메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 99-110

Paced finger-tapping abnormalities in bipolar disorder indicate timing dysfunction

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Cerebellum; Depression; Finger tapping; Interval; Mania; Temporal; Timing

Indexed keywords

ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

EID: 79951486651     PISSN: 13985647     EISSN: 13995618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00895.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (33)

References (66)
  • 1
    • 64849100553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing dysfunctions in schizophrenia span from millisecond to several-second durations
    • Carroll CA, O'Donnell BF, Shekhar A, Hetrick WP. Timing dysfunctions in schizophrenia span from millisecond to several-second durations. Brain Cogn 2009; 70: 181-190.
    • (2009) Brain Cogn , vol.70 , pp. 181-190
    • Carroll, C.A.1    O'Donnell, B.F.2    Shekhar, A.3    Hetrick, W.P.4
  • 2
    • 70350270016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing dysfunctions in schizophrenia as measured by a repetitive finger tapping task
    • Carroll CA, O'Donnell BF, Shekhar A, Hetrick WP. Timing dysfunctions in schizophrenia as measured by a repetitive finger tapping task. Brain Cogn 2009; 71: 345-353.
    • (2009) Brain Cogn , vol.71 , pp. 345-353
    • Carroll, C.A.1    O'Donnell, B.F.2    Shekhar, A.3    Hetrick, W.P.4
  • 3
    • 77955714537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural substrates of impaired sensorimotor timing in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
    • Valera EM, Spencer RM, Zeffiro TA et al. Neural substrates of impaired sensorimotor timing in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68: 359-367.
    • (2010) Biol Psychiatry , vol.68 , pp. 359-367
    • Valera, E.M.1    Spencer, R.M.2    Zeffiro, T.A.3
  • 4
    • 12344250469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: a review of neuroimaging findings
    • Strakowski SM, DelBello MP, Adler CM. The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: a review of neuroimaging findings. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10: 105-116.
    • (2005) Mol Psychiatry , vol.10 , pp. 105-116
    • Strakowski, S.M.1    DelBello, M.P.2    Adler, C.M.3
  • 5
    • 1242314705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time experience and time judgment in major depression, mania and healthy subjects. A controlled study of 93 subjects
    • Bschor T, Ising M, Bauer M et al. Time experience and time judgment in major depression, mania and healthy subjects. A controlled study of 93 subjects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 109: 222-229.
    • (2004) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.109 , pp. 222-229
    • Bschor, T.1    Ising, M.2    Bauer, M.3
  • 6
    • 51249093665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of time memory in acutely depressed patients, manic patients, and healthy controls using a time reproduction task
    • Mahlberg R, Kienast T, Bschor T, Adli M. Evaluation of time memory in acutely depressed patients, manic patients, and healthy controls using a time reproduction task. Eur Psychiatry 2008; 23: 430-433.
    • (2008) Eur Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 430-433
    • Mahlberg, R.1    Kienast, T.2    Bschor, T.3    Adli, M.4
  • 7
    • 58149495119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eyeblink conditioning anomalies in bipolar disorder suggest cerebellar dysfunction
    • Bolbecker AR, Mehta C, Johannesen JK et al. Eyeblink conditioning anomalies in bipolar disorder suggest cerebellar dysfunction. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 19-32.
    • (2009) Bipolar Disord , vol.11 , pp. 19-32
    • Bolbecker, A.R.1    Mehta, C.2    Johannesen, J.K.3
  • 8
    • 67650251985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The precision of temporal judgement: milliseconds, many minutes, and beyond
    • Lewis PA, Miall RC. The precision of temporal judgement: milliseconds, many minutes, and beyond. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364: 1897-1905.
    • (2009) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci , vol.364 , pp. 1897-1905
    • Lewis, P.A.1    Miall, R.C.2
  • 9
    • 67650254570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural networks engaged in milliseconds and seconds time processing: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation and patients with cortical or subcortical dysfunction
    • Koch G, Oliveri M, Caltagirone C. Neural networks engaged in milliseconds and seconds time processing: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation and patients with cortical or subcortical dysfunction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364: 1907-1918.
    • (2009) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci , vol.364 , pp. 1907-1918
    • Koch, G.1    Oliveri, M.2    Caltagirone, C.3
  • 11
    • 70749151579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The image of time: a voxel-wise meta-analysis
    • Wiener M, Turkeltaub P, Coslett HB. The image of time: a voxel-wise meta-analysis. Neuroimage 2010; 49: 1728-1740.
    • (2010) Neuroimage , vol.49 , pp. 1728-1740
    • Wiener, M.1    Turkeltaub, P.2    Coslett, H.B.3
  • 12
    • 0042845807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain activation patterns during measurement of sub- and supra-second intervals
    • Lewis PA, Miall RC. Brain activation patterns during measurement of sub- and supra-second intervals. Neuropsychologia 2003; 41: 1583-1592.
    • (2003) Neuropsychologia , vol.41 , pp. 1583-1592
    • Lewis, P.A.1    Miall, R.C.2
  • 13
    • 0024813139 scopus 로고
    • Timing of functions of the cerebellum
    • Ivry RB, Keele SW. Timing of functions of the cerebellum. J Cogn Neurosci 1989; 1: 136-152.
    • (1989) J Cogn Neurosci , vol.1 , pp. 136-152
    • Ivry, R.B.1    Keele, S.W.2
  • 14
    • 0027973548 scopus 로고
    • Temporal integration in sensorimotor synchronization
    • Mates J, Radil T, Muller R, Poppel E. Temporal integration in sensorimotor synchronization. J Cogn Neurosci 1994; 6: 332-340.
    • (1994) J Cogn Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 332-340
    • Mates, J.1    Radil, T.2    Muller, R.3    Poppel, E.4
  • 15
    • 0015764377 scopus 로고
    • Response delays and the timing of discrete motor responses
    • Wing AM, Kristofferson AB. Response delays and the timing of discrete motor responses. Percept Psychophys 1973; 14: 5-12.
    • (1973) Percept Psychophys , vol.14 , pp. 5-12
    • Wing, A.M.1    Kristofferson, A.B.2
  • 16
    • 0003575871 scopus 로고
    • Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I DSM-IV Disorders (SCID)
    • Washington, DC: Psychiatry Press.
    • First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I DSM-IV Disorders (SCID). Washington, DC: Psychiatry Press, 1994.
    • (1994)
    • First, M.B.1    Spitzer, R.L.2    Gibbon, M.3    Williams, J.B.W.4
  • 17
    • 0018175277 scopus 로고
    • A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity
    • Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry 1978; 133: 429-435.
    • (1978) Br J Psychiatry , vol.133 , pp. 429-435
    • Young, R.C.1    Biggs, J.T.2    Ziegler, V.E.3    Meyer, D.A.4
  • 18
    • 0018425438 scopus 로고
    • A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change
    • Montgomery SA, Åsberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 134: 382-389.
    • (1979) Br J Psychiatry , vol.134 , pp. 382-389
    • Montgomery, S.A.1    Åsberg, M.2
  • 19
    • 0015021890 scopus 로고
    • The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory
    • Oldfield RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 1971; 9: 97-113.
    • (1971) Neuropsychologia , vol.9 , pp. 97-113
    • Oldfield, R.C.1
  • 20
    • 5444257305 scopus 로고
    • Eta-squared and partial eta-squared in communication science
    • Cohen J. Eta-squared and partial eta-squared in communication science. Human Comm Res 1973; 28: 473-490.
    • (1973) Human Comm Res , vol.28 , pp. 473-490
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 22
    • 0001593433 scopus 로고
    • On the time sense
    • Stevens LT. On the time sense. Mind 1886; 11: 393-404.
    • (1886) Mind , vol.11 , pp. 393-404
    • Stevens, L.T.1
  • 24
  • 25
    • 0028352630 scopus 로고
    • Tapping a rhythm: A problem of timing for children who are clumsy and dyslexic?
    • Geuze RH, Kalverboer AF. Tapping a rhythm: A problem of timing for children who are clumsy and dyslexic? Adapt Phys Activ Q 1994; 11: 202-213.
    • (1994) Adapt Phys Activ Q , vol.11 , pp. 202-213
    • Geuze, R.H.1    Kalverboer, A.F.2
  • 28
    • 0023794203 scopus 로고
    • Dissociation of the lateral and medial cerebellum in movement timing and movement execution
    • Ivry RB, Keele SW, Diener HC. Dissociation of the lateral and medial cerebellum in movement timing and movement execution. Exp Brain Res 1988; 73: 167-180.
    • (1988) Exp Brain Res , vol.73 , pp. 167-180
    • Ivry, R.B.1    Keele, S.W.2    Diener, H.C.3
  • 29
    • 33748784074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroanatomical localization of an internal clock: a functional link between mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and mesocortical dopaminergic systems
    • Meck WH. Neuroanatomical localization of an internal clock: a functional link between mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and mesocortical dopaminergic systems. Brain Res 2006; 1109: 93-107.
    • (2006) Brain Res , vol.1109 , pp. 93-107
    • Meck, W.H.1
  • 30
    • 33748799447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frontal cortex lesions eliminate the clock speed effect of dopaminergic drugs on interval timing
    • Meck WH. Frontal cortex lesions eliminate the clock speed effect of dopaminergic drugs on interval timing. Brain Res 2006; 1108: 157-167.
    • (2006) Brain Res , vol.1108 , pp. 157-167
    • Meck, W.H.1
  • 31
    • 0030012259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of selective dopamine D1- and D2-agonists and antagonists on timing performance in rats
    • Frederick DL, Allen JD. Effects of selective dopamine D1- and D2-agonists and antagonists on timing performance in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996; 53: 759-764.
    • (1996) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.53 , pp. 759-764
    • Frederick, D.L.1    Allen, J.D.2
  • 33
    • 0036205909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of methamphetamine and haloperidol on the control of an internal clock
    • Buhusi CV, Meck WH. Differential effects of methamphetamine and haloperidol on the control of an internal clock. Behav Neurosci 2002; 116: 291-297.
    • (2002) Behav Neurosci , vol.116 , pp. 291-297
    • Buhusi, C.V.1    Meck, W.H.2
  • 34
    • 0043167896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of methamphetamine on duration discrimination
    • Cevik MO. Effects of methamphetamine on duration discrimination. Behav Neurosci 2003; 117: 774-784.
    • (2003) Behav Neurosci , vol.117 , pp. 774-784
    • Cevik, M.O.1
  • 35
    • 0031014719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are there dissociable roles of the mesostriatal and mesolimbocortical dopamine systems on temporal information processing in humans?
    • Rammsayer TH. Are there dissociable roles of the mesostriatal and mesolimbocortical dopamine systems on temporal information processing in humans? Neuropsychobiology 1997; 35: 36-45.
    • (1997) Neuropsychobiology , vol.35 , pp. 36-45
    • Rammsayer, T.H.1
  • 36
    • 36348967711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interval timing and Parkinson's disease: heterogeneity in temporal performance
    • Merchant H, Luciana M, Hooper C, Majestic S, Tuite P. Interval timing and Parkinson's disease: heterogeneity in temporal performance. Exp Brain Res 2008; 184: 233-248.
    • (2008) Exp Brain Res , vol.184 , pp. 233-248
    • Merchant, H.1    Luciana, M.2    Hooper, C.3    Majestic, S.4    Tuite, P.5
  • 37
    • 71049173312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of dopamine in bipolar disorder
    • Cousins DA, Butts K, Young AH. The role of dopamine in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11: 787-806.
    • (2009) Bipolar Disord , vol.11 , pp. 787-806
    • Cousins, D.A.1    Butts, K.2    Young, A.H.3
  • 38
    • 26844538140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of clozapine and haloperidol on interval timing in the supraseconds range
    • MacDonald CJ, Meck WH. Differential effects of clozapine and haloperidol on interval timing in the supraseconds range. Psychopharmacol 2005; 182: 232-244.
    • (2005) Psychopharmacol , vol.182 , pp. 232-244
    • MacDonald, C.J.1    Meck, W.H.2
  • 39
    • 0027279597 scopus 로고
    • On dopaminergic modulation of temporal information processing
    • Rammsayer TH. On dopaminergic modulation of temporal information processing. Biol Psychol 1993; 36: 209-222.
    • (1993) Biol Psychol , vol.36 , pp. 209-222
    • Rammsayer, T.H.1
  • 40
    • 0033175773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropharmacological evidence for different timing mechanisms in humans
    • Rammsayer TH. Neuropharmacological evidence for different timing mechanisms in humans. Q J Exp Psychol B 1999; 52: 273-286.
    • (1999) Q J Exp Psychol B , vol.52 , pp. 273-286
    • Rammsayer, T.H.1
  • 41
    • 0018294840 scopus 로고
    • Lithium effects on time estimation and mood in manic-melancholic patients. A study of diurnal variations
    • Elsass P, Mellerup ET, Rafaelsen OJ, Theilgaard A. Lithium effects on time estimation and mood in manic-melancholic patients. A study of diurnal variations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1979; 60: 263-271.
    • (1979) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.60 , pp. 263-271
    • Elsass, P.1    Mellerup, E.T.2    Rafaelsen, O.J.3    Theilgaard, A.4
  • 42
    • 77953687776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychology of Time
    • In: Grondin S, ed. Bingley: Emerald.
    • Penney TB, Vaitilingam L. Imaging time. In: Grondin S, ed. Psychology of Time. Bingley: Emerald, 2008: 261-294.
    • (2008) Imaging time , pp. 261-294
    • Penney, T.B.1    Vaitilingam, L.2
  • 43
    • 34447579936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the cerebellum in externally paced rhythmic finger movements
    • Del Olmo MF, Cheeran B, Koch G, Rothwell JC. Role of the cerebellum in externally paced rhythmic finger movements. J Neurophysiol 2007; 98: 145-152.
    • (2007) J Neurophysiol , vol.98 , pp. 145-152
    • Del Olmo, M.F.1    Cheeran, B.2    Koch, G.3    Rothwell, J.C.4
  • 44
    • 0035933620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased variability of paced finger tapping accuracy following repetitive magnetic stimulation of the cerebellum in humans
    • Theoret H, Haque J, Pascual-Leone A. Increased variability of paced finger tapping accuracy following repetitive magnetic stimulation of the cerebellum in humans. Neurosci Lett 2001; 306: 29-32.
    • (2001) Neurosci Lett , vol.306 , pp. 29-32
    • Theoret, H.1    Haque, J.2    Pascual-Leone, A.3
  • 46
    • 33846260483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the cerebellum in subsecond time perception: evidence from repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
    • Lee KH, Egleston PN, Brown WH, Gregory AN, Barker AT, Woodruff PW. The role of the cerebellum in subsecond time perception: evidence from repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Cogn Neurosci 2007; 19: 147-157.
    • (2007) J Cogn Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 147-157
    • Lee, K.H.1    Egleston, P.N.2    Brown, W.H.3    Gregory, A.N.4    Barker, A.T.5    Woodruff, P.W.6
  • 47
    • 0037347219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parametric analysis of rate-dependent hemodynamic response functions of cortical and subcortical brain structures during auditorily cued finger tapping: a fMRI study
    • Riecker A, Wildgruber D, Mathiak K, Grodd W, Ackermann H. Parametric analysis of rate-dependent hemodynamic response functions of cortical and subcortical brain structures during auditorily cued finger tapping: a fMRI study. Neuroimage 2003; 18: 731-739.
    • (2003) Neuroimage , vol.18 , pp. 731-739
    • Riecker, A.1    Wildgruber, D.2    Mathiak, K.3    Grodd, W.4    Ackermann, H.5
  • 48
    • 0036159160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcortical overactivation in untreated schizophrenic patients: a functional magnetic resonance image finger-tapping study
    • Muller JL, Roder C, Schuierer G, Klein HE. Subcortical overactivation in untreated schizophrenic patients: a functional magnetic resonance image finger-tapping study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 56: 77-84.
    • (2002) Psychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.56 , pp. 77-84
    • Muller, J.L.1    Roder, C.2    Schuierer, G.3    Klein, H.E.4
  • 50
    • 34748872548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive gray matter loss in patients with bipolar disorder
    • Moorhead TW, McKirdy J, Sussmann JE et al. Progressive gray matter loss in patients with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62: 894-900.
    • (2007) Biol Psychiatry , vol.62 , pp. 894-900
    • Moorhead, T.W.1    McKirdy, J.2    Sussmann, J.E.3
  • 51
    • 23344435674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI analysis of cerebellar vermal abnormalities in bipolar disorder
    • Mills NP, DelBello MP, Adler CM, Strakowski SM. MRI analysis of cerebellar vermal abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 1530-1532.
    • (2005) Am J Psychiatry , vol.162 , pp. 1530-1532
    • Mills, N.P.1    DelBello, M.P.2    Adler, C.M.3    Strakowski, S.M.4
  • 53
    • 0020067647 scopus 로고
    • Cerebellar vermis dimensions on computerized tomographic scans of schizophrenic and bipolar patients
    • Lippmann S, Manshadi M, Baldwin H, Drasin G, Rice J, Alrajeh S. Cerebellar vermis dimensions on computerized tomographic scans of schizophrenic and bipolar patients. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 667-668.
    • (1982) Am J Psychiatry , vol.139 , pp. 667-668
    • Lippmann, S.1    Manshadi, M.2    Baldwin, H.3    Drasin, G.4    Rice, J.5    Alrajeh, S.6
  • 55
  • 56
    • 0022233698 scopus 로고
    • Mania in two sisters with similar cerebellar disturbance
    • Yadalam KG, Jain AK, Simpson GM. Mania in two sisters with similar cerebellar disturbance. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 1067-1069.
    • (1985) Am J Psychiatry , vol.142 , pp. 1067-1069
    • Yadalam, K.G.1    Jain, A.K.2    Simpson, G.M.3
  • 57
    • 0017183407 scopus 로고
    • Chronic mania in childhood: case report of a possible association with a radiological picture of cerebellar disease
    • Cutting JC. Chronic mania in childhood: case report of a possible association with a radiological picture of cerebellar disease. Psychol Med 1976; 6: 635-642.
    • (1976) Psychol Med , vol.6 , pp. 635-642
    • Cutting, J.C.1
  • 58
    • 0026749051 scopus 로고
    • Posterior fossa abnormalities in major depression: a controlled magnetic resonance imaging study
    • Shah SA, Doraiswamy PM, Husain MM et al. Posterior fossa abnormalities in major depression: a controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 85: 474-479.
    • (1992) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.85 , pp. 474-479
    • Shah, S.A.1    Doraiswamy, P.M.2    Husain, M.M.3
  • 59
    • 85005299883 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of cerebellar volume in major depression: a controlled MRI study
    • Escalona PR, Early B, McDonald WM et al. Reduction of cerebellar volume in major depression: a controlled MRI study. Depression 1993; 1: 156-158.
    • (1993) Depression , vol.1 , pp. 156-158
    • Escalona, P.R.1    Early, B.2    McDonald, W.M.3
  • 60
    • 9244249796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GABAergic dysfunction in schizophrenia and mood disorders as reflected by decreased levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67kDa and Reelin proteins in cerebellum
    • Fatemi SH, Stary JM, Earle JA, Araghi-Niknam M, Eagan E. GABAergic dysfunction in schizophrenia and mood disorders as reflected by decreased levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67kDa and Reelin proteins in cerebellum. Schizophr Res 2005; 72: 109-122.
    • (2005) Schizophr Res , vol.72 , pp. 109-122
    • Fatemi, S.H.1    Stary, J.M.2    Earle, J.A.3    Araghi-Niknam, M.4    Eagan, E.5
  • 61
    • 0033759439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD67) expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a postmortem brain study
    • Guidotti A, Auta J, Davis JM et al. Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD67) expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a postmortem brain study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 1061-1069.
    • (2000) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.57 , pp. 1061-1069
    • Guidotti, A.1    Auta, J.2    Davis, J.M.3
  • 62
    • 77749297930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower number of cerebellar Purkinje neurons in psychosis is associated with reduced reelin expression
    • Maloku E, Covelo IR, Hanbauer I et al. Lower number of cerebellar Purkinje neurons in psychosis is associated with reduced reelin expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 4407-4411.
    • (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.107 , pp. 4407-4411
    • Maloku, E.1    Covelo, I.R.2    Hanbauer, I.3
  • 64
    • 0030005049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The accuracy and precision of timing of self-paced, repetitive movements in subjects with Parkinson's disease
    • O'Boyle DJ, Freeman JS, Cody FW. The accuracy and precision of timing of self-paced, repetitive movements in subjects with Parkinson's disease. Brain 1996; 119: 51-70.
    • (1996) Brain , vol.119 , pp. 51-70
    • O'Boyle, D.J.1    Freeman, J.S.2    Cody, F.W.3
  • 65
    • 0032850094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A unitary model of schizophrenia: Bleuler's "fragmented phrene" as schizencephaly
    • Andreasen NC. A unitary model of schizophrenia: Bleuler's "fragmented phrene" as schizencephaly. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 781-787.
    • (1999) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.56 , pp. 781-787
    • Andreasen, N.C.1
  • 66
    • 0030588078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bipolar disorders, dystonia, and compulsion after dysfunction of the cerebellum, dentatorubrothalamic tract, and substantia nigra
    • Lauterbach EC. Bipolar disorders, dystonia, and compulsion after dysfunction of the cerebellum, dentatorubrothalamic tract, and substantia nigra. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40: 726-730.
    • (1996) Biol Psychiatry , vol.40 , pp. 726-730
    • Lauterbach, E.C.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.