How leaky gut and endotoxemia induce bacterial infection in cirrhosis and gastrointestinal hemorrhage?

Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia)

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 423-425

  Fukui, Hiroshi ^a  

^a NARA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETALDEHYDE; CEFTRIAXONE; CIPROFLOXACIN; MACROGOL 3350; MACROGOL 400; NITRIC OXIDE;

ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; ALCOHOLISM; BACTERIAL INFECTION; EDITORIAL; ENDOTOXEMIA; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INTESTINE MUCOSA PERMEABILITY; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 79951652285     PISSN: 08159319     EISSN: 14401746     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06668.x     Document Type: Editorial

References (26)

1. Tandon P, Garcia-Tsao G. Bacterial infections, sepsis, and multiorgan failure in cirrhosis. Semin. Liver Dis. 2008; 28: 26-42.
2. Clemente C, Bosch J, Rodes J, Arroyo V, Mas A, Maragall S. Functional renal failure and haemorrhagic gastritis associated with endotoxaemia in cirrhosis. Gut. 1977; 18: 556-60.
3. Fukui H, Matsumoto M, Bode C, Bode JC, Tsujita S, Tsujii T. Endotoxaemia in patients with liver cirrhosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: detection by the chromogenic assay with plasma Tween 80 pretreatment. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1993; 8: 577-81.
4. Fukui H, Matsumoto M, Tsujita S etal. Plasma endotoxin concentration and endotoxin binding capacity of plasma acute phase proteins in cirrhotics with variceal bleeding: an analysis by new methods. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1994; 9: 582-6.
5. Berg RD. Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1999; 473: 11-30.
6. Scarpellini E, Valenza V, Gabrielli M etal. Intestinal permeability in cirrhotic patients with and without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: is the ring closed? Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2010; 105: 323-7.
7. Kalaitzakis E, Johansson JE, Bjarnason I, Bjornsson E. Intestinal permeability in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2006; 41: 326-30.
8. Campillo B, Pernet P, Bories PN, Richardet JP, Devanlay M, Aussel C. Intestinal permeability in liver cirrhosis: relationship with severe septic complications. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1999; 11: 755-9.
9. Pascual S, Such J, Esteban A etal. Intestinal permeability is increased in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Hepatogastroenterology 2003; 50: 1482-6.
10. Ersoz G, Aydin A, Erdem S, Yuksel D, Akarca U, Kumanlioglu K. Intestinal permeability in liver cirrhosis. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1999; 11: 409-12.
11. Huglo D, De Botton S, Canva-Delcambre V etal. Simultaneous determination of pulmonary and intestinal permeability in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2001; 28: 1505-11.
12. Zuckerman MJ, Menzies IS, Ho H etal. Assessment of intestinal permeability and absorption in cirrhotic patients with ascites using combined sugar probes. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2004; 49: 621-6.
13. Dastych M, Dastych M Jr, Novotna H, Cihalova J. Lactulose/mannitol test and specificity, sensitivity, and area under curve of intestinal permeability parameters in patients with liver cirrhosis and Crohn's disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2008; 53: 2789-92.
14. Parlesak A, Schafer C, Schutz T, Bode JC, Bode C. Increased intestinal permeability to macromolecules and endotoxemia in patients with chronic alcohol abuse in different stages of alcohol-induced liver disease. J. Hepatol. 2000; 32: 742-7.
15. Lee S, Son SC, Han MJ etal. Increased intestinal macromolecular permeability and urine nitrite excretion associated with liver cirrhosis with ascites. World. J. Gastroenterol. 2008; 14: 3884-90.
16. Kim BI, Kim HJ, Park JH etal. Increased intestinal permeability as a predictor of bacterial infections in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and hemorrhage. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011; 26: 550-7.
17. Keshavarzian A, Holmes EW, Patel M, Iber F, Fields JZ, Pethkar S. Leaky gut in alcoholic cirrhosis: a possible mechanism for alcohol-induced liver damage. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1999; 94: 200-7.
18. Purohit V, Bode JC, Bode C etal. Alcohol, intestinal bacterial growth, intestinal permeability to endotoxin, and medical consequences: summary of a symposium. Alcohol 2008; 42: 349-61.
19. Thalheimer U, De Iorio F, Capra F etal. Altered intestinal function precedes the appearance of bacterial DNA in serum and ascites in patients with cirrhosis: a pilot study. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2010; 22: 1228-34.
20. Bernard B, Grange JD, Khac EN, Amiot X, Opolon P, Poynard T. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 1999; 29: 1655-61.
21. Rimola A, Garcia-Tsao G, Navasa M etal. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. International Ascites Club. J. Hepatol. 2000; 32: 142-53.
22. Fernandez J, Ruiz del Arbol L etal. Norfloxacin versus ceftriaxone in the prophylaxis of infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis and hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 1049-56. quiz 1285.
23. Garcia-Tsao G, Lim JK. Management and treatment of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension: recommendations from the Department of Veterans Affairs Hepatitis C Resource Center Program and the National Hepatitis C Program. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2009; 104: 1802-29.
24. Garcia-Tsao G. Bacterial translocation: cause or consequence of decompensation in cirrhosis? J. Hepatol. 2001; 34: 150-5.
25. Guarner C, Soriano G, Tomas A etal. Increased serum nitrite and nitrate levels in patients with cirrhosis: relationship to endotoxemia. Hepatology 1993; 18: 1139-43.
26. Nolan JP. The role of intestinal endotoxin in liver injury: a long and evolving history. Hepatology 2010; 52: 1829-35.