson S, Mandybur L, Kluger J, White CM. Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of Panax ginseng. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:758-763. (Pubitemid 34517401)
38. Nichols WW, Edwards DG. Arterial elastance and wave reflection augmentation of systolic blood pressure: deleterious effects and implications for therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2001;6:5-21. (Pubitemid 32979883)
39. Nichols WW, Singh BM. Augmentation index as a measure of peripheral vascular disease state. Curr Opin Cardiol 2002;17:543-551. (Pubitemid 35265794)
40. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, Gautier I, Laloux B, Guize L, Ducimetiere P, Benetos A. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2001;37:1236-1241. (Pubitemid 34163575)
41. Felmeden DC, Spencer CG, Blann AD, Beevers DG, Lip GY Low-density lipoprotein subfractions and cardiovascular risk in hypertension: relationship to endothelial dysfunction and effects of treatment. Hypertension 2003;41:528-533. (Pubitemid 36314627)
42. Stavro PM, Woo M, Vuksan V. Korean red ginseng lowers blood pressure in individuals with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2004;17:33A.
43. 3 on blood pressure in individuals with high normal blood pressure or hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2002;15:34A.
44. th Oral Presentation.