메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 239-265

The precautionary principle in EU and US chemicals policy: A comparison of industrial chemicals legislation

Author keywords

EU; Precautionary principle; REACH; TSCA; US

Indexed keywords


EID: 79951765460     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9428-5_14     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (16)

References (84)
  • 2
    • 67349117441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defending the precautionary principle against three criticisms
    • Ahteensuu, M. (2007) Defending the precautionary principle against three criticisms. TRAMES 11, 366-381.
    • (2007) TRAMES , vol.11 , pp. 366-381
    • Ahteensuu, M.1
  • 4
    • 23044519012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The precautionary preference: An American Perspective on the Precautionary Principle
    • Applegate, J. S. (2000) The precautionary preference: An American Perspective on the Precautionary Principle. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 6, 413-443.
    • (2000) Human and Ecological Risk Assessment , vol.6 , pp. 413-443
    • Applegate, J.S.1
  • 7
    • 84855660537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The legacy of the precautionary principle in us law: The rise of cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment as undermining factors in health, safety and environmental protection
    • de Sadeleer, N. ed., London: Earthscan
    • Ashford, N. (2007) The Legacy of the Precautionary Principle in US Law: The Rise of Cost-Benefit Analysis and Risk Assessment as Undermining Factors in Health, Safety and Environmental Protection. In: de Sadeleer, N. (ed.) Implementing the precautionary principle. Approaches from the Nordic Countries, EU and USA. London: Earthscan.
    • (2007) Implementing the Precautionary Principle. Approaches from the Nordic Countries, EU and USA
    • Ashford, N.1
  • 8
    • 0002686844 scopus 로고
    • The precautionary principle in Germany - Enabling Government
    • O'Riordan, T. and Cameron. J eds., London: Earthscan
    • Boehmer-Christiansen, S. (1994) The precautionary principle in Germany - Enabling Government. In: O'Riordan, T. and Cameron. J (eds.) Interpreting the precautionary principle. London: Earthscan.
    • (1994) Interpreting the Precautionary Principle
    • Boehmer-Christiansen, S.1
  • 9
    • 0009496912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainties associated with extrapolating from toxicologic responses in laboratory systems to the responses of natural systems
    • Lemons, J. ed., London: Blackwell Science
    • Cairns, J. and Smith, E. P. (1996) Uncertainties Associated with Extrapolating from Toxicologic Responses in Laboratory Systems to the Responses of Natural Systems. In: Lemons, J. (ed.) Scientific Uncertainty and Environmental Problem Solving. London: Blackwell Science.
    • (1996) Scientific Uncertainty and Environmental Problem Solving
    • Cairns, J.1    Smith, E.P.2
  • 10
    • 84872807034 scopus 로고
    • CEQ, Executive Office of the President: United States Council on Environmental Quality CEQ
    • CEQ (1971) Toxic Substances. Executive Office of the President: United States Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ).
    • (1971) Toxic Substances
  • 12
    • 84892287566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The main challenges for ECHA and the chemical industry as a whole in the (near) future
    • Helsinki, 23/6 2009
    • Dancet, G. (2009). The main challenges for ECHA and the chemical industry as a whole in the (near) future. Speech at the Annual FECC Conference, Helsinki, 23/6 2009.
    • (2009) Speech at the Annual FECC Conference
    • Dancet, G.1
  • 14
    • 84855979013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The precautionary principle in european community health and environmental law: Sword or shield for the nordic countries?
    • de Sadeleer, N. ed., London: Earthscan
    • de Sadeleer, N. (2007b) The precautionary principle in European Community Health and Environmental Law: Sword or Shield for the Nordic Countries? In: de Sadeleer, N. (ed.) Implementing the precautionary principle. Approaches from the Nordic Countries, EU and USA. London: Earthscan.
    • (2007) Implementing the Precautionary Principle. Approaches from the Nordic Countries, EU and USA
    • Sadeleer, N.1
  • 15
    • 77954521619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of the registration, evaluation and authorization of chemicals (REACH) regulation on the regulatory powers of the nordic countries
    • de Sadeleer, N. ed., London: Earthscan
    • de Sadeleer, N. (2007c) The Impact of the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation on the Regulatory Powers of the Nordic Countries. In: de Sadeleer, N. (ed.) Implementing the precautionary principle. Approaches from the Nordic Countries, EU and USA. London: Earthscan.
    • (2007) Implementing the Precautionary Principle. Approaches from the Nordic Countries, EU and USA
    • Sadeleer, N.1
  • 16
    • 76149093968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ten essential elements in TSCA reform
    • Denison, R. A. (2009) Ten Essential Elements in TSCA Reform. Environmental Law Reporter 39, 10020-10028.
    • (2009) Environmental Law Reporter , vol.39 , pp. 10020-10028
    • Denison, R.A.1
  • 17
    • 84889068425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The states and the world: Twin levers for reform of U. S. Federal law on toxic chemicals
    • Fall 2007
    • Ditz, D. (2007) The States and the World: Twin Levers for Reform of U. S. Federal Law on Toxic Chemicals. Sustainable Development Law & Policy, Fall 2007.
    • (2007) Sustainable Development Law & Policy
    • Ditz, D.1
  • 18
    • 0742316817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment
    • EC, 13.2.2003
    • EC (2003a) Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. Official Journal of the European Union L 37, 13.2.2003, 19-23.
    • (2003) Official Journal of the European Union L 37 , pp. 19-23
  • 19
    • 0742334451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Directive 2002/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
    • EC, 13.2.2003
    • EC (2003b) Directive 2002/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Official Journal of the Union L 37, 13.2.2003, 24-38.
    • (2003) Official Journal of the Union L 37 , pp. 24-38
  • 20
    • 84866365043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration
    • EC, 30.12.2006, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC
    • EC (2006a) Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC. Official Journal of the European Union L 396, 30.12.2006, 1-849.
    • (2006) Official Journal of the European Union L 396 , pp. 1-849
  • 21
    • 79957644709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council Decision of 17 July 2006 amending Decision 1999/468/EC laying down the procedures for the exercise of implementing powers conferred on the Commission
    • EC, 22.7.2006
    • EC (2006b) Council Decision of 17 July 2006 amending Decision 1999/468/EC laying down the procedures for the exercise of implementing powers conferred on the Commission. Official Journal of the European Union L 200, 22.7.2006, 11-13.
    • (2006) Official Journal of the European Union L 200 , pp. 11-13
  • 22
    • 67650678980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006
    • EC, 31.12.2008
    • EC (2008) Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. Official Journal of the European Union L 353, 31.12.2008, 1-1355.
    • (2008) Official Journal of the European Union L 353 , pp. 1-1355
  • 23
    • 84892227732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ECB, Ispra: European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Chemical Bureau ECB
    • ECB (2008) European Chemicals Bureau Newsletter, No 1 2008. Ispra: European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Chemical Bureau (ECB).
    • (2008) European Chemicals Bureau Newsletter, No 1 2008
  • 29
    • 84892350447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Europe's environment
    • EEA, Chapter 2.5. Hazardous Chemicals. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency EEA
    • EEA (2007) Europe's environment. The fourth assessment. Chapter 2.5. Hazardous Chemicals. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency (EEA).
    • (2007) The Fourth Assessment
  • 30
    • 0003188912 scopus 로고
    • Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances, as amended
    • EEC, 16.8.1967
    • EEC (1967) Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances, as amended. Official Journal of the European Communities 196, 16.8.1967, 1.
    • (1967) Official Journal of the European Communities 196 , pp. 1
  • 31
    • 0013162470 scopus 로고
    • Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations
    • EEC, 27.9.1976
    • EEC (1976) Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations. Official Journal of the European Communities L 262, 27.9.1976, 201.
    • (1976) Official Journal of the European Communities L 262 , pp. 201
  • 32
    • 0003179552 scopus 로고
    • Council Directive 88/379/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous preparations
    • EEC, 16.7.1988
    • EEC (1988) Council Directive 88/379/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous preparations. Official Journal of the European Communities L 187, 16.7.1988, 14.
    • (1988) Official Journal of the European Communities L 187 , pp. 14
  • 33
    • 0003184976 scopus 로고
    • Council Regulation 793/93/EEC of 23 March 1993 on the evaluation and control of the risks of existing substances
    • EEC
    • EEC (1993) Council Regulation 793/93/EEC of 23 March 1993 on the evaluation and control of the risks of existing substances. Official Journal of the European Communities L 84, 1.
    • (1993) Official Journal of the European Communities L 84 , pp. 1
  • 34
    • 84892362138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council Conclusions on Community policy for chemicals products
    • Environment Council, held in Luxembourg on 24 and 25 June 1999
    • Environment Council (1999) Council Conclusions on Community policy for chemicals products. Minutes of the 2194th Council meeting (Environment) held in Luxembourg on 24 and 25 June 1999.
    • (1999) Minutes of the 2194th Council Meeting (Environment)
  • 35
    • 84892357346 scopus 로고
    • Lead fishing sinkers; response to citizen's petition and proposed ban
    • EPA
    • EPA (1994) Lead Fishing Sinkers; Response to Citizen's Petition and Proposed Ban. Federal Register 59, 11138.
    • (1994) Federal Register , vol.59 , pp. 11138
  • 38
    • 0003649067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Commission, White Paper. COM 2001
    • European Commission (2001) Strategy for a future Chemicals Policy. White Paper. COM (2001) 88.
    • (2001) Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy , pp. 88
  • 39
    • 13944274441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Commission, Commission Staff Working Paper. COM 2003 644 Final. SEC 2003 1171/3
    • European Commission (2003) Extended Impact Assessment. Commission Staff Working Paper. COM (2003) 644 Final. SEC (2003) 1171/3.
    • (2003) Extended Impact Assessment
  • 40
    • 34548409780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Commission, Brussels: European Commission, Environment Directorate
    • European Commission (2007) REACH in brief. Brussels: European Commission, Environment Directorate.
    • (2007) REACH in Brief
  • 42
    • 0242622086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presidency Conclusions
    • European Council, December 2000
    • European Council (2000) Presidency Conclusions. Nice European Council Meeting, 7, 8 and 9 December 2000.
    • (2000) Nice European Council Meeting, 7, 8 and 9
  • 43
    • 47249166447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 'perfect storm' of REACH: Charting regulatory controversy in the age of information, sustainable development, and globalization
    • Fisher, E. (2008) The 'perfect storm' of REACH: charting regulatory controversy in the age of information, sustainable development, and globalization. Journal of Risk Research 11, 541-563.
    • (2008) Journal of Risk Research , vol.11 , pp. 541-563
    • Fisher, E.1
  • 44
    • 84892309401 scopus 로고
    • GAO, Report to Congressional Requesters. GAO-05-458. Washington: United States Government Accountability Office
    • GAO (1994) Toxic Substances Control Act: Legislative Changes Could Make the Act More Effective. Report to Congressional Requesters. GAO-05-458. Washington: United States Government Accountability Office.
    • (1994) Toxic Substances Control Act: Legislative Changes Could Make the Act More Effective
  • 48
    • 84892194813 scopus 로고
    • H. R, U. S. House of Representatives
    • H. R. (1976) House Report No. 94-1341, pp 13-14. U. S. House of Representatives.
    • (1976) House Report No. 94-1341 , pp. 13-14
  • 51
    • 34447502319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemicals regulation and precaution: Does REACH really incorporate the precautionary principle?
    • Hansen, S. F., Carlsen, L. and Tickner, J. (2007). Chemicals regulation and precaution: does REACH really incorporate the precautionary principle? Environmental Science and Policy 10, 395-404.
    • (2007) Environmental Science and Policy , vol.10 , pp. 395-404
    • Hansen, S.F.1    Carlsen, L.2    Tickner, J.3
  • 52
    • 0000592024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The limits of precaution
    • Hansson, S. O. (1997) The limits of precaution. Foundations of Science 2, 293-306.
    • (1997) Foundations of Science , vol.2 , pp. 293-306
    • Hansson, S.O.1
  • 55
    • 33745586552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The precautionary principle, swedish chemicals policy and sustainable development
    • Karlsson, M. (2006) The Precautionary Principle, Swedish Chemicals Policy and Sustainable Development. Journal of Risk Research 9, 337-360.
    • (2006) Journal of Risk Research , vol.9 , pp. 337-360
    • Karlsson, M.1
  • 56
    • 27744560368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking the role of information in chemicals policy: Implications for TSCA and REACH
    • Koch, L. and Ashford, N. A. (2006) Rethinking the role of information in chemicals policy: implications for TSCA and REACH. Journal of Cleaner Production 14, 31-46.
    • (2006) Journal of Cleaner Production , vol.14 , pp. 31-46
    • Koch, L.1    Ashford, N.A.2
  • 57
    • 0004199404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6th edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell
    • Krämer, L. (2006). EC Environmental Law. 6th edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
    • (2006) EC Environmental Law
    • Krämer, L.1
  • 59
    • 0035720963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing character of regulation: A comparison of europe and the United States
    • Löfstedt, R. E. and Vogel, D. (2001) The Changing Character of Regulation: A Comparison of Europe and the United States. Risk Analysis 21, 399-405.
    • (2001) Risk Analysis , vol.21 , pp. 399-405
    • Löfstedt, R.E.1    Vogel, D.2
  • 64
    • 84867539337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OPPT, March 2008. U. S. EPA: Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Programs OPPT
    • OPPT (2008) Overview: Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Programs. March 2008. U. S. EPA: Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Programs (OPPT).
    • (2008) Overview: Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Programs
  • 66
    • 0004048289 scopus 로고
    • London: Oxford University Press
    • Rawls, J. (1971) A Theory of Justice. London: Oxford University Press.
    • (1971) A Theory of Justice
    • Rawls, J.1
  • 68
    • 0037903400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk analysis under uncertainty, the Precautionary Principle, and the new EU chemicals strategy
    • Rogers, M. D. (2003a) Risk analysis under uncertainty, the Precautionary Principle, and the new EU chemicals strategy. Regulatory Pharmacology and Toxicology 37, 370-381.
    • (2003) Regulatory Pharmacology and Toxicology , vol.37 , pp. 370-381
    • Rogers, M.D.1
  • 69
    • 0037392170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The european commission's white paper 'strategy for a future chemicals policy': A review
    • Rogers, M. D. (2003b) The European Commission's White Paper 'Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy': A Review. Risk Analysis 23, 381-388.
    • (2003) Risk Analysis , vol.23 , pp. 381-388
    • Rogers, M.D.1
  • 71
    • 74549193486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jumping the pond: Transnational law and the future of chemical regulation
    • Sachs, N. M. (2009) Jumping the pond: Transnational Law and the Future of Chemical Regulation. Vanderbilt Law Review, Forthcoming. See http://ssrn. com/abstract=1413746.
    • (2009) Vanderbilt Law Review
    • Sachs, N.M.1
  • 72
    • 23044519367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The precautionary principle: A european perspective
    • Sand, P. H. (2000). The Precautionary Principle: A European Perspective. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 6, 445-458.
    • (2000) Human and Ecological Risk Assessment , vol.6 , pp. 445-458
    • Sand, P.H.1
  • 73
    • 22844453938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimensions of the precautionary principle
    • Sandin, P. (1999) Dimensions of the precautionary principle. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 5, 889-907.
    • (1999) Human and Ecological Risk Assessment , vol.5 , pp. 889-907
    • Sandin, P.1
  • 74
    • 33745369363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Better Safe than Sorry
    • Thesis in Philosophy from the Royal Institute of Technology, No. 5, 2004. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology
    • Sandin, P. (2004) Better Safe than Sorry. Applying Philosophical Methods to the Debate on Risk and the Precautionary Principle. Thesis in Philosophy from the Royal Institute of Technology, No. 5, 2004. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology.
    • (2004) Applying Philosophical Methods to the Debate on Risk and the Precautionary Principle
    • Sandin, P.1
  • 76
    • 72449153509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From brussels with love: The transatlantic travels of european law and the chemistry of regulatory attraction
    • Scott, J. (2009) From Brussels with Love: The Transatlantic Travels of European Law and the Chemistry of Regulatory Attraction. American Journal of Comparative Law 57:4.
    • (2009) American Journal of Comparative Law , vol.57 , pp. 4
    • Scott, J.1
  • 77
    • 34548712516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coalition politics and chemicals management in a regulatory ambitious europe
    • Selin, H. (2007) Coalition Politics and Chemicals Management in a Regulatory Ambitious Europe. Global Environmental Politics 7, 63-93.
    • (2007) Global Environmental Politics , vol.7 , pp. 63-93
    • Selin, H.1
  • 78
    • 47249094494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The EC Courts' contribution to refining the parameters of precaution
    • Stokes, E. (2008) The EC Courts' contribution to refining the parameters of precaution. Journal of Risk Research 11, 491-507.
    • (2008) Journal of Risk Research , vol.11 , pp. 491-507
    • Stokes, E.1
  • 80
    • 0041954836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precautionary assessment: A framework for integrating science, uncertainty, and preventive public policy
    • Tickner, J. ed, Washington D. C.: Island Press
    • Tickner, J. (2003b) Precautionary Assessment: A Framework for Integrating Science, Uncertainty, and Preventive Public Policy. In: Tickner, J. (ed) Environmental Science and Preventive Public Policy. Washington D. C.: Island Press.
    • (2003) Environmental Science and Preventive Public Policy
    • Tickner, J.1
  • 83
    • 23044518641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The precautionary principle and chemicals regulation in the U. S.
    • Wagner, W. E. (2000) The Precautionary Principle and Chemicals Regulation in the U. S. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 6, 459-477.
    • (2000) Human and Ecological Risk Assessment , vol.6 , pp. 459-477
    • Wagner, W.E.1
  • 84
    • 84892252781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The EU's new impact on U. S.
    • Research Paper 144, November 9, 2007. Legal Studies Research Paper Series. Boston: Boston College Law School
    • Wirth, D. A. (2007). The EU's New Impact on U. S. Environmental Regulation. Research Paper 144, November 9, 2007. Legal Studies Research Paper Series. Boston: Boston College Law School.
    • (2007) Environmental Regulation
    • Wirth, D.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.