Halogen-free flame retardants

Advances in Fire Retardant Materials

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 67-94

  Wang, Yu Zhong ^a  

^a SICHUAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MATERIALS;

HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANT; MELT-DRIPPING BEHAVIORS;

FLAME RETARDANTS;

EID: 79951579539     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9781845694701.1.67     Document Type: Chapter

References (98)

1. Bras M.L., Bugajny M., Lefebvre J.M., Bourbigot S. Use of polyurethanes as char-forming agents in polypropylene intumescent formulations. Polym. Int. 2000, 49:1115-1124.
2. Zhu W.M., Weil E.D., Mukhopadhyay S. Intumescent flame-retardant system of phosphates and 5,5,5',5',5″,5″-hexamethyltris (1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane-methan) amine 2,2',2″- trioxide for polyolefins. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1996, 62:2267-2280.
3. Ravadits I., Toth A., Marosi G., Márton A., Szép A. Organosilicon surface layer on polyolefins to achieve improved flame retardancy through an oxygen barrier effect. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2001, 74:419-422.
4. Li R.S. Halogen-containing flame retardant additives effect on ABS. Science Today 2007, 18:106-107.
5. Wang D.Y., Liu Y., Wang Y.Z., Artiles C.P., Hull T.R., Price D. Fire retardancy of a reactively extruded intumescent flame-retardant polyethylene system enhanced by metal chelates. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2007, 92:1592-1598.
6. Dai P.B. Flame retardant ABS 2007, PhD Dissertation, Sichuan University.
7. Dai P B, Wang D Y, Ge X G, Wang Y Z, ';Effect of modified intumescent flame retardant via surfactant/polyacrylate latex on property of intumescent flame retardant ABS composites', J. Macromol. Sci., Phys., (in press).
8. Szép A., Szabó A., Tóth N., Anna P., Marosi G. Role of montmorillonite in flame retardancy of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006, 91:593-599.
9. Wang Y.Z., Zheng C.Y., Yang K.K. Synthesis and characterization of polysulphonyl diphenylene phenyl phosphonate. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1999, 1:53-56.
10. Wang Y.Z., Zheng C.Y., Wu D.C. Flame-retardant action of polysulphonyl-diphenylene phenylphosphonate on PET. Acta Polym. Sin. 1996, 4:439-445.
11. Gilman J.W., Jackson C.L., Morgan A.B., Harris R., Manias E., Giannelis E.P., Wuthenow M., Hilton D., Phillips S.H. Flammability properties of polymer-layered-silicate nanocomposires. Polypropylene and polystyrene nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12:1866-1873.
12. Zhu J., Morgan A.B., Lamelas F.J., Wilkie C.A. Fire properties of polystyrene-clay nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 2001, 13:3774-3780.
13. Zhu J., Uhl F.M., Morgan A.B., Wilkie C.A. Studies on the mechanism by which the formation of nanocomposites enhances thermal stability. Chem. Mater. 2001, 13:4649-4654.
14. Zanetti M., Camino G., Canavese D., Morgan A.B., Lamelas F.J., Wilkie C.A. Fire retardant halogen-antimony-clay synergism in polypropylene layered silicate nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 2002, 14:189-193.
15. Zanetti M., Kashiwagi T., Falqui L., Camino G. Cone calorimeter combustion and gasification studies of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 2002, 14:881-887.
16. Zhang J.G., Wilkie C.A. Preparation and flammability properties of polyethylene-clay nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2003, 80:163-169.
17. Kashiwagi T., Harris R.H., Zhang X., Briber R.M., Cipriano B.H., Raghavan S.R., Awad W.H., Shields J.R. Flame retardant mechanism of polyamide 6-clay nanocomposites. Polymer 2004, 45:881-891.
18. Song L., Hu Y., Lin Z.H., Xuan S.Y., Wang S.F., Chen Z.Y., Fan W.C. Preparation and properties of halogen-free flame-retarded polyamide 6/organoclay nanocomposite. Polym. Degrad Stab. 2004, 86:535-540.
19. Beyer G. Short communication: carbon nanotubes as flame retardants for polymers. Fire Mater. 2002, 26:291-293.
20. Kashiwagi T., Du F.M., Douglas J.F., Winey K.I., Harrisjr R.H., Shields J.R. Nanoparticle networks reduce the flammability of polymer nanocomposites. Nat. Mater. 2005, 4:928-933.
21. Gilman J.W., Kashiwagi T. Polymer-clay nanocomposites 2000, 193-206. John Wiley & Sons, New York. T.J. Pinnavaia, G.W. Beall (Eds.).
22. Lewin M. Synergism and catalysis in flame retardancy of polymers. Polym. Advan. Technol. 2001, 12:215-222.
23. Nodera A., Kanai T. Thermal decomposition behavior and flame retardancy of polycarbonate containing organic metal salts: effect of salt composition. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 94:2131-2139.
24. Tian C.M., Qu H.Q., Wu W.H., Guo H.Z., Xu J.Z. Metal chelates as synergistic flame retardants for flexible PVC. J. Vinyl Addit. Technol. 2005, 11:70-75.
25. Jang J., Kim J., Bae J.Y. Synergistic effect of ferric chloride and silicon mixtures on the thermal stabilization enhancement of ABS. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2005, 90:508-514.
26. Lewin M., Endo M. Catalysis of intumescent flame retardancy of polypropylene by metallic compounds. Polym. Advan. Technol. 2003, 14:3-11.
27. Lewin M. Unsolved problems and unanswered questions in flame retardance of polymers. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2005, 88:13-19.
28. Chen X.C., Ding Y.P., Tang T. Synergistic effect of nickel formate on the thermal and flame-retardant properties of polypropylene. Polym. Int. 2005, 54:904-908.
29. Song R.J., Zhang B.Y., Huang B.T., Tang T. Synergistic effect of supported nickel catalyst with intumescent flame-retardants on flame retardancy and thermal stability of polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 102:5988-5993.
30. Xie F., Wang Y.Z., Yang B., Liu Y. A novel intumescent flame-retardant polyethylene system. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2006, 291:247-253.
31. Shehata A.B., Hassan M.A., Darwish N.A. Kaolin modified with new resin-iron chelate as flame retardant system for polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 92:3119-3125.
32. Shehata A.B. A new cobalt chelate as flame retardant for polypropylene filled with magnesium hydroxide. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2004, 85:577-582.
33. Chantarasiri N., Chulamanee C., Mananunsap T., Muangsin N. Thermally stable metal-containing polyureas from hexadentate schiff base metal complexes and diisocyanates. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2004, 86:505-513.
34. Nicolas R.C., Wilén C.E., Roth M., Pfaendner R., King R.E. Azoalkanes: a novel class of flame retardants. Macromol. Rapid Comm. 2006, 27:976-981.
35. Chen K.H., Hsien C.H. Flame retardant composition 2005, US Pat. 20050197440.
36. Atikler U., Demir H., Tokath F., Tihmmhoǧlu F., Balköse D., Ülkü S. Optimisation of the effect of colemanite as a new synergistic agent in an intumescent system. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006, 91:1563-1570.
37. Hu X.P., Li W.Y., Wang Y.Z. Synthesis and characterization of a novel nitrogen-containing flame retardant. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 94:1556-1561.
38. Hu X.P., Li Y.L., Wang Y.Z. Synergistic effect of the charring agent on the thermal and flame retardant properties of polyethylene. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2004, 289:208-212.
39. Li B., Xu M.J. Effect of a novel charringefoaming agent on flame retardancy and thermal degradation of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006, 91:1380-1386.
40. Wang D.Y., Wang Y.Z., Wang J.S., Chen D.Q., Zhou Q., Yang B., Li W.Y. Thermal oxidative degradation behaviours of flame-retardant copolyesters containing phosphorous linked pendent group/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2005, 87:171-176.
41. 4 nanocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 102:564-570.
42. Wang D.Y., Ge X.G., Wang Y.Z., Wang C., Qu M.H., Zhou Q. A novel phosphorus-containing poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposite with both flame retardancy and anti-dripping effects. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2006, 291:638-645.
43. Chen D.Q., Wang Y.Z., Hu X.P., Wang D.Y., Qu M.H., Yang B. Flame-retardant and anti-dripping effects of a novel char-forming flame retardant for the treatment of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabrics. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2005, 88:349-356.
44. Gao F., Tong L.F., Fang Z.P. Effect of a novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant on the fire retardancy and the thermal behaviour of poly(butylene terephthalate). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006, 91:1295-1299.
45. Balabanovich A.I., Balabanovich A.M., Engelmann J. Intumescence in poly(butylene terephthalate): the effect of 2-methyl-1,2-oxaphospholan-5-one 2-oxide and ammonium polyphosphate. Polym. Int. 2003, 52:1309-1314.
46. Lu S.Y., Hamerton I. Recent developments in the chemistry of halogen-free flame retardant polymers. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2002, 27:1661-1712.
47. Giraud S., Bourbigot S., Rochery M., Vroman I., Tighzert L., Delobel R., Poutch F. Flame retarded polyurea with microencapsulated ammonium phosphate for textile coating. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2005, 88:106-113.
48. Lu M.F., Zhang S.J., Yu D.S. Study on poly(propylene)/ammonium polyphosphate composites modified by ethylene-1-octene copolymer grafted with glycidyl methacrylate. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 93:412-419.
49. Chang S.Q., Xie T.X., Yang G.S. Morphology and mechanical properties of high-impact polystyrene/elastomer/magnesium hydroxide composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 102:5184-5190.
50. Liauw C.M., Lees G.C., Hurst S.J., Rothon R.N., Ali S. Effect of silane-based filler surface treatment formulation on the interfacial properties of impact modified polypropylene/magnesium hydroxide composites. Compos. Part A -Appl. S. 1998, 29:1313-1318.
51. Chang S.Q., Xie T.X., Yang G.S. Effects of polystyrene-encapsulated magnesium hydroxide on rheological and flame-retarding properties of HIPS composites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006, 91:3266-3273.
52. Kim J., Yoo S., Bae J.Y., Yun H.C., Hwang J., Kong B.S. Thermal stabilities and mechanical properties of epoxy molding compounds (EMC) containing encapsulated red phosphorous. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2003, 81:207-213.
53. Wu Q., Lu J.P., Qu B.J. Preparation and characterization of microcapsulated red phosphorus and its flame-retardant mechanism in halogen-free flame retardant polyolefins. Polym. Int. 2003, 52:1326-1331.
54. Liu Y., Wang Q. Preparation of microencapsulated red phosphorus through melamine cyanurate self-assembly and its performance in flame retardant polyamide 6. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2006, 46:1548-1553.
55. Liu Y., Wang Q. Melamine cyanurate-microencapsulated red phosphorus flame retardant unreinforced and glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006, 91:3103-3109.
56. Saihi D., Vroman I., Giraud S., Bourbigot S. Microencapsulation of ammonium phosphate with a polyurethane shell part I: Coacervation technique. React. Funct. Polym. 2005, 64:127-138.
57. Saihi D., Vroman I., Giraud S., Bourbigot S. Microencapsulation of ammonium phosphate with a polyurethane shell, part II. Interfacial polymerization technique. React. Funct. Polym. 2006, 66:1118-1125.
58. Giraud S., Bourbigot S., Rochery M., Vroman I., Tighzert L., Delobel R., Poutch F. Flame retarded polyurea with microencapsulated ammonium phosphate for textile coating. Polym Degrad. Stab. 2005, 88:106-113.
59. Liu M.F., Liu Y., Wang Q. Flame-retarded poly(propylene) with melamine phosphate and pentaerythritol/polyurethane composite charring agent. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2007, 292:206-213.
60. Wang Y.Z. Flame-retardation design of PET fibers 1994, Sichuan Scientific Publishers, Chengdu, China.
61. Levchik S.V., Weil E.D. Flame retardancy of thermoplastic polyesters - a review of the recent literature. Polym. Int. 2005, 54:11-35.
62. Kim K.S. Phosphorus-containing polymers. I. Low temperature polycondensation of phenylphosphonic dichloride with bisphenols. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1983, 28:1119-1123.
63. Masai Y., Kato Y., Fukui N. Fireproof, thermoplastic polyester-polyaryl phosphonate composition 1973, (to Tokyo Spinning Co., Ltd.), US Pat. 3719727.
64. Wang Y.Z., Yi B., Wu B., Yang B., Liu Y. Thermal behaviors of flame-retardant polycarbonates containing diphenyl sulphonate and poly(sulphonyl phenylene phosphonate). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 89:882-889.
65. Balabanovich A.I., Engelmann J. Fire retardant and charring effect of poly(sulphonyldiphenylene phenylphosphonate) in poly(butylene terephthalate). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2003, 79:85-92.
66. Ban D.M., Wang Y.Z., Yang B., Zhao G.M. A novel non-dripping oligomeric flame retardant for polyethylene terephthalate. Eur. Polym. J. 2004, 40:1909-1913.
67. Wang Y.Z., Ban D.M., Wu B., Zhao H. A new halogen-free flame-retardant and its application in preparing no-dripping flame-retardant polyesters 2002, ZL 02113512.6.
68. Braun U., Knoll U., Schartel B., Hoffmann T., Pospiech D., Artner J., Ciesielski M., Döring M., Graterol R.P., Sandler J.K.W., Altstädt V. Novel phosphorus-containing poly(ether sulphone)s and their blends with an epoxy resin: thermal decomposition and fire retardancy. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2006, 207:1501-1514.
69. Wang Y.Z., Chen X.T., Tang X.D. In-situ reinforced and flame-retarded polyester composites with thermotropic liquid crystal copolyesters containing phosphorus 2002, ZL02113315.8.
70. Wang Y.Z., Chen X.T., Tang X.D. Synthesis, characterization, and thermal properties of phosphorus-containing, wholly aromatic thermotropic copolyesters. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002, 86:1278-1284.
71. Wang Y.Z., Chen X.T., Tang X.D., Du X.H. A new approach to simultaneous improvement of the flame retardancy, tensile strength and melt dripping of polyethylene terephthalate. J. Mater. Chem. 2003, 13:1248-1249.
72. Du X.H., Wang Y.Z., Chen X.T., Tang X.D. Properties of phosphorus-containing thermotropic liquid crystal copolyester/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2005, 88:52-56.
73. Iji M., Kiuchi Y., Soyama M. Flame retardancy and heat resistance of phenol-biphenylene-type epoxy resin compound modified with benzoguanamine. Polym. Advan. Technol. 2003, 14:638-644.
74. Liu Y.L., Li S.H. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) star polymers having nanosized silica cores. Macromol. Rapid Comm. 2004, 25:1392-1395.
75. Li Q., Jiang P.K., Wei P. Thermal degradation behavior of poly(propylene) with a novel silicon-containing intumescent flame retardant. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2005, 290:912-919.
76. Li Q., Jiang P.K., Wei P. Studies on the properties of polypropylene with a new silicon-containing intumescent flame retardant. J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Phys. 2005, 43:2548-2556.
77. Ranganathan T., Zilberman J., Farris R.J., Coughlin E.B., Emrick T. Synthesis and characterization of halogen-free antiflammable polyphosphonates containing 4,4'-bishydroxydeoxybenzoin. Macromolecules 2006, 39:5974-5975.
78. Kumar R., Tyagi R., Parmar V.S., Samuelson L.A., Kumar J., Schoemann A., Westmoreland P.R., Watterson A.C. Biocatalytic synthesis of highly flame retardant inorganic-organic hybrid polymers. Adv. Mater. 2004, 16:1515-1520.
79. Liu Y.L., Chiu Y.C., Chen T.Y. Phosphorus-containing polyaryloxy-diphenylsilanes with high flame retardance arising from a phosphorus-silicon synergistic effect. Polym. Int. 2003, 52:1256-1261.
80. Price D., Bullett K.J., Cunliffe L.K., Hull T.R., Milnes G.J., Ebdon J.R., Hunt B.J., Joseph P. Cone calorimetry studies of polymer systems flame retarded by chemically bonded phosphorus. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2005, 88:74-79.
81. Wu B., Wang Y.Z., Wang X.L., Yang K.K., Jin Y.D., Zhao H. Kinetics of thermal oxidative degradation of phosphorus-containing flame retardant copolyesters. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2002, 76:401-409.
82. Birum G.H., Jansen R.F. Production of 2-carboxyethyl (phenyl)phosphinic acid 1978, (to Monsanto Company), US Pat. 4081463.
83. Hazen J.R. Process for production of 3-(hydroxyphenyl-phosphinyl) propanoic acid 1988, (to Hoechst Celanese Corp.), US Pat. 4769182.
84. Kim J.H., Ihm D.W., Lee S.S. Method for preparation 3-(hydroxyphenylphosphinyl)propanoic acid 2000, (to Saehan Industries Inc.), US Pat. 6090976.
85. Asrar J., Berger P.A., Hurlbut J. Synthesis and characterization of a fire-retardant polyester: copolymers of ethylene terephthalate and 2-carboxy-ethyl (phenylphosphinic) acid. J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. 1999, 37:3119-3128.
86. Sato M., Endo S., Araki Y., Matsuoka G., Gyobu S., Takeuchi H. The flame-retardant polyester fiber: improvement of hydrolysis resistance. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2000, 78(5):1134-1138.
87. Chang S.J., Chang F.C. Synthesis and characterization of copolyesters containing the phosphorus linking pendent groups. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1999, 72:109-122.
88. Zhao H., Wang Y.Z., Wang D.Y., Wu B., Chen D.Q., Wang X.L., Yang K.K. Kinetics of thermal degradation of flame retardant copolyesters containing phosphorus linked pendent groups. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2003, 80:135-140.
89. Cai S.X., Lin C.H. Flame-retardant epoxy resins with high glass-transition temperatures from a novel trifunctional curing agent: dopotrio. J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. 2005, 43:2862-2873.
90. Ribera G., Mercado L.A., Galià M., Cádiz V. Flame retardant epoxy resins based on diglycidyl ether of isobutyl bis(hydroxypropyl)phosphine oxide. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 99:1367-1373.
91. Wu C.S., Liu Y.L. Preparation and properties of epoxy/amine hybrid resins from in situ polymerization. J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. 2004, 42:1868-1875.
92. Ebdon J.R., Hunt B.J., Joseph P. Thermal degradation and flammability characteristics of some polystyrenes and poly(methyl methacrylate)s chemically modified with silicon-containing groups. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2004, 83:181-185.
93. Liu Y.L., Chang G.P. Novel approach to preparing epoxy/polyhedral oligometric silsesquioxane hybrid materials possessing high mass fractions of polyhedral oligometric silsesquioxane and good homogeneity. J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. 2006, 44:1869-1876.
94. Mercado L.A., Galia M., Reina J.A. Silicon-containing flame retardant epoxy resins: Synthesis, characterization and properties. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006, 91:2588-2594.
95. Mercado L.A., Reina J.A., Galià M. Flame retardant epoxy resins based on diglycidyl-oxymethylphenylsilane. J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. 2006, 44:5580-5587.
96. Martin C., Ronda J.C., Cádiz V. Boron-containing novolac resins as flame retardant materials. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006, 91:747-754.
97. Martín C., Ronda J.C., Cádiz V. Development of novel flame-retardant thermosets based on boron-modified phenol-formaldehyde resins. J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. 2006, 44:3503-3512.
98. Martin C., Lligadas G., Ronda J.C., Galià M., Cadiz V. Synthesis of novel boron-containing epoxy-novolac resins and properties of cured products. J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. 2006, 44:6332-6344.