Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder

Psychiatric Annals

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 95-103

  Katzman, Martin A ^a,b,c   Copeland, Alex ^a   Klassen, Larry J ^d,e   Chokka, Pratap ^f,g   Brawman Mintzer, Olga ^h,i  

^a START Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders   (Canada)

^b NORTHERN ONTARIO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Canada)

^c LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d Eden Mental Health Centre ^*

^e UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^f Chokka Centre for Integrative Health

^g UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^h MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

ⁱ RALPH H JOHNSON VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79951612878     PISSN: 00485713     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20110203-08     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Working on Stress: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. agency.osha. eu.int. Accessed Feb. 2, 2011.
2. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593-602.
3. Ansseau M, Fischler B, Dierick M, Mignon A, Leyman S. Prevalence and impact of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in primary care in Belgium and Luxemburg: the GADIS study. Eur Psychiatry. 2005;20(3):229-235.
4. Wittchen HU, Zhao S, Kessler RC, Eaton WW. DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(5):355-364.
5. Katon W, Von Korff M, Lin E, et al. Distressed high utilizers of medical care. DSM-III-R diagnoses and treatment needs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1990;12(6):355-362.
6. Chartier M, Walker J, Kjernisted K. Poster presented at the ADAA. Washington, DC, March 23, 26, 2000.
7. Keller MB. The long-term clinical course of generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(Suppl 8):11-16.
8. Andrews G, Sanderson K, Slade T, Issakidis C. Why does the burden of disease persist? Relating the burden of anxiety and depressionto effectiveness of treatment. Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78(4):446-454.
9. Hoffman DL, Dukes EM, Wittchen HU. Human and economic burden of generalizedanxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(1):72-90.
10. Wittchen HU, Carter RM, Pfister H, Montgomery SA, Kessler RC. Disabilities andquality of life in pure and comorbid generalizedanxiety disorder and major depression in a national survey. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;15(6):319-328.
11. Wittchen HU, Nelson CB, Lachner G. Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med. 1998;28:109-126.
12. Marciniak MD, Lage MJ, Dunayevich E, et al. The cost of treating anxiety: the medical and demographic correlates that impact total medical costs. Depress Anxiety. 2005;21(4):178-184.
13. Souetre E, Lozet H, Cimarosti I, et al. Cost of anxiety disorders: impact of comorbidity. JPsychosom Res. 1994;38(Suppl 1):151-160.
14. Kessler RC, DuPont RL, Berglund P, Wittchen HU. Impairment in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression at 12 months in two national surveys. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(12):1915-1923.
15. Carter RM, Wittchen HU, Pfister H, Kessler RC. One-year prevalence of subthreshold and threshold DSM-IV generalized anxiety disor-der in a nationally representative sample. Depress Anxiety. 2001;13(2):78-88.
16. Hasler G, Pine DS, Gamma A, et al. The associationsbetween psychopathology and being overweight: a 20-year prospective study. Psychol Med. 2004;34(6):1047-1057.
17. Stein DJ. Comorbidity in generalized anxietydisorder: impact and implications. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(Suppl 11):29-34.
18. Henning ER, Turk CL, Mennin DS, Fresco DM, Heimberg RG. Impairment andquality of life in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety.2007;24(5):342-349.
19. Wells KB, Stewart A, Hays RD, et al. Thefunctioning and well-being of depressed patients.Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. JAMA. 1989;262(7):914-919.
20. Smit F, Cuijpers P, Oostenbrink J, Batelaan N, de Graaf R, Beekman A. Costs of nine common mental disorders: implications for curativeand preventive psychiatry. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2006;9(4):193-200.
21. Canadian Psychiatric Association. Management of anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2006; 51(8 Suppl 2):1S-93S.
22. Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessivecompulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2002;3(4):171-199.
23. NICE guidelines. Anxiety: management of anxiety (panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, and generalised anxiety disorder) in adults in primary, secondary and community care. guidance.nice.org.uk/CG22. Accessed Feb. 2, 2011.
24. Baldwin SH, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19(6):567-596.
25. Rickels K, Rynn M, Iyengar M, Duff D. Remission of generalized anxiety disorder: a review of the paroxetine clinical trials database. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(1):41-47.
26. Rickels K, Zaninelli R, McCafferty J, et al. Paroxetine treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(4):749-756.
27. Pollack MH, Zaninelli R, Goddard A, et al. Paroxetine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: results of a placebo-controlled, fl exible-dosage trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(5):350-357.
28. Hewett K, Adams A, Bryson H, et al. Generalised anxiety disorder - efficacy of paroxetine [poster]. World Congress of Biological Psychiatry. 2001.
29. Stocchi F, Nordera G, Jokinen RH, et al. Effi cacy and tolerability of paroxetine for the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(3):250-258.
30. Baldwin DS, Reines EH, Guiton C, Weiller E. Escitalopram therapy for major depressionand anxiety disorders. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41(10):1583-1592.
31. Davidson JR, Bose A, Korotzer A, Zheng H.Escitalopram in the treatment of generalizedanxiety disorder: double-blind, placebo controlled, flexible-dose study. Depress Anxiety. 2004;19(4):234-240.
32. Allgulander C, Florea I, Huusom AK. Prevention of relapse in generalized anxiety disorder by escitalopram treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;9(5):495-505.
33. Baldwin DS, Huusom AK, Mohlum E. Escitalopram and paroxetine in the treatmentof generalized anxiety disorder: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Brit J Psychiatry. 2006;189:264-272.
34. Schneier FR, Belzer KD, Kishon R, Amsel L, Simpson HB. Escitalopram for persistent symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder after CBT: a pilot. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010;198(6):458-466.
35. Brawman-Mintzer O, Knapp RG, Rynn M, et al. Sertraline treatment for generalizedanxiety disorder: a randomized double-blind,placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry.2006;67(6):874-881.
36. Allgulander C, Dahl AA, Austin C, et al. Efficacy of sertraline in a 12-week trial for generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(9):1642-1649.
37. Ball SG, Kuhn A, Wall D, Shekhar A, Goddard AW. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitortreatment for generalized anxiety disorder:a double-blind, prospective comparison between paroxetine and sertraline. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(1):94-99.
38. Dahl AA, Ravindran A, Allgulander C, et al. Sertraline in generalized anxiety disorder: effi cacy in treating the psychic and somatic anxiety factors. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005;111(6):429-435.
39. Lenze EJ, Rollman BL, Shear MK, et al. Escitalopram for older adults with generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(3):295-303.
40. Rynn MA, Siqueland L, Rickels K. Placebocontrolledtrial of sertraline in the treatment of children with generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(12):2008-2014.
41. Gelenberg AJ, Lydiard RB, Rudolph RL, et al. Efficacy of venlafaxine extended-releasecapsules in nondepressed outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;283(23):3082-3088.
42. Nimatoudis I, Zissis NP, Kogeorgos J, et al. Remission rates with venlafaxine extended release in Greek outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder. A double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol.2004;19(6):331-336.
43. Lenox-Smith AJ, Reynolds A. A double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled study of venlafaxine XL in patients with generalised anxietydisorder in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2003;53:772-777.
44. Davidson JR, DuPont RL, Hedges D, Haskins JT. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of venlafaxineextended release and buspirone in outpatientswith generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(8):528-535.
45. Allgulander C, Hackett D, Salinas E. Venlafaxine extended release (ER) in the treatmentof generalised anxiety disorder. Twenty-fourweekplacebo-controlled dose-ranging study. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;179:15-22.
46. Allgulander C, Nutt D, Detke M, et al. A non-inferiority comparison of duloxetine and venlafaxine in the treatment of adult patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22(4):417-425.
47. Allgulander C, Hartford J, Russell J, et al. Pharmacotherapy of generalized anxiety disorder:results of duloxetine treatment from apooled analysis of three clinical trials. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(6):1245-1252.
48. Hartford J, Kornstein S, Liebowitz M, et al. Duloxetine as an SNRI treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: results from a placeboand active-controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;22(3):167-174.
49. Koponen H, Allgulander C, Erickson J, et al. Efficacy of duloxetine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: implications forprimary care physicians. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;9(2):100-107.
50. Nicolini H, Bakish D, Duenas H, et al. Improvement of psychic and somaticsymptoms in adult patients with generalizedanxiety disorder: examination from a duloxetine, venlafaxine extended-releaseand placebo-controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2009;39(2):267-276.
51. Rynn M, Russell J, Erickson J, et al. Effi cacyand safety of duloxetine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a flexible-dose,progressive-titration, placebo-controlled trial. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(3):182-189.
52. Katz IR, Reynolds CF, Alexopoulos GS, Hackett D. Venlafaxine ER as a treatment for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults:Pooled analysis of fi ve randomized placebocontrolled clinical trials. J Am Geriatr Society. 2002;50(1):18-25.
53. Rynn MA, Riddle MA, Yeung PP, Kunz NR. Efficacy and safety of extended-release venlafaxine in the treatment of generalized anxietydisorder in children and adolescents: twoplacebo-controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(2):290-300.
54. Rickels K, Downing R, Schweizer E, Hassman H. Antidepressants for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. A placebocontrolledcomparison of imipramine, trazodone, and diazepam. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(11):884-895.
55. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 1980.
56. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [revised]. 3rd ed. Washington, DC. American Psychiatric Publishing; 1987.
57. Struzik L, Vermani M, Coonerty-Femiano A, Katzman MA. Treatments for generalized anxiety disorder. Expert Rev Neurother. 2004;4(2):285-294.
58. Kennedy SH, Lam RW, Cohen NL, Ravindran AV. Clinical guidelines for the treatment of depressive disorders. IV. Medications and other biological treatments. Can J Psychiatry. 2001;46(Suppl 1):38S-58S.
59. Gahimer J, Wernicke J, Yalcin I, et al. A retrospective pooled analysis of duloxetine safety in 23,983 subjects. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(1):175-184.
60. Thase ME. Treatment of anxiety disorders with venlafaxine XR. Expert Rev Neurother. 2006;6(3):269-282.
61. Himei A, Okamura T. Discontinuation syndrome associated with paroxetine in depressed patients: a retrospective analysis of factors involved in the occurrence of the syndrome. CNS Drugs. 2006;20(8):665-672.
62. Perahia DG, Kajdasz DK, Desaiah D, Haddad PM. Symptoms following abrupt discontinuation of duloxetine treatment in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2005;89(1-3):207-212.
63. Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary 2006; 52.
64. FDA. FDA Public Health Advisory. Suicidality in children and adolescents being treated with antidepressant medications. Oct. 15, 2004.
65. FDA. FDA proposes new warnings about suicidal thinking, behavior in young adults who take antidepressant medications. www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2007/NEW01624.html.
66. Tiihonen J, Lonnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, et al. Antidepressants and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, and overall mortality in a nationwide cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(12):1358-1367.
67. Bremner JD. Traumatic stress: effects on the brain. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2006;8(4):445-461.
68. Bremner JD. Stress and brain atrophy. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2006;5(5):503-512.
69. Zhang L, Zhou R, Li X, et al. Stress-inducedchange of mitochondria membrane potential regulated by genomic and non-genomic GRsignaling: a possible mechanism for hippocampus atrophy in PTSD. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(6):1205-1208.
70. Kalisch R, Schubert M, Jacob W, et al. Anxiety and hippocampus volume in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;31(5):925-932.
71. Hettema JM, Kuhn JW, Prescott CA, et al. The impact of generalized anxiety disorder and stressful life events on risk for major depressiveepisodes. Psychol Med. 2006;36(6):789-795.
72. Stein DJ. Comorbidity in generalized anxietydisorder: impact and implications. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(Suppl 11):29-34.
73. Ballenger JC. Treatment of anxiety disorders to remission. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(Suppl 12):5-9.
74. Berlim MT, Gustavo T. What is the meaningof treatment resistant/refractory major depression (TRD)? A systematic review of currentrandomized trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17(11):696-707.
75. Connolly KR, Thase ME. If at first you don'tsucceed: a review of the evidence for antidepressant augmentation, combination and switching strategies. Drugs. 2011;71(1):43-64.
76. Buhr K, Dugas MJ. The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale: psychometric properties of the English version. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40(8):931-945.
77. Dugas MJ, Marchand A, Ladouceur R. Furthervalidation of a cognitive-behavioral modelof generalized anxiety disorder: diagnosticand symptom specifi city. J Anxiety Disord. 2005;19(3):329-343.
78. Rector NA, Szacun-Shimizu K, Leybman M. Anxiety sensitivity within the anxiety disorders: Disorder-specific sensitivitiesand depression comorbidity. Behav Res Ther. 2006;45(8):1967-1975.
79. Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Harrington H, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder and depression: childhoodrisk factors in a birth cohort followed to age 32. Psychol Med. 2007;37(3):441-452.
80. Biederman J, Rosenbaum JF, Hirshfeld DR, etal. Psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition in young children of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry.1990;47(1):21-26.
81. Manassis K, Bradley S, Goldberg S, Hood J, Swinson RP. Behavioural inhibition, attachment and anxiety in children of mothers with anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 1995;40(2):87-92.
82. Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, Gersten M, et al. Behavioral inhibition in children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia. A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45(5):463-470.
83. Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, Bolduc EA, et al. Comorbidity of parental anxiety disorders as riskfor childhood-onset anxiety in inhibited children. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149(4):475-481.
84. Schwartz CE, Snidman N, Kagan J. Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38(8):1008-1015.