Evolution of Ocean-Island rifts: The northeast rift zone of Tenerife, Canary Islands

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 123, Issue 3-4, 2011, Pages 562-584

  Carracedo, J C ^a   Guillou, H ^b   Nomade, S ^b   Rodriguez Badiola E ^c   Perez Torrado F J ^d   Rodriguez Gonzalez A ^d   Paris, R ^b   Troll, V R ^e   Wiesmaier, S ^f   Delcamp, A ^f   Fernandez Turiel J L ^g  

^a CSIC   (Spain)

^b CNRS   (France)

^c MUSEO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS NATURALES   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA   (Spain)

^e UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^f TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^g INSTITUTE OF EARTH SCIENCES JAUME ALMERA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOCHRONOLOGY; LANDSLIDES;

CANARY ISLANDS; FEEDING SYSTEM; ISOTOPIC DATING; LATERAL COLLAPSE; MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION; OCEANIC VOLCANOES; SIMILAR PATTERN; TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL;

STRATIGRAPHY;

FISSURE; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; MAGMA CHEMISTRY; MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION; MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY; RELIABILITY ANALYSIS; RIFT ZONE; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; SUBMARINE VOLCANO; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; VOLCANIC ERUPTION; VOLCANISM; VOLCANOLOGY;

CANARY ISLANDS; SANTA CRUZ DE TENERIFE [(PRV) CANARY ISLANDS]; SPAIN; TENERIFE;

EID: 79951484391     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: 00167606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B30119.1     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Abdel-Monem, A., Watkins, N.D., and Gast, P., 1972, Potassium-argon ages, volcanic stratigraphy and geomagnetic polarity history of the Canary Islands: Tenerife, La Palma and Hierro: American Journal of Science, v. 272, p. 805-825.
2. Ablay, G., and Hürlimann, M., 2000, Evolution of the north flank of Tenerife by recurrent giant landslides: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 103, no. 1-4, p. 135-159.
3. Ablay, G.J., and Marti, J., 2000, Stratigraphy, structure, and volcanic evolution of the Pico Teide-Pico Viejo formation, Tenerife, Canary Islands: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 103, p. 175-208, doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00224-9.
4. 39Ar and K-Ar dated Patagonian lava flows at 47°S: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 210, p. 119-136, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00134-1.
5. Ancochea, E., Fúster, J.M., Ibarrola, E., Cendrero, A., Hernán, F., Cantagrel, J.M., and Jamond, C., 1990, Volcanic evolution of the Island of Tenerife (Canary Islands) in the light of new K-Ar data: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 44, p. 231- 249, doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(90)90019-C.
6. Ancochea, E., Huertas, M.J., Cantagrel, J.M., Coello, J., Fúster, J.M., Arnaud, N., and Ibarrola, E., 1999, Evolution of the Cañadas edifice and its implications for the origin of the Cañadas Caldera (Tenerife, Canary Islands): Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 88, p. 177-199, doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00106-1.
7. Bravo, T., 1962, El circo de Cañadas y sus dependencias: Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, v. 40, p. 93-108.
8. 39Ar ages from the Tatara-San Pedro volcanic complex, Chilean Andes: Lava record of a Matuyama-Brunhes precursor?: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 109, p. B12101, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003007.
9. Carracedo, J.C., 1975, Estudio Paleomagnético de la Isla de Tenerife [Ph.D. thesis]: Madrid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 265 p.
10. Carracedo, J.C., 1979, Paleomagnetismo e Historia Volcánica de Tenerife: Tenerife, Aula de Cultura del Cabildo de Tenerife, 81 p.
11. Carracedo, J.C., 1994, The Canary Islands: An example of structural control on the growth of large oceanic island volcanoes: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 60, no. 3/4, p. 225-242, doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(94)90053-1.
12. Carracedo, J.C., 1996, Morphological and structural evolution of the western Canary Islands: Hotspot-induced three-armed rifts or regional tectonic trends?: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 72, p. 151-162, doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(95)00080-1.
13. Carracedo, J.C., 1999, Growth, structure, instability and collapse of Canarian volcanoes and comparisons with Hawaiian volcanoes: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 94, no. 1-4, p. 1-19.
14. Carracedo, J.C., and Soler, V. , 1995, Anomalously shallow paleomagnetic inclinations and the question of the age of the Canarian Archipelago: Geophysical Journal International, v. 122, no. 2, p. 393-406, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb07003.x.
15. Carracedo, J.C., Rodriguez Badiola, E., and Soler, V. , 1992, The 1730-1736 eruption of Lanzarote: An unusually long, high-magnitude fissural basaltic eruption in the recent volcanism of the Canary Islands: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 53, p. 239- 250, doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(92)90084-Q.
16. Carracedo, J.C., Day, S., Guillou, H., Rodríguez Badiola, E., Canas, J.A., and Pérez Torrado, F.J., 1998, Hotspot volcanism close to a passive continental margin: The Canary Islands: Geological Magazine, v. 135, no. 05, p. 591-604, doi: 10.1017/S0016756898001447.
17. Carracedo, J.C., Day, S., Guillou, H., and Gravestock, P. , 1999a, The later stages of the volcanic and structural evolution of La Palma, Canary Islands: The Cumbre Nueva giant collapse and the Cumbre Vieja volcano: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p. 755-768, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0755: LSOVEO>2.3.CO;2.
18. Carracedo, J.C., Day, S., Guillou, H., and Pérez Torrado, F.J., 1999b, Giant Quaternary landslides in the evolution of La Palma and El Hierro, Canary Islands: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 94, no. 1-4, p. 169-190.
19. Carracedo, J.C., Rodríguez Badiola, E., Guillou, H., De La Nuez, J., and Pérez Torrado, F.J., 2001, Geology and volcanology of La Palma and El Hierro, western Canaries: Estudios Geológicos, v. 57, p. 175-273.
20. Carracedo, J.C., Rodríguez Badiola, E., Guillou, H., Paterne, M., Scaillet, S., Pérez Torrado, F.J., Paris, R., Criado, C., Hansen, A., Arnay, M., González Reimers, E., Fra-Paleo, U., and González Pérez, R., 2006, Los volcanes del Parque Nacional del Teide: El Teide, Pico Viejo y las dorsales activas de Tenerife, in Carracedo, J.C., ed., Los Volcanes del Parque Nacional del Teide, Serie Técnica: Madrid, Organismo de Parques Nacionales, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, 388 p. (with two color geological maps).
21. Carracedo, J.C., Rodríguez Badiola, E., Guillou, H., Paterne, M., Scaillet, S., Pérez Torrado, F.J., Paris, R., Fra-Paleo, U., and Hansen, A., 2007, Eruptive and structural history of Teide volcano and rift zones of Tenerife, Canary Islands: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, no. 9/10, p. 1027-1051, doi: 10.1130/B26087.1.
22. Carracedo, J.C., Pérez-Torrado, F.J., Rodríguez Badiola, E., Paris, R., and Singer, B.S., 2008, Fiabilidad de la interpretación de las referencias de erupciones subhistóricas de Tenerife: La erupción pre-holocena de Montaña Taoro (Reliability of interpretation of references in eyewitness accounts to subhistorical eruptions in Tenerife: The pre-Holocene Montaña Taoro eruption): Geo-Temas, v. 10, p. 1261-1264.
23. Carracedo, J.C., Guillou, H., Rodríguez Badiola, E., Pérez-Torrado, F.J., Rodríguez González, A., Paris, R., Troll, V. , Wiesmaier, S., Delcamp, A., and Fernández-Turiel, J.L., 2009, La dorsal NE de Tenerife: Hacia un modelo del origen y evolución de los rifts de islas oceánicas: Estudios Geológicos, v. 65, no. 1, p. 5-47, doi: 10.3989/egeol.39755.056.
24. Cassignol, C., and Gillot, P.Y., 1982, Range and effectiveness of unspiked potassium-argon dating: Experimental groundwork and application, in Odin, G.S., ed., Numerical Dating in Stratigraphy: Chichester, Wiley, p. 159-179.
25. Charbit, S., Guillou, H., and Turpin, L., 1998, Cross calibration of K-Ar standard minerals using an unspiked Ar measurement technique: Chemical Geology, v. 150, no. 1-2, p. 147-159.
26. 39Ar ages and implications: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 222, no. 2, p. 667-684, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.003.
27. Coello, J., 1973, Las series volcánicas en subsuelos de Tenerife: Estudios Geológicos, v. 29, p. 491-512.
28. Davidson, J., and De Silva, S., 2000, Composite volcanoes, in Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B.F., McNutt, S.R., Rymer, H., and Stix, J., eds., Encyclopedia of Volcanoes: San Diego, Academic Press, p. 663-681.
29. Delcamp, A., Petronis, M.S., Troll, V.R., Carracedo, J.C., van Wyk de Vries, B., and Wiesmaier, S., 2008, New paleomagnetic constraints on the evolution of the NE rift-zone and associated landslide, Tenerife, Spain: Eos (Transaction, American Geophysical Union) v. 89, no. 53, Fall Meeting supplement, abstract GP13A-03.
30. Dieterich, J.H., 1988, Growth and persistence of Hawaiian volcanic rift zones: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 4258-4270, doi: 10.1029/JB093iB05p04258.
31. Dreyfus, G.B., Raisbeckc, G.M., Parrenind, F., Jouzela, J., Guyodoa, Y. , Nomade, S., and Mazaud, A., 2008, An ice core perspective on the age of the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 274, no. 1-2, p. 151-156, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.008.
32. Edgar, C.J., Wolff, J.A., Nichols, H.J., Cas, R.A.F., and Martí, J., 2002, A complex Quaternary ignimbrite-forming phonolitic eruption: The Poris member of the Diego Hernández Formation (Tenerife, Canary Islands): Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 118, p. 99-130, doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00252-4.
33. Fiske, R.S., and Jackson, E.D., 1972, Orientation and growth of Hawaiian volcanic rifts: The effect of regional structure and gravitational stresses: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, ser. A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, v. 329, p. 299-326, doi: 10.1098/rspa.1972.0115.
34. Fúster, J.M., Araña, V. , Brandle, J.L., Navarro, M., Alonso, U., and Aparicio, A., 1968, Geología y Volcanología de las Islas Canarias Tenerife: Instituto Lucas Mallada, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, 218 p.
35. Geldmacher, J., Hoernle, K., Van Den Bogaard, P., Zankl, G., and Garbe-Schönberg, D., 2001, Earlier history of the 70-Ma-old Canary hotspot based on the temporal and geochemical evolution of the Selvagen Archipelago and neighboring seamounts in the eastern North Atlantic: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 111, no. 1-4, p. 55-87, doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00220-7.
36. Guillou, H., Carracedo, J.C., Pérez Torrado, F., and Rodríguez Badiola, E., 1996, K-Ar ages and magnetic stratigraphy of a hotspot-induced, fast grown oceanic island: El Hierro, Canary Islands: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 73, p. 141- 155, doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(96)00021-2.
37. Guillou, H., Carracedo, J.C., and Day, S.J., 1998, Dating of the upper Pleistocene-Holocene volcanic activity of La Palma using the unspiked K-Ar technique: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 86, p. 137- 149, doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00074-2.
38. Guillou, H., Carracedo, J.C., Paris, R., and Pérez Torrado, F.J., 2004a, K/Ar ages and magnetic stratigraphy of the Miocene-Pliocene shield volcanoes of Tenerife, Canary Islands: Implications for the early evolution of Tenerife and the Canarian hotspot age progression: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 222, p. 599- 614, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.012.
39. Guillou, H., Pérez Torrado, F.J., Hansen, A., Carracedo, J.C., and Gimeno, D., 2004b, The Plio-Quaternary volcanic evolution of Gran Canaria based on new K-Ar ages and magnetostratigraphy: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 135, p. 221-246, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.03.003.
40. Guillou, H., Laj, C., Carracedo, J.C., Kissel, C., Nomade, S., Pérez Torrado, F.J., and Wandres, C., 2010, Identification and dating of the Mono Lake excursion in lava flows from the Canary Islands: Geophysical Research Abstracts, v. 12, EGU2010-3111, EGU General Assembly 2010.
41. Hansen, A., 2009, Volcanología y Geomorfología de la Etapa de Rejuvenecimiento Plio-Pleistocena de Gran Canaria (Islas Canarias) [Ph.D. thesis]: Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, University of Las Palmas, 384 p.
42. Horng, C.-S., Lee, M.-Y., Pälike, H., Wei, K.-Y., Liang, W.-T., Iizuka, Y. , and Torii, M., 2002, Astronomically calibrated ages for geomagnetic reversals within the Matuyama chron: Earth, Planets, and Space, v. 54, no. 6, p. 679-690.
43. Hürlimann, M., Ledesma, A., and Martí, J., 1999, Conditions favouring catastrophic landslides on Tenerife (Canary Islands): Terra Nova, v. 11, p. 106-111, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3121.1999.00233.x.
44. Hürlimann, M., Martí, J., and Ledesma, A., 2000, Mechanical relationship between catastrophic volcanic landslides and caldera collapses: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, p. 2393-2396, doi: 10.1029/2000GL011564.
45. Hürlimann, M., Ledesma, A., and Martí, J., 2001, Characterisation of a volcanic residual soil and its implications for large landslide phenomena: Application to Tenerife, Canary Islands: Engineering Geology, v. 59, p. 115-132, doi: 10.1016/S0013-7952(00)00069-7.
46. Hürlimann, M., Martí, J., and Ledesma, A., 2004, Morphological and geological aspects related to large slope failures on oceanic islands. The huge La Orotava landslides on Tenerife, Canary Islands: Geomorphology, v. 62, p. 143-158, doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.02.008.
47. Ibarrola, E., Ancochea, E., Fúster, J.M., Cantagrel, J.M., Coello, J., Snelling, N.J., and Huertas, M.J., 1993, Cronoestratigrafía del Macizo de Tigaiga: Evolución de un sector del Edificio Cañadas (Tenerife, Islas Canarias): Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural (Sección Geología), v. 88, p. 57-72.
48. IGME (Instituto Geológico y Minero de España), 1978, Mapa Geológico de España: Hoja La Orotava (1104-3) 1:25,000: IGME, Madrid.
49. Longpré, M.-A., Troll, V.R., and Hansteen, T.H., 2008, Upper mantle magma storage and transport under a Canarian shield-volcano, Teno, Tenerife (Spain): Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 113, p. B08203, doi: 10.1029/2007JB005422.
50. Longpré, M.-A., Troll, V. R., Walter, T.R. and Hansteen, T. H., 2009, Volcanic and geochemical evolution of the Teno massif, Tenerife, Canary Islands: Some repercussions of giant landslides on ocean island magmatism: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 10, Q12017, doi: 10.1029/2009 GC002892.
51. Manconi, A., Longpré, M.A., Walter, T.R., Troll, V.R. and Hansteen, T.H., 2009, The effects of flank collapses on volcano plumbing systems: Geology, v. 37, no. 12, p. 1099-1102.
52. Márquez, A., López, I., Herrera, R., Martín-González, F., Izquierdo, T., and Carreño, F., 2008, Spreading and potential instability of Teide volcano, Tenerife, Canary Islands: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 35, p. L05305, doi: 10.1029/2007GL032625.
53. Martí, J., Hürlimann, M., Ablay, G.J., and Gudmundsson, A., 1997, Vertical and lateral collapses on Tenerife (Canary Islands) and other volcanic ocean islands: Geology, v. 25, no. 10, p. 879-882, doi: 10.1130/0091 -7613(1997)025<0879:VALCOT>2.3.CO;2.
54. Navarro, J.M., and Coello, J., 1989, Depressions originated by landslide processes in Tenerife, conference proceedings of the European Science Foundation Meeting on Canarian Volcanism, Arrecife, Lanzarote 1989: p. 150-152.
55. Navarro, J.M., and Farrujia, I., 1989, Plan Hidrológico Insular de Tenerife: Zonificación Hidrológica, Aspectos Geológicos e Hidrogeológicos: Cabildo Insular de Tenerife, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, p. 133.
56. Palomo, C., Acosta, J., Muñoz, A., Herranz, P. , Sanz, J.L., Molinero, J., Becares, M.A., and Gomez, R., 1998, Mapa Batimorfologico del Area Norte de la Isla de Tenerife: Madrid, Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentacion, Instituto Español Oceanografia, Departamento de Geologia y Geofisica Marina, scale 1:250,000.
57. Paris, R., 2002, Rythmes de Construction et de Destruction des Edifices Volcaniques de Point Chaud: L'Exemple des Iles Canaries (Espagne)[Ph.D. thesis]: Paris, University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 376 p.
58. Paris, R., Guillou, H., Carracedo, J.C., and Pérez-Torrado, F.J., 2005a, Volcanic and morphological evolution of La Gomera (Canary Islands), based on new K-Ar ages and magnetic stratigraphy: Implications for oceanic island evolution: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 162, p. 501-512.
59. Paris, R., Carracedo, J.C., and Pérez-Torrado, F.J., 2005b, Massive flank failures and tsunamis in the Canary Islands: Past, present, future: Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie supplement, v. 140, p. 37-54.
60. Petronille, M., Goguitchaichvili, A., Henry, B., Aiva-Valdivia, L.M., Rosas-Elguera, J., Urrutia-Fucugauchi, J., Rodriguez Ceja, M., and Calvo-Rathert, M., 2005, Paleomagnetism of Ar-Ar dated lava flows from the Ceboruco-San Pedro volcanic field (western Mexico): Evidence for the Matuyama-Brunhes transition precursor and a fully reversed geomagnetic event in the Brunhes chron: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 110, p. B08101, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003321.
61. Pinel, V. , and Jaupart, C., 2000, The effect on edifice load on magma ascent beneath a volcano: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series A, v. 358, p. 1.515-1.532.
62. Schmincke, H.U., 1994, Geological Field Guide of Gran Canaria: Kiel, Germany, Pluto Press, 212 p.
63. Schmincke, H.U., and Sumita, M., 1998, Volcanic evolution of Gran Canaria reconstructed from apron sediments: Synthesis of VICAP project drilling, in Weaver, P.P.E., Schmincke, H.-U., Firth, J.V., and Duffield, W., et al., eds., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 157: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 443-469.
64. Singer, B.S., Relle, M.K., Hoffman, K.A., Battle, A., Laj, C., Guillou, H., and Carracedo, J.C., 2002, Ar/Ar ages from transitionally magnetized lavas on La Palma, Canary Islands, and the geomagnetic instability timescale: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, p. 2307, doi: 10.1029/2001JB001613.
65. 39Ar chronology of the last and early Pleistocene: Geomagnetic and glacial events in southern Argentina, in Channell, J.E.T., Kent, D.V., Lowrie, W., and Meert, J.G. eds., Timescales of the Paleomagnetic Field: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 145, Washington D.C., p. 29-42.
66. 39Ar and K-Ar chronology of Pleistocene glaciation in Patagonia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, p. 434-450, doi: 10.1130/B25177.1.
67. Singer, B.S., Hoffman, M.K., Coe, K.A., Brown, R.S., Jicha, L.L., Mal, B.R., Pringle, M.S., and Chauvin, A., 2005, Structural and temporal requirements for geomagnetic field reversal deduced from lava flows: Nature, v. 434, p. 633-636, doi: 10.1038/nature03431.
68. 238U dating of the Laschamp excursion: A radioisotopic tie-point for ice core and climate chronologies: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 286, p. 80-89, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.030.
69. Steiger, R.H., and Jäger, E., 1977, Subcommission on geochronology: Convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 36, p. 359-362, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(77)90060-7.
70. Swanson, D.A., Duffield, W.A., and Fiske, R.S., 1976, Displacement of the South Flank of the Kilauea Volcano: The Result of Forceful Intrusion of Magma into the Rift Zones: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 963, 39 p.
71. Teide Group, 1997, Morphometric study of the northwest and southeast slopes of Tenerife, Canary Islands: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 20,325-20,342, doi: 10.1029/97JB01281.
72. 40Ar ages and geochemistry of the basaltic shield stage of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 103, p. 247- 297, doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00227-4.
73. Walker G.P.L., 1986, Koolau dike complex, Oahu: Intensity and origin of a sheeted-dike complex high in a Hawaiian volcanic edifice: Geology, v. 14, no. 4, p. 310-313.
74. Walker, G.P.L., 1987, The Dike Complex of Koolau Volcano, Oahu: Internal Structure of a Hawaiian Rift Zone: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350-2, p. 961-993.
75. Walker, G.P.L., 1992, Coherent intrusion complexes in large basaltic volcanoes; a new structural model, in Cox, K.G., and Baker, P.E., eds., Essays on Magmas and Other Earth Fluids; a Volume in Appreciation of Prof. Peter G. Harris: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research: Elsevier, v. 50, no. 1-2, p. 41-54.
76. Walter, T.R., and Schmincke, H.-U., 2002, Rifting, recurrent landsliding and Miocene structural reorganization on NW-Tenerife (Canary Islands): International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 91, p. 615-628, doi: 10.1007/s00531-001-0245-8.
77. Walter, T.R., and Troll, V.R., 2003, Experiments on rift zone formation in unstable volcanic edifices: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 127, p. 107- 120, doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00181-1.
78. Walter, T.R., Troll, V.R., Cailleau, B., Belousov, A., Schmincke, H.-U., Amelung, F., and Va n Den Bogaard, P. , 2005, Rift zone reorganization through flank instability in ocean island volcanoes: An example from Tenerife, Canary Islands: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 67, p. 281-291, doi: 10.1007/s00445-004-0352-z.
79. Watts, A.B., and Masson, D.G., 1995, A giant landslide on the north flank of Tenerife, Canary Islands: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, no. B12, p. 24,487-24,498.
80. Wyss, M., 1980, Hawaiian rifts and recent Icelandic volcanism: Expressions of plume generated radial stress fields: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 47, p. 19-22.
81. Yurtmen, S., Guillou, H., Westaway, R., Rowbotham, G., and Tatar, O., 2002, Rate of strike-slip motion on the Amanos fault (Karasu Valley, southern Turkey) constrained by K-Ar dating and geochemical analysis of Quaternary basalts: Tectonophysics, v. 344, p. 207- 246, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00265-7.