Assessment of systolic dyssynchrony for cardiac resynchronization therapy is clinically useful

Circulation

Volumn 123, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 640-655

  Delgado, Victoria ^a   Bax, Jeroen J ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

cardiac resynchronization therapy; heart failure; imaging

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QRS COMPLEX; QUALITY OF LIFE; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SURVIVAL TIME; SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; SYSTOLIC DYSSYNCHRONY; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; TISSUE DOPPLER IMAGING; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; HEART; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; MULTICENTER STUDIES AS TOPIC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SYSTOLE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 79951654635     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.954404     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Bax JJ, Gorcsan J III. Echocardiography and noninvasive imaging in cardiac resynchronization therapy: results of the PROSPECT (Predictors of Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy) study in perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1933-1943.
2. Bradley DJ, Bradley EA, Baughman KL, Berger RD, Calkins H, Goodman SN, Kass DA, Powe NR. Cardiac resynchronization and death from progressive heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2003;289:730-740. (Pubitemid 37430368)
3. McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Hooton N, Vandermeer B, Spooner C, Dryden DM, Page RL, Hlatky MA, Rowe BH. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a systematic review. JAMA. 2007;297:2502-2514. (Pubitemid 46953404)
4. Rivero-Ayerza M, Theuns DA, Garcia-Garcia HM, Boersma E, Simoons M, Jordaens LJ. Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on overall mortality and mode of death: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2682-2688. (Pubitemid 44729869)
5. Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, DeLurgio DB, Leon AR, Loh E, Kocovic DZ, Packer M, Clavell AL, Hayes DL, Ellestad M, Trupp RJ, Underwood J, Pickering F, Truex C, McAtee P, Messenger J. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;346: 1845-1853. (Pubitemid 34603028)
6. Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, Krueger S, Kass DA, De Marco T, Carson P, DiCarlo L, DeMets D, White BG, DeVries DW, Feldman AM. Cardiac- resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defi-brillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350: 2140-2150.
7. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappen-berger L, Tavazzi L. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1539-1549. (Pubitemid 40517094)
8. Young JB, Abraham WT, Smith AL, Leon AR, Lieberman R, Wilkoff B, Canby RC, Schroeder JS, Liem LB, Hall S, Wheelan K. Combined cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioversion defibrillation in advanced chronic heart failure: the MIRACLE ICD Trial. JAMA. 2003; 289:2685-2694. (Pubitemid 37430139)
9. Sweeney MO, Prinzen FW. Ventricular pump function and pacing: physiological and clinical integration. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2008;1: 127-139.
10. Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Buller CE, Creager MA, Ettinger SM, Faxon DP, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lytle BW, Nishimura RA, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Tarkington LG, Yancy CW. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices): developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2008;117:e350-e408.
11. Bax JJ, Bleeker GB, Marwick TH, Molhoek SG, Boersma E, Steendijk P, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ. Left ventricular dyssynchrony predicts response and prognosis after cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1834-1840. (Pubitemid 39424084)
12. Van Bommel RJ, Ypenburg C, Borleffs CJ, Delgado V, Marsan NA, Bertini M, Holman ER, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Value of tissue Doppler echocardiography in predicting response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:1153-1158.
13. Yu CM, Fung WH, Lin H, Zhang Q, Sanderson JE, Lau CP. Predictors of left ventricular reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:684-688. (Pubitemid 36287458)
14. Chung ES, Leon AR, Tavazzi L, Sun JP, Nihoyannopoulos P, Merlino J, Abraham WT, Ghio S, Leclercq C, Bax JJ, Yu CM, Gorcsan J III, St John Sutton M, De Sutter J, Murillo J. Results of the Predictors of Response to CRT (PROSPECT) trial. Circulation. 2008;117:2608-2616.
15. Bleeker GB, Bax JJ, Fung JW, van der Wall EE, Zhang Q, Schalij MJ, Chan JY, Yu CM. Clinical versus echocardiographic parameters to assess response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97: 260-263. (Pubitemid 43139248)
16. Van Bommel RJ, Bax JJ, Abraham WT, Chung ES, Pires LA, Tavazzi L, Zimetbaum PJ, Gerritse B, Kristiansen N, Ghio S. Characteristics of heart failure patients associated with good and poor response to cardiac resyn-chronization therapy: a PROSPECT (Predictors of Response to CRT) sub-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2470-2477.
17. Yu CM, Bleeker GB, Fung JW, Schalij MJ, Zhang Q, van der Wall EE, Chan YS, Kong SL, Bax JJ. Left ventricular reverse remodeling but not clinical improvement predicts long-term survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2005;112:1580-1586. (Pubitemid 41324519)
18. Cazeau S, Leclercq C, Lavergne T, Walker S, Varma C, Linde C, Garrigue S, Kappenberger L, Haywood GA, Santini M, Bailleul C, Daubert JC. Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. N Engl J Med. 2001;344: 873-880. (Pubitemid 32224395)
19. Auricchio A, Stellbrink C, Sack S, Block M, Vogt J, Bakker P, Huth C, Schondube F, Wolfhard U, Bocker D, Krahnefeld O, Kirkels H. Long-term clinical effect of hemodynamically optimized cardiac resyn-chronization therapy in patients with heart failure and ventricular conduction delay. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:2026-2033. (Pubitemid 34628286)
20. Mollema SA, Bleeker GB, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Usefulness of QRS duration to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with end-stage heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100: 1665-1670. (Pubitemid 350123732)
21. Jia P, Ramanathan C, Ghanem RN, Ryu K, Varma N, Rudy Y. Electro-cardiographic imaging of cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure: observation of variable electrophysiologic responses. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3:296-310. (Pubitemid 43264406)
22. Vatasescu R, Berruezo A, Mont L, Tamborero D, Sitges M, Silva E, Tolosana JM, Vidal B, Andreu D, Brugada J. Midterm "super-response" to cardiac resynchronization therapy by biventricular pacing with fusion: insights from electro-anatomical mapping. Europace. 2009;11: 1675-1682.
23. Auricchio A, Fantoni C, Regoli F, Carbucicchio C, Goette A, Geller C, Kloss M, Klein H. Characterization of left ventricular activation in patients with heart failure and left bundle-branch block. Circulation. 2004;109:1133-1139. (Pubitemid 38332617)
24. Auricchio A, Stellbrink C, Butter C, Sack S, Vogt J, Misier AR, Bocker D, Block M, Kirkels JH, Kramer A, Huvelle E. Clinical efficacy of cardiac resynchronization therapy using left ventricular pacing in heart failure patients stratified by severity of ventricular conduction delay. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:2109-2116. (Pubitemid 37549894)
25. Bleeker GB, Schalij MJ, Molhoek SG, Verwey HF, Holman ER, Boersma E, Steendijk P, van der Wall EE, Bax JJ. Relationship between QRS duration and left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with end-stage heart failure. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;15:544-549. (Pubitemid 38621905)
26. Ghio S, Constantin C, Klersy C, Serio A, Fontana A, Campana C, Tavazzi L. Interventricular and intraventricular dyssynchrony are common in heart failure patients, regardless of QRS duration. Eur Heart J. 2004;25: 571-578. (Pubitemid 38478550)
27. Yu CM, Lin H, Zhang Q, Sanderson JE. High prevalence of left ventricular systolic and diastolic asynchrony in patients with congestive heart failure and normal QRS duration. Heart. 2003;89:54-60. (Pubitemid 36044290)
28. Badano LP, Gaddi O, Peraldo C, Lupi G, Sitges M, Parthenakis F, Molteni S, Pagliuca MR, Sassone B, Di Stefano P, De Santo T, Menozzi C, Brignole M. Left ventricular electromechanical delay in patients with heart failure and normal QRS duration and in patients with right and left bundle branch block. Europace. 2007;9:41-47. (Pubitemid 46157952)
29. Richardson M, Freemantle N, Calvert MJ, Cleland JG, Tavazzi L. Predictors and treatment response with cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure characterized by dyssynchrony: a pre-defined analysis from the CARE-HF trial. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1827-1834. (Pubitemid 47236653)
30. Wiesbauer F, Baytaroglu C, Azar D, Blessberger H, Goliasch G, Graf S, Mundigler G, Pacher R, Maurer G, Binder T. Echo Doppler parameters predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39:1-10.
31. Pitzalis MV, Iacoviello M, Romito R, Massari F, Rizzon B, Luzzi G, Guida P, Andriani A, Mastropasqua F, Rizzon P. Cardiac resynchroni-zation therapy tailored by echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular asynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1615-1622. (Pubitemid 35253639)
32. Pitzalis MV, Iacoviello M, Romito R, Guida P, De Tommasi E, Luzzi G, Anaclerio M, Forleo C, Rizzon P. Ventricular asynchrony predicts a better outcome in patients with chronic heart failure receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:65-69. (Pubitemid 40052027)
33. Díaz-Infante E, Sitges M, Vidal B, Mont L, Delgado V, Marigliano A, Macias A, Tolosana JM, Tamborero D, Azqueta M, Roig E, Pare C, Brugada J. Usefulness of ventricular dyssynchrony measured using M-mode echocardiography to predict response to resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:84-89. (Pubitemid 46970700)
34. Marcus GM, Rose E, Viloria EM, Schafer J, De Marco T, Saxon LA, Foster E. Septal to posterior wall motion delay fails to predict reverse remodeling or clinical improvement in patients undergoing cardiac resyn-chronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:2208-2214. (Pubitemid 41785487)
35. Yu CM, Chau E, Sanderson JE, Fan K, Tang MO, Fung WH, Lin H, Kong SL, Lam YM, Hill MR, Lau CP. Tissue Doppler echocardiographic evidence of reverse remodeling and improved synchronicity by simultaneously delaying regional contraction after biventricular pacing therapy in heart failure. Circulation. 2002;105:438-445. (Pubitemid 34141699)
36. Zhang Q, van Bommel R, Fung JW, Chan JY, Bleeker GB, Ypenburg C, Yip G, Liang YJ, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ, Yu CM. Tissue Doppler velocity is superior to strain imaging in predicting long-term cardiovascular events after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart. 2009;95:1085-1090.
37. Dohi K, Suffoletto MS, Schwartzman D, Ganz L, Pinsky MR, Gorcsan J III. Utility of echocardiographic radial strain imaging to quantify left ventricular dyssynchrony and predict acute response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:112-116. (Pubitemid 40853953)
38. Yu CM, Gorcsan J III, Bleeker GB, Zhang Q, Schalij MJ, Suffoletto MS, Fung JW, Schwartzman D, Chan YS, Tanabe M, Bax JJ. Usefulness of tissue Doppler velocity and strain dyssynchrony for predicting left ventricular reverse remodeling response after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:1263-1270. (Pubitemid 47498285)
39. Yu CM, Fung JW, Zhang Q, Chan CK, Chan YS, Lin H, Kum LC, Kong SL, Zhang Y, Sanderson JE. Tissue Doppler imaging is superior to strain rate imaging and postsystolic shortening on the prediction of reverse remodeling in both ischemic and nonischemic heart failure after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2004;110:66-73. (Pubitemid 38880135)
40. Chung ES, Katra RP, Ghio S, Bax J, Gerritse B, Hilpisch K, Peterson BJ, Feldman DS, Abraham WT. Cardiac resynchronization therapy may benefit patients with left ventricular ejection fraction >35%: a PROSPECT trial substudy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12:581-587.
41. Bleeker GB, Mollema SA, Holman ER, van de Veire N, Ypenburg C, Boersma E, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Left ventricular resynchronization is mandatory for response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: analysis in patients with echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dyssynchrony at baseline. Circulation. 2007;116:1440-1448. (Pubitemid 47480634)
42. Delgado V, Ypenburg C, Van Bommel RJ, Tops LF, Mollema SA, Marsan NA, Bleeker GB, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony by speckle tracking strain imaging comparison between longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain in cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1944-1952. (Pubitemid 351636442)
43. Gorcsan J III, Tanabe M, Bleeker GB, Suffoletto MS, Thomas NC, Saba S, Tops LF, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Combined longitudinal and radial dyssynchrony predicts ventricular response after resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1476-1483. (Pubitemid 47494594)
44. Lim P, Buakhamsri A, Popovic ZB, Greenberg NL, Patel D, Thomas JD, Grimm RA. Longitudinal strain delay index by speckle tracking imaging: a new marker of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2008;118:1130-1137.
45. Marsan NA, Bleeker GB, Ypenburg C, Van Bommel RJ, Ghio S, van de Veire NR, Delgado V, Holman ER, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography as a novel approach to assess left ventricular and left atrium reverse remodeling and to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5: 1257-1264.
46. Tanaka H, Hara H, Saba S, Gorcsan J III. Usefulness of three-dimensional speckle tracking strain to quantify dyssynchrony and the site of latest mechanical activation. Am J Cardiol 2010;105:235-242.
47. Van de Veire NR, Yu CM, Ajmone Marsan N, Bleeker GB, Ypenburg C, De Sutter J, Zhang Q, Fung JW, Chan JY, Holman ER, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Triplane tissue Doppler imaging: a novel three-dimensional imaging modality that predicts reverse left ventricular remodelling after cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Heart. 2008;94:e9.
48. Bilchick KC, Dimaano V, Wu KC, Helm RH, Weiss RG, Lima JA, Berger RD, Tomaselli GF, Bluemke DA, Halperin HR, Abraham T, Kass DA, Lardo AC. Cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of dyssynchrony and myocardial scar predicts function class improvement following cardiac resynchronization therapy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;1: 561-568.
49. Helm RH, Leclercq C, Faris OP, Ozturk C, McVeigh E, Lardo AC, Kass DA. Cardiac dyssynchrony analysis using circumferential versus longitudinal strain: implications for assessing cardiac resynchronization. Circulation. 2005;111:2760-2767. (Pubitemid 40791547)
50. Leclercq C, Faris O, Tunin R, Johnson J, Kato R, Evans F, Spinelli J, Halperin H, McVeigh E, Kass DA. Systolic improvement and mechanical resynchronization does not require electrical synchrony in the dilated failing heart with left bundle-branch block. Circulation. 2002;106: 1760-1763.
51. Rutz AK, Manka R, Kozerke S, Roas S, Boesiger P, Schwitter J. Left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with left bundle branch block and patients after myocardial infarction: integration of mechanics and viability by cardiac magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2117-2127.
52. Westenberg JJ, Lamb HJ, van der Geest RJ, Bleeker GB, Holman ER, Schalij MJ, de Roos A, van der Wall EE, Reiber JH, Bax JJ. Assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with conduction delay and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: head-to-head comparison between tissue Doppler imaging and velocity-encoded magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:2042-2048.
53. Chalil S, Stegemann B, Muhyaldeen S, Khadjooi K, Smith RE, Jordan PJ, Leyva F. Intraventricular dyssynchrony predicts mortality and morbidity after cardiac resynchronization therapy: a study using cardiovascular magnetic resonance tissue synchronization imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:243-252. (Pubitemid 47033969)
54. Marsan NA, Westenberg JJ, Ypenburg C, Van Bommel RJ, Roes S, Delgado V, Tops LF, van der Geest RJ, Boersma E, de Roos A, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Magnetic resonance imaging and response to cardiac resyn-chronization therapy: relative merits of left ventricular dyssynchrony and scar tissue. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2360-2367.
55. Boogers MM, Van Kriekinge SD, Henneman MM, Ypenburg C, Van Bommel RJ, Boersma E, Dibbets-Schneider P, Stokkel MP, Schalij MJ, Berman DS, Germano G, Bax JJ. Quantitative gated SPECT-derived phase analysis on gated myocardial perfusion SPECT detects left ventricular dyssynchrony and predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:718-725.
56. Chen J, Bax JJ, Henneman MM, Boogers MJ, Garcia EV. Is nuclear imaging a viable alternative technique to assess dyssynchrony? Europace. 2008;10:iii101-iii105.
57. Henneman MM, Chen J, Ypenburg C, Dibbets P, Bleeker GB, Boersma E, Stokkel MP, van der Wall EE, Garcia EV, Bax JJ. Phase analysis of gated myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography compared with tissue Doppler imaging for the assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1708-1714. (Pubitemid 46589921)
58. Cho GY, Song JK, Park WJ, Han SW, Choi SH, Doo YC, Oh DJ, Lee Y. Mechanical dyssynchrony assessed by tissue Doppler imaging is a powerful predictor of mortality in congestive heart failure with normal QRS duration. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:2237-2243. (Pubitemid 41785491)
59. Cho GY, Kim HK, Kim YJ, Choi DJ, Sohn DW, Oh BH, Park YB. Electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony for prediction of cardiac events in patients with systolic heart failure. Heart. 2010;96:1029-1032.
60. Leyva F, Foley PW, Stegemann B, Ward JA, Ng LL, Frenneaux MP, Regoli F, Smith RE, Auricchio A. Development and validation of a clinical index to predict survival after cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Heart. 2009;95:1619-1625.
61. Beshai JF, Grimm RA, Nagueh SF, Baker JH, Beau SL, Greenberg SM, Pires LA, Tchou PJ. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2461-2471. (Pubitemid 350272785)
62. Leon AR, Niazi IK, Herrmann K, Stucky M, Galle E, Donahue T. Chronic evaluation of CRT in narrow QRS patients with mechanical dyssynchrony from a multicenter study: ESTEEM-CRT. Paper presented at: Heart Rhythm Society Congress; San Francisco, CA; May 14-17, 2008.
63. Holzmeister J, Hurlimann D, Steffel J, Ruschitzka F. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with a narrow QRS. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2009;6:49-56.
64. Ypenburg C, Roes SD, Bleeker GB, Kaandorp TA, de Roos A, Schalij MJ, van der Wall EE, Bax JJ. Effect of total scar burden on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:657-660.
65. Ypenburg C, Van Bommel RJ, Delgado V, Mollema SA, Bleeker GB, Boersma E, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Optimal left ventricular lead position predicts reverse remodeling and survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1402-1409.
66. Helm RH, Byrne M, Helm PA, Daya SK, Osman NF, Tunin R, Halperin HR, Berger RD, Kass DA, Lardo AC. Three-dimensional mapping of optimal left ventricular pacing site for cardiac resynchronization. Circulation. 2007;115:953-961. (Pubitemid 46328288)
67. van de Veire NR, Schuijf JD, De Sutter J, Devos D, Bleeker GB, de Roos A, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Non-invasive visualization of the cardiac venous system in coronary artery disease patients using 64-slice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1832-1838. (Pubitemid 44648637)
68. Zhang Y, Chan AK, Yu CM, Lam WW, Yip GW, Fung WH, So NM, Wang M, Sanderson JE. Left ventricular systolic asynchrony after acute myocardial infarction in patients with narrow QRS complexes. Am Heart J. 2005;149:497-503. (Pubitemid 40585414)
69. Bleeker GB, Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ, Boersma E, Steendijk P, de Roos A, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Effect of posterolateral scar tissue on clinical and echocardiographic improvement after cardiac resyn-chronization therapy. Circulation. 2006;113:969-976. (Pubitemid 43879472)
70. Sutton MG, Plappert T, Hilpisch KE, Abraham WT, Hayes DL, Chinchoy E. Sustained reverse left ventricular structural remodeling with cardiac resynchronization at one year is a function of etiology: quantitative Doppler echocardiographic evidence from the Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE). Circulation. 2006;113: 266-272.
71. Wikstrom G, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Andren B, Lonnerholm S, Blomstrom P, Freemantle N, Remp T, Cleland JG. The effects of aetiology on outcome in patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy in the CARE-HF trial. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:782-788.
72. Bertini M, Delgado V, den Uijl DW, Nucifora G, Ng AC, Van Bommel RJ, Borleffs CJ, Boriani G, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Prediction of cardiac resynchronization therapy response: value of calibrated integrated back-scatter imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:86-93.
73. Germano G, Berman DS. Quantitative gated SPECT. J Nucl Med. 2001; 42:528-529.
74. Klein C, Nekolla SG, Bengel FM, Momose M, Sammer A, Haas F, Schnackenburg B, Delius W, Mudra H, Wolfram D, Schwaiger M. Assessment of myocardial viability with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with positron emission tomography. Circulation. 2002;105:162-167. (Pubitemid 34084313)
75. Nekolla SG, Miethaner C, Nguyen N, Ziegler SI, Schwaiger M. Repro-ducibility of polar map generation and assessment of defect severity and extent assessment in myocardial perfusion imaging using positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:1313-1321. (Pubitemid 28446059)