'All women are guides': Sufi leadership and womanhood among Taalibe Baay in Senegal

Journal of Religion in Africa

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 375-412

  Hill, Joseph ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO   (Egypt)

Author keywords

feminism; gender; Islam; Senegal; Sufism; women

Indexed keywords

EID: 79851478662     PISSN: 00224200     EISSN: 15700666     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157006610X540735     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1998. 'Introduction: Feminist Longings and Postcolonial Conditions'. In Lila Abu-Lughod (ed.), Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 3-31.
2. -. 2002. 'Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and its Others'. American Anthropologist 104.3, 783-90.
3. al-Hibri, Azizah. 1997. 'Islam, Law and Custom: Redefining Muslim Women's Rights'. American University Journal of International Law & Policy 12, 1.
4. -. 2000. 'An Introduction to Muslim Women's Rights'. In Gisela Webb (ed.), Windows of Faith: Muslim Women Scholar-Activists in North America. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 51-71.
5. Ali, Kecia. 2003. 'Progressive Muslims and Islamic Jurisprudence: The Necessity for Critical Engagement with Marriage and Divorce Law'. In Omid Safi (ed.), Progressive Muslims on Justice, Gender and Pluralism. Oxford: Oneworld, 163-189.
6. -. 2006. Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence. Oxford: Oneworld.
7. Altorki, Soraya. 1977. 'Family Organization and Women's Power in Urban Saudi Arabian Society'. Journal of Anthropological Research 33.3, 277-287, doi: 10.2307/3630009.
8. Asad, Talal. 1993. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
9. -. 2000. 'Remarks on the Anthropology of the Body'. In Sarah Coakley (ed.), Religion and the Body. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10. Asad, Talal and Scott, David. 2006. 'The Trouble of Thinking: An Interview with Talal Asad'. In Charles Hirschkind and David Scott (eds.), Powers of the Secular Modern: Talal Asad and His Interlocutors. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1st ed., 243-304.
11. Augis, Erin. 2005. 'Dakar's Sunnite Women: The Politics of Person'. In Muriel Gomez-Perez (ed.), L'islam politique au sud du Sahara: Identités, discours et enjeux. Paris: Karthala, 309-326.
12. -. 2009. 'Jambaar or Jumbax-out? How Sunnite Women Negotiate Power and Belief in Orthodox Islamic Femininity'. In Mamadou Diouf and Mara A. Leichtman (eds.), New Perspectives on Islam in Senegal: Conversion, Migration, Wealth, Power, and Femininity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 211-233.
13. Austin, John L. 1962. How to do Things with Words. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
14. Badran, Margot. 2005. 'Between Secular and Islamic Feminism/s'. Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 1.1, 6-28.
15. Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1981. 'Discourse in the Novel'. In Michael Holquist (ed.), The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press, 259-422.
16. Barnes, Sandra T. 1990. 'Women, Property, and Power'. In Peggy Reeves Sanday and Ruth Gallagher Goodenough (eds.), Beyond the Second Sex: New Directions in the Anthropology of Gender. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 255-80.
17. Bava, Sophie. 2000. 'Reconversions et nouveaux mondes commerciaux des mourides à Marseille'. Hommes et migrations 46-55.
18. Beck, Linda J. 2003. 'Democratization and the Hidden Public: The Impact of Patronage Networks on Senegalese Women'. Comparative Politics 35.2, 147-169.
19. Behrman, Lucy C. 1970. Muslim Brotherhoods and Politics in Senegal. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
20. Boddy, Janice. 1989. Wombs and Alien Spirits: Women, Men, and the Zār Cult in Northern Sudan. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
21. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. -. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
23. Boyd, Jean. 1989. The Caliph's Sister: Nana Asma'u, 1793-1865, Teacher, Poet, and Islamic Leader. London: Frank Cass.
24. Boyd, Jean and Last, Murray. 1985. 'The Role of Women as "Agents Religieux" in Sokoto'. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 19.2, 283-300.
25. Buggenhagen, Beth Anne. 2001. 'Prophets and Profits: Gendered and Generational Visions of Wealth and Value in Senegalese Murid Households'. Journal of Religion in Africa 31.4, 373-401.
26. -. 2004. 'Domestic Object(ions): The Senegalese Murid Trade Diaspora and the Politics of Marriage Payments, Love, and State Privatization'. In Brad Weiss (ed.), Producing African Futures: Ritual and Reproduction in a Neoliberal Age. Leiden: Brill, 21-53.
27. -. 2008. 'Global Circuits of Senegalese Muslims and Women's Search for Religious Merit'. Paper presented at the conference Tolerance, Democracy, and Sufis in Senegal, March 7, Columbia University.
28. -. 2009a. 'Beyond Brotherhood: Gender, Religious Authority, and the Global Circuits of Senegalese Muridiyya'. In Mamadou Diouf and Mara A. Leichtman (eds.), New Perspectives on Islam in Senegal: Conversion, Migration, Wealth, Power, and Femininity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 189-210.
29. -. 2009b. 'Picturing Women's Worth: Muslim Visual Cultures and the Image Economy in Global Senegal'. Paper presented at the American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, December 4, Philadelphia.
30. Certeau, Michel de. 1984. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
31. Cifuentes, Frédérique. 2008. 'Sufi Sheikhs, Sheikhas, and Saints of the Sudan'. (G.A.W. Morgan and E.H. Morgan, trans.) African Arts 41.2, 50-59, doi: 10.1162/afar.2008.41.2.50.
32. Cooper, Barbara M. 1994. 'Reflections on Slavery, Seclusion and Female Labor in the Maradi Region of Niger in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries'. The Journal of African History 35.1, 61-78.
33. -. 1997a. 'Gender, Movement, and History: Social and Spatial Transformations in 20th Century Maradi, Niger'. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 15, 195-222.
34. -. 1997b. Marriage in Maradi: Gender and Culture in a Hausa Society in Niger, 1900-1989. Oxford: James Currey.
35. Copans, Jean. 1980. Les marabouts de l'arachide: la confrérie mouride et les paysans du Sénégal. Paris: Sycomore.
36. Coulon, Christian. 1981. Le marabout et le prince: Islam et pouvoir au Sénégal. Paris: Editions Pedone.
37. -. 1988. 'Women, Islam, and Baraka'. In Donal B. Cruise O'Brien and Christian Coulon (eds.), Charisma and Brotherhood in African Islam. Oxford: Clarendon, 113-133.
38. Coulon, Christian and Reveyrand, Odile. 1990. L'Islam au féminin: Sokhna Magat Diop, cheikh de la confrérie mouride, Sénégal. Talence: Centre d́tude d'Afrique noire, Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux.
39. Creevey, Lucy. 1996. 'Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal'. Journal of Religion in Africa 26, 268-307.
40. Cruise O'Brien, Donal B. 1971. The Mourides of Senegal: the Political and Economic Organization of an Islamic Brotherhood. Oxford: Clarendon.
41. -. 1996. 'Review: The Senegalese Exception'. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 66.3, 458-464.
42. Deeb, Lara. 2006. An Enchanted Modern: Gender and Public Piety in Shi'i Lebanon. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
43. -. 2009. 'Piety Politics and the Role of a Transnational Feminist Analysis'. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 15, S112-S126, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9655.2009.01545.x.
44. Diouf, Amadi. 2004. Mame Astou Diankha Yayou Baye. Audio cassette recording. Dakar.
45. Evers Rosander, Eva. 1997. 'Le dahira de Mam Diarra Bousso à Mbacké: Analyse d'une association religieuse de femmes sénégalaises'. In Eva Evers Rosander (ed.), Transformation des identités féminines: Formes d'organisations féminines en Afrique de l'Ouest. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, 161-174.
46. -. 1998. 'Women's Religious Practice in Senegal: The case of the Mam Diarra Bousso Daira in Mbacke'. In Karin Ask and Marit Tjomsland (eds.), Women and Islamization: Contemporary Dimensions of Discourse on Gender Relations. Oxford: Berg, 199.
47. -. 2003. 'Mam Diarra Bousso: The Mourid-mother of Porokhane, Senegal'. Jenda: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies 4, 1-12.
48. -. 2004. 'Going and Not Going to Porokhane: Mouride Women and Pilgrimage in Senegal and Spain'. In Simon Coleman and John Eade (eds.), Reframing Pilgrimage: Cultures in Motion. London: Routledge, 67-90.
49. Foucault, Michel. 1997a. 'Technologies of the Self '. In Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth. New York: New Press, 223-51.
50. Gilmore, David D. 1996. 'Above and Below: Toward a Social Geometry of Gender'. American Anthropologist, New Series 98.1, 54-66.
51. Goffman, Erving. 1981. 'Footing'. In Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 124-159.
52. Gomez-Perez, Muriel. 1998. 'Associations islamiques à Dakar'. In Ousmane Kane and Jean-Louis Triaud (eds.), Islam et islamismes au sud du Sahara. Paris: Karthala, 137-154.
53. Gomez-Perez, Muriel, LeBlanc, Marie-Nathalie and Savadogo, Mathias. 2009. 'Young Men and Islam in the 1990s: Rethinking an Intergenerational Perspective'. Journal of Religion in Africa 39, 186-218, doi: 10.1163/157006609X436021.
54. Gray, Christopher. 1998. 'The Rise of the Niassene Tijaniyya, 1875 to the Present'. In Ousmane Kane and Jean-Louis Triaud (eds.), Islam et islamismes au sud su Sahara. Paris: Karthala, 59-82.
55. Heath, Deborah. 1990. 'Spatial Politics and Verbal Performance in Urban Senegal'. Ethnology 29.3, 209-223.
56. Hill, Joseph. 2007a. Divine Knowledge and Islamic Authority: Religious Specialization among Disciples of Baay Ñas. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University.
57. -. 2007b. 'Mystical Specialists, Institutional Specialists, and the Construction of an Urban Sufi Movement in Senegal'. presented at the African Studies Association Annual Meeting, October 21, New York presented at the African Studies Association Annual Meeting.
58. Hirschkind, Charles. 2001. 'The Ethics of Listening: Cassette-Sermon Audition in Contemporary Egypt'. American Ethnologist 28.3, 623-49.
59. Hirschkind, Charles and Mahmood, Saba. 2002. 'Feminism, the Taliban, and Politics of Counter-Insurgency'. Anthropological Quarterly 75.2, 339-354, doi: 10.2307/3318265.
60. Hirschon, Renée. 1981. 'Essential Objects and the Sacred: Interior and Exterior Space in an Urban Greek Locality'. In Shirley Ardener (ed.), Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps. New York: St. Martin's Press, 72-88.
61. Hiskett, Mervyn. 1980. 'The "Community of Grace" and Its Opponents, "the Rejecters": A Debate about Theology and Mysticism in Muslim West Africa with Special Reference to its Hausa Expression'. African Language Studies 17, 99-140.
62. Hutson, Alaine S. 1999. 'The Development of Women's Authority in the Kano Tijaniyya, 1894-1963'. Africa Today 46.3, 43-64.
63. -. 2001. 'Women, Men, and Patriarchal Bargaining in an Islamic Sufi Order: The Tijaniyya in Kano, Nigeria, 1937 to the Present'. Gender and Society 15.5, 734-753.
64. -. 2004. 'African Sufi Women and Ritual Change'. Journal of Ritual Studies 18.2, 61-73.
65. Irvine, Judith T. 1974. Caste and Communication in a Wolof Village. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
66. -. 1989. 'Strategies of Status Manipulation in the Wolof Greeting'. In Richard Bauman and Joel Sherzer (eds.), Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 167-91.
67. -. 1995. 'A Sociolinguistic Approach to Emotion Concepts in a Senegalese Community'. In James A. Russell, José-Miguel Fernández-Dols, Antony S.R. Manstead, and J.C. Wellencamp (eds.), Everyday Conceptions of Emotion: An Introduction to the Psychology, Anthropology and Linguistics of Emotion. Dortrecht: Kluwer, 251-265.
68. Janson, Marloes. 2005. 'Roaming About For God's Sake: The Upsurge of the Tabligh Jama'at in the Gambia'. Journal of Religion in Africa 35, 450-481, doi: 10.1163/157006605774832199.
69. -. 2006. '"We Are All the Same, Because We All Worship God": The Controversial Case of a Female Saint in the Gambia'. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 76.4, 502-525.
70. -. 2007. 'Appropriating Islam: The Tensions between " Traditionalists" and "Modernists" in The Gambia'. Islam et sociétés au sud du Sahara 1, 61-79.
71. -. 2008. 'Renegotiating Gender: Changing Moral Practice in the Tablīghī Jamā'at in The Gambia'. Journal for Islamic Studies 28, 9-36.
72. Kandiyoti, Deniz. 1988. 'Bargaining with Patriarchy'. Gender and Society 2.3, 274-290.
73. Kane, Ousmane. 2003. Muslim Modernity in Postcolonial Nigeria: A Study of the Society for the Removal of Innovation and Restatement of Tradition. Leiden: Brill.
74. Kane, Ousmane and Villalón, Leonardo A. 1998. 'Entre confrérisme, réformisme et islamisme : Les mustarshidin du Sénégal'. In Ousmane Kane and Jean-Louis Triaud (eds.), Islam et Islamismes au sud du Sahara. Paris: Karthala, 263-310.
75. Katz, Cindi. 1993. 'Growing Girls/Closing Circles: Limits on the Spaces of Knowing in Rural Sudan and US Cities'. In Cindi Katz and Janice J. Monk (eds.), Full circles: geographies of women over the life course. London and New York: Routledge, 88-106.
76. Kenyon, Susan M. 1995. 'Zar as Modernization in Contemporary Sudan'. Anthropological Quarterly 68.2, 107-120, doi: 10.2307/3318050.
77. -. 2007. '"Moveable Feast of Signs": Gender in Zar in Central Sudan". Material Religion 3.1, 62-75.
78. Klenk, Rebecca M. 2004. '"Who is the Developed Woman?": Women as a Category of Development Discourse, Kumaon, India'. Development and Change 35.1, 57-78, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2004.00342.x.
79. Lambek, Michael. 1981. Human Spirits: A Cultural Account of Trance in Mayotte. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
80. Laqueur, Thomas Walter. 1990. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
81. Launay, Robert. 1992. Beyond the Stream: Islam and Society in a West African Town. Berkeley: University of California Press.
82. Lewis, I. M. 1989. Ecstatic Religion: A Study of Shamanism and Spirit Possession. London: Routledge, 2nd ed.
83. Loimeier, Roman. 1994. 'Cheikh Touré: du reformisme à l'islamisme, un musulman sénégalais dans le siècle'. Islam et Sociétés au Sud du Sahara 8, 55-66.
84. -. 1996. 'The Secular State and Islam in Senegal'. In David Westerlund (ed.), Questioning the Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics. London: Hurst, 183-197.
85. -. 1997. Islamic Reform and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
86. -. 2000. 'L'Islam ne se vend plus: The Islamic Reform Movement and the State in Senegal'. Journal of Religion in Africa 30.2, 168-190.
87. -. 2003. 'Patterns and Peculiarities of Islamic Reform in Africa'. Journal of Religion in Africa 33.3, 237-262, doi: 10.2307/1581849.
88. Mack, Beverly. 2008. 'Muslim Women Scholars in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Morocco to Nigeria'. In Shamil Jeppie and Souleymane Bachir Diagne (eds.), The Meanings of Timbuktu. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa Press and CODESRIA, 165-180.
89. Mahmood, Saba. 2001a. 'Feminist Theory, Embodiment, and the Docile Agent: Some Reflections on the Egyptian Islamic Revival'. Cultural Anthropology 16.2, 202-36.
90. -. 2001b. 'Rehearsed Spontaneity and the Conventionality of Ritual: Disciplines of "Scombining dot belowalāt"'. American Ethnologist 28.4, 827-853, doi: 10.2307/3094937.
91. -. 2005. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
92. Masquelier, Adeline. 1999. 'Debating Muslims, Disputed Practices: Struggles for the Realization of an Alternative Moral Order in Niger'. In John L. Comaroff and Jean Comaroff (eds.), Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa: Critical Perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 219-50.
93. -. 2001. Prayer Has Spoiled Everything: Possession, Power, and Identity in an Islamic Town of Niger. Durham: Duke University Press.
94. -. 2009. Women and Islamic Revival in a West African Town. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
95. McLaughlin, Fiona. 1997. 'Islam and Popular Music in Senegal: The Emergence of a "New Tradition"'. Africa 67.4, 560-581.
96. Monteil, Vincent. 1980. L'Islam noir: une religion à la conquête de l'Afrique. Paris: Seuil.
97. Morris, Rosalind C. 1995. 'All Made Up: Performance Theory and the New Anthropology of Sex and Gender'. Annual Review of Anthropology 24, 567-592.
98. Mustafa, Hudita Nura. 2001. 'Ruins and Spectacles: Fashion and City Life in Contemporary Senegal'. Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art 15, 47-53.
99. -. 2006. 'Eros, Beauty and Crisis: Notes from Senegal'. Feminist Africa 6, 20-32.
100. [Ñas], Ash-Shaykh Ibrāhīm ibn ash-Shaykh 'Abd Allāh. 1969. Jawāhir ar-rasā'il. (Ash-Shaykh 'Ahcombining dot belowmad 'Abū Fathcombining dot below Al-Yarwāwī, ed.). n.p.
101. Niasse [Ñas], Shaykh Ibrahim. 1998. Spirit of Good Morals [Rūhcombining dot below al-'Adab]. (Alh. Abdul Hakim Halim, ed., Shaykh Hassan Cisse, tran.). Kaolack: African American Islamic Institute, Retrieved from http://home.earthlink.net/~halimcisse/id6.html.
102. Niyās [Ñas], Ash-Shaykh Ibrāhīm ibn al-Hcombining dot belowājj 'Abd Allāh. 1993a. 'Nafahcombining dot belowāt al-malak al-ghanī fī s-siyāhcombining dot belowati fī 'ardcombining dot belowi Bamaku wa-Ghinī (Ar-rihcombining dot belowlah al-Kunākriyyah) [Gifts of the wealthy king, on traveling to the land of Bamako and Guinea (The journey to Conakry)]'. In Muhcombining dot belowammad al-Ma'mūn 'Ibrāhīm Niyās [Ñas] (ed.), Majmū' rihcombining dot belowlāt ash-Shaykh 'Ibrāhīm [Collected travels of Shaykh Ibrahim]. Cairo: n.p., 103-119.
103. Paden, John N. 1973. Religion and Political Culture in Kano. Berkeley: University of California Press.
104. Papanek, Hanna. 1971. 'Purdah in Pakistan: Seclusion and Modern Occupations for Women'. Journal of Marriage and Family 33.3, 517-530.
105. Peirce, Charles Sanders. 1955. 'Logic as Semiotic: The Theory of Signs'. In Justus Buchler (ed.), Philosophical Writings of Pierce. New York: Dover, 98-119.
106. Perry, Donna L. 2005. 'Wolof Women, Economic Liberalization, and the Crisis of Masculinity in Rural Senegal'. Ethnology 44.3, 207-226.
107. -. 2009. 'Fathers, Sons, and the State: Discipline and Punishment in a Wolof Hinterland'. Cultural Anthropology 24.1, 33-67, doi: 10.1111/j.1548-1360. 2009.00026.x.
108. Rasmussen, Susan J. 1995. Spirit Possession and Personhood Among the Kel Ewey Tuareg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
109. Rathgeber, Eva M. 1990. 'WID, WAD, GAD: Trends in Research and Practice'. The Journal of Developing Areas 24.4, 489-502.
110. Razavi, Shahrashoub and Miller, Carol. 1995. 'From Wid to Gad: Conceptual Shifts in the Women and Development Discourse'. Occasional paper, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development/ United Nations Development Programme 1.
111. Renders, Marleen. 2002. 'An Ambiguous Adventure: Muslim Organisations and the Discourse of "Development" in Senegal'. Journal of religion in Africa 32.1, 61-81.
112. République du Sénégal. 2002. Recensement général de la Population et de I'Habitat. Dakar: Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Demographie du Sénégal.
113. Roberts, Allen F. and Roberts, Mary Nooter. 2000. '"Paintings like Prayers": The Hidden Side of Senegalese Reverse-Glass "Image/ Texts"'. Research in African Literatures 31.4, 76-96.
114. -. 2002. 'A Saint in the City: Sufi Arts of Urban Senegal (Exhibition Preview)'. African Arts 35, 52-95.
115. Robinson, David. 2000. Paths of Accommodation: Muslim Societies and French Colonial Authorities in Senegal and Mauritania, 1880-1920. Oxford: James Currey.
116. Scombining dot belowamb [Sàmb], 'Āmir [Amar]. 1979. Al-'Adab as-Sinighāliyy al-'Arabiyy [Senegalese Arabic Literature]. Algiers: Ash-sharikah al-watcombining dot belowaniyyah li-n-nashri wa-t-tawzī', Vol. 2.
117. Schimmel, Annemarie. 2003. My Soul is a Woman: The Feminine in Islam. (Susan H. Ray, tran.). New York: Continuum.
118. Schulz, Dorothea E. 2003. '"Charisma and Brotherhood" Revisited: Mass-mediated Forms of Spirituality in Urban Mali'. Journal of Religion in Africa 33.2, 146-171.
119. -. 2006. 'Promises of (Im)mediate Salvation: Islam, Broadcast Media, and the Remaking of Religious Experience in Mali'. American Ethnologist 33.2, 210-229.
120. -. 2008. '(Re)Turning to Proper Muslim Practice: Islamic Moral Renewal and Women's Conflicting Assertions of Sunni Identity in Urban Mali'. Africa Today 54.4, 20-43, doi: Article.
121. Scott, James C. 1987. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
122. Seesemann, Rüdiger. 2000. 'The History of the Tijâniya and the Issue of Tarbiya in Darfur'. In Jean-Louis Triaud and David Robinson (eds.), La Tijâniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique. Paris: Karthala, 393-437.
123. -. 2004. 'The Shurafa' and the "Blacksmith": The Role of the Idaw 'Ali of Mauritania in the Career of the Senegalese Shaykh Ibrahim Niasse (1900-1975)'. In Scott S. Reese (ed.), The Transmission of Learning in Islamic Africa. Leiden: Brill, 72-98.
124. -. Forthcoming. The Divine Flood: Ibrahim Niasse (1900-1975) and the Roots of a Twentieth-Century Sufi Revival. New York: Oxford University Press.
125. Soares, Benjamin F. 2004. 'Islam and Public Piety in Mali'. In Armando Salvatore and Dale F. Eickelman (eds.), Public Islam and the Common Good. Leiden: Brill, 205-226.
126. Starrett, Gregory. 1995. 'The Hexis of Interpretation: Islam and the body in the Egyptian popular school'. American Ethnologist 22, 953-69.
127. -. 1998. Putting Islam to Work: Education, Politics, and Religious Transformation in Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press.
128. Strobel, Margaret. 1979. Muslim women in Mombasa, 1890-1975. New Haven: Yale University Press.
129. Sule, Balaraba B.M. and Starratt, Priscilla E. 1991. 'Islamic Leadership Positions for Women in Contemporary Kano Society'. In Catherine Coles and Beverly Mack (eds.), Hausa Women in the Twentieth Century. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 29-49.
130. Tucker, Judith E. 1993. 'The Arab Family in History: " Otherness" and the Study of the Family'. In Judith E. Tucker (ed.), Arab Women: Old Boundaries, New Frontiers. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 195-207.
131. Umar, Muhammad S. 2001. 'Education and Islamic Trends in Northern Nigeria: 1970s-1990s'. Africa Today 48.2, 127-150, doi: 10.2307/4187415.
132. Villalón, Leonardo A. 1995. Islam and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
133. -. 2003. 'Generational Changes, Political Stagnation, and the Evolving Dynamics of Religion and Politics in Senegal'. Africa Today 46.3, 129-147.
134. Wadud, Amina. 1992. Qur'an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman's Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
135. Young, Iris Marion. 1990. Throwing Like a Girl and Other Essays in Feminist Philosophy and Social Theory. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.