Neuroscience insights improve neurorehabilitation of poststroke aphasia

Nature Reviews Neurology

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 86-97

  Berthier, Marcelo L ^a   Pulvermüller, Friedemann ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÁLAGA   (Spain)

^b MRC COGNITION AND BRAIN SCIENCES UNIT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; BROMOCRIPTINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; DONEPEZIL; FLUVOXAMINE; LEVODOPA; MEMANTINE; PIRACETAM; PLACEBO; PROPRANOLOL; VASOPRESSIN;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ANOREXIA; APHASIA; ARTICLE; CONSTRAINT INDUCED APHASIA THERAPY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; IRRITABILITY; LANGUAGE ACTION THERAPY; LOW DRUG DOSE; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROSCIENCE; POSTSTROKE APHASIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEIZURE; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SPEECH THERAPY; STROKE; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VISUAL HALLUCINATION; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

APHASIA; HUMANS; NEUROSCIENCES; SPEECH THERAPY; STROKE;

EID: 79751523164     PISSN: 17594758     EISSN: 17594766     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.201     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Engelter, S. T. et al. Epidemiology of aphasia attributable to first ischemic stroke: incidence, severity, fluency, etiology, and thrombolysis. Stroke 37, 1379-1384 (2006). (Pubitemid 44305713)
2. Dickey, L. et al. Incidence and profile of inpatient stroke-induced aphasia in Ontario, Canada. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 91, 196-202 (2010).
3. Law, J. et al. Reconciling the perspective of practitioner and service user: findings from The Aphasia in Scotland study. Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord. 45, 551-560 (2009).
4. Pedersen, P. M., Vinter, K. & Olsen, T. S. Aphasia after stroke: type, severity and prognosis. The Copenhagen aphasia study. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 17, 35-43 (2004). (Pubitemid 38145906)
5. Lazar, R. M. & Antoniello, D. Variability in recovery from aphasia. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. 8, 497-502 (2008).
6. Lazar, R. M. et al. Improvement in aphasia scores after stroke is well predicted by initial severity. Stroke 41, 1485-1488 (2010).
7. Starkstein, S. E. & Robinson, R. G. Depression and aphasia. Aphasiology 2, 1-20 (1988).
8. Gonzalez Rothi, L. J. & Barrett, A. M. The changing view of neurorehabilitation: a new era of optimism. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 12, 812-815 (2006). (Pubitemid 46415886)
9. Taub, E., Uswatte, G. & Elbert, T. New treatments in neurorehabilitation founded on basic research. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 228-236 (2002). (Pubitemid 135706592)
10. Merzenich, M. M. et al. Temporal processing deficits of language-learning impaired children ameliorated by training. Science 271, 77-81 (1996). (Pubitemid 26033280)
11. Astrup, J., Siesjo, B. K. & Symon, L. Thresholds in cerebral ischemia-the ischemic penumbra. Stroke 12, 723-725 (1981). (Pubitemid 12227362)
12. Hillis, A. E. Pharmacological, surgical, and neurovascular interventions to augment acute aphasia recovery. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehab. 86, 426-434 (2007). (Pubitemid 46791497)
13. Cramer, S. C. Repairing the human brain after stroke. II. Restorative therapies. Ann. Neurol. 63, 549-560 (2008).
14. Cramer, S. C. & Riley, J. D. Neuroplasticity and brain repair after stroke. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 21, 76-82 (2008).
15. Hebb, D. O. The Organization of Behavior. A Neuropsychological Theory (John Wiley, New York, 1949).
16. Bi, G. Q. Spatiotemporal specificity of synaptic plasticity: cellular rules and mechanisms. Biol. Cybern. 87, 319-332 (2002).
17. Tsumoto, T. Long-term potentiation and longterm depression in the neocortex. Prog. Neurobiol. 39, 209-228 (1992).
18. Basso, A. How intensive/prolonged should be an intensive/prolonged treatment be? Aphasiology 19, 975-984 (2005).
19. Bakheit, A. M. et al. A prospective, randomized, parallel group, controlled study of the effect of intensity of speech and language therapy on early recovery from poststroke aphasia. Clin. Rehabil. 21, 885-894 (2007). (Pubitemid 350065461)
20. Pulvermüller, F., Hummel, F. & Härle, M. Walking or talking? Behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of action verb processing. Brain Lang. 78, 143-168 (2001). (Pubitemid 32758102)
21. Hauk, O., Johnsrude, I. & Pulvermüller, F. Somatotopic representation of action words in the motor and premotor cortex. Neuron 41, 301-307 (2004). (Pubitemid 38125190)
22. Kemmerer, D., Castillo, J. G., Talavage, T., Patterson, S. & Wiley, C. Neuroanatomical distribution of five semantic components of verbs: evidence from fMRI. Brain Lang. 107, 16-43 (2008).
23. Pulvermüller, F., Shtyrov, Y. & Ilmoniemi, R. J. Brain signatures of meaning access in action word recognition. J. Cog. Neurosci. 17, 884-892 (2005). (Pubitemid 40800022)
24. Pulvermüller, F., Hauk, O., Nikulin, V. V. & Ilmoniemi, R. J. Functional links between motor and language systems. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21, 793-797 (2005). (Pubitemid 40363513)
25. Glenberg, A. M. & Kaschak, M. P. Grounding language in action. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 9, 558-565 (2002).
26. Glenberg, A. M., Sato, M. & Cattaneo, L. Use-induced motor plasticity affects the processing of abstract and concrete language. Curr. Biol. 18, R290-R291 (2008). (Pubitemid 351458695)
27. Fischer, M. H. & Zwaan, R. A. Embodied language: a review of the role of the motor system in language comprehension. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. (Colchester) 61, 825-850 (2008).
28. Moscoso Del Prado Martin, F., Hauk, O. & Pulvermüller, F. Category specificity in the processing of color-related and form-related words: an ERP study. Neuroimage 29, 29-37 (2006). (Pubitemid 41828027)
29. Gonzalez, J. et al. Reading cinnamon activates olfactory brain regions. Neuroimage 32, 906-912 (2006). (Pubitemid 44149144)
30. Kiefer, M., Sim, E. J., Herrnberger, B., Grothe, J. & Hoenig, K. The sound of concepts: four markers for a link between auditory and conceptual brain systems. J. Neurosci. 28, 12224-12230 (2008).
31. Martin, A. The representation of object concepts in the brain. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 58, 25-45 (2007).
32. Tranel, D., Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. R. A neural basis for the retrieval of conceptual knowledge. Neuropsychologia 35, 1319-1327 (1997). (Pubitemid 27455559)
33. Pulvermüller, F. & Fadiga, L. Active perception: sensorimotor circuits as a cortical basis for language. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 351-360 (2010).
34. Bak, T. H., O Donovan, D. G., Xuereb, J. H., Boniface, S. & Hodges, J. R. Selective impairment of verb processing associated with pathological changes in Brodmann areas 44 and 45 in the motor neuron disease-dementiaaphasia syndrome. Brain 124, 103-120 (2001). (Pubitemid 32055993)
35. Neininger, B. & Pulvermüller, F. Word-category specific deficits after lesions in the right hemisphere. Neuropsychologia 41, 53-70 (2003).
36. Pulvermüller, F. Brain mechanisms linking language and action. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 576-582 (2005). (Pubitemid 40942824)
37. Berman, A. J., Teodoru, D. & Taub, E. Conditioned behavior following sensory isolation in primates. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 89, 185-186 (1964).
38. Kolk, H. H. J. & Heeschen, C. Adaptation symptoms and impairment symptoms in Broca s aphasia. Aphasiology 4, 221-231 (1990). (Pubitemid 20292170)
39. Pulvermüller, F. & Berthier, M. L. Aphasia therapy on a neuroscience basis. Aphasiology 22, 563-599 (2008). (Pubitemid 351891162)
40. Aten, J. L., Caligiuri, M. P. & Holland, A. L. The efficacy of functional communication therapy for chronic aphasic patients. J. Speech Hear. Disord. 47, 93-96 (1982). (Pubitemid 12130393)
41. Davis, G. A. & Wilcox, M. J. Adult Aphasia Rehabilitation: Applied Pragmatics (College Hill Press, San Diego, 1985).
42. Pulvermüller, F. & Roth, V. M. Communicative aphasia treatment as a further development of PACE therapy. Aphasiology 5, 39-50 (1991).
43. Taub, E., Crago, J. E. & Uswatte, G. Constraintinduced movement therapy: a new approach to treatment in physical rehabilitation. Rehab. Psychol. 43, 152-170 (1998). (Pubitemid 28360004)
44. Miltner, W. H., Bauder, H., Sommer, M., Dettmers, C. & Taub, E. Effects of constraintinduced movement therapy on patients with chronic motor deficits after stroke: a replication. Stroke 30, 586-592 (1999). (Pubitemid 29115396)
45. Broida, H. Language therapy effects in long term aphasia. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 58, 248-253 (1977). (Pubitemid 8117028)
46. Basso, A., Capitani, E. & Vignolo, L. A. Influence of rehabilitation on language skills in aphasic patients. A controlled study. Arch. Neurol. 36, 190-196 (1979). (Pubitemid 9125322)
47. Lincoln, N. B. et al. Effectiveness of speech therapy for aphasic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 1, 1197-1200 (1984). (Pubitemid 14105852)
48. Howard, D., Patterson, K., Franklin, S., Orchard- Lisle, V. & Morton, J. Treatment of word retrieval deficits in aphasia. A comparison of two therapy methods. Brain 108, 817-829 (1985). (Pubitemid 16185403)
49. Doesborgh, S. J. et al. Effects of semantic treatment on verbal communication and linguistic processing in aphasia after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 35, 141-146 (2004). (Pubitemid 38057608)
50. Glogowska, M., Roulstone, S., Enderby, P. & Peters, T. J. Randomised controlled trial of community based speech and language therapy in preschool children. BMJ 321, 923-926 (2000).
51. Katz, R. C. & Wertz, R. T. The efficacy of computer-provided reading treatment for chronic aphasic adults. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 40, 493-507 (1997). (Pubitemid 27315086)
52. Robey, R. R. A meta-analysis of clinical outcomes in the treatment of aphasia. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 41, 172-187 (1998). (Pubitemid 28081260)
53. Holland, A. L., Fromm, D. S., DeRuyter, F. & Stein, M. Treatment efficacy: aphasia. J. Speech Hear. Res. 39, S27-S36 (1996).
54. Greener, J., Enderby, P., Whurr, R. & Grant, A. Treatment for aphasia following stroke: evidence for effectiveness. Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord. 33 (Suppl.), 158-161 (1998). (Pubitemid 28459097)
55. Pulvermüller, F. & Schönle, P. W. Behavioral and neuronal changes during treatment of mixedtranscortical aphasia: a case study. Cognition 48, 139-161 (1993).
56. Basso, A. & Caporali, A. Aphasia therapy or the importance of being earnest. Aphasiology 15, 307-332 (2001). (Pubitemid 32293599)
57. Pulvermüller, F. et al. Constraint-induced therapy of chronic aphasia following stroke. Stroke 32, 1621-1626 (2001). (Pubitemid 32631914)
58. Meinzer, M. et al. Intensive training enhances brain plasticity in chronic aphasia. BMC Biol. 2, 20 (2004).
59. Meinzer, M., Djundja, D., Barthel, G., Elbert, T. & Rockstroh, B. Long-term stability of improved language functions in chronic aphasia after constraint-induced aphasia therapy. Stroke 36, 1462-1466 (2005). (Pubitemid 40967513)
60. Pulvermüller, F., Hauk, O., Zohsel, K., Neininger, B. & Mohr, B. Therapy-related reorganization of language in both hemispheres of patients with chronic aphasia. Neuroimage 28, 481-489 (2005). (Pubitemid 41443517)
61. Maher, L. M. et al. A pilot study of use-dependent learning in the context of constraint induced language therapy. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 12, 843-852 (2006). (Pubitemid 46415889)
62. Breier, J. I., Maher, L. M., Novak, B. & Papanicolaou, A. C. Functional imaging before and after constraint-induced language therapy for aphasia using magnetoencephalography. Neurocase 12, 322-331 (2006). (Pubitemid 46017715)
63. Meinzer, M., Streiftau, S. & Rockstroh, B. Intensive language training in the rehabilitation of chronic aphasia: efficient training by laypersons. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 13, 846-853 (2007). (Pubitemid 47299454)
64. Breier, J. I., Maher, L. M., Schmadeke, S., Hasan, K. M. & Papanicolaou, A. C. Changes in language-specific brain activation after therapy for aphasia using magnetoencephalography: a case study. Neurocase 13, 169-177 (2007). (Pubitemid 47386776)
65. Meinzer, M. et al. Functional re-recruitment of dysfunctional brain areas predicts language recovery in chronic aphasia. Neuroimage 39, 2038-2046 (2008).
66. Richter, M., Miltner, W. H. & Straube, T. Association between therapy outcome and righthemispheric activation in chronic aphasia. Brain 131, 1391-1401 (2008).
67. Szaflarski, J. P. et al. Constraint-induced aphasia therapy stimulates language recovery in patients with chronic aphasia after ischemic stroke. Med. Sci. Monit. 14, CR243-CR250 (2008). (Pubitemid 351679869)
68. Barthel, G., Meinzer, M., Djundja, D. & Rockstroh, B. Intensive language therapy in chronic aphasia: which aspects contribute most? Aphasiology 22, 408-421 (2008). (Pubitemid 351486594)
69. Breier J. I. et al. Behavioral and neurophysiologic response to therapy for chronic aphasia. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 90, 2026-2033 (2009).
70. Berthier, M. L. et al. Memantine and constraintinduced aphasia therapy in chronic poststroke aphasia. Ann. Neurol. 65, 577-585 (2009).
71. Goral, M. & Kempler, D. Training verb production in communicative context: evidence from a person with chronic non-fluent aphasia. Aphasiology 23, 1383-1397 (2009).
72. Faroqi-Shah, Y. & Virion, C. R. Constraint-induced language therapy for agrammatism: role of grammatical constraints. Aphasiology 23, 977-988 (2009).
73. Kirmess, M. & Maher, L. M. Constraint induced language therapy in early aphasia rehabilitation. Aphasiology 24, 725-736 (2010).
74. Bhogal, S. K., Teasell, R. & Speechley, M. Intensity of aphasia therapy, impact on recovery. Stroke 34, 987-993 (2003).
75. Cherney, L. R. et al. Evidence-based systematic review: effects of intensity of treatment and constraint-induced language therapy for individual with stroke-induced aphasia. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 51, 1282-1299 (2008).
76. Kelly, H., Brady, M. C. & Enderby, P. Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD000425. doi:10.1002/ 14651858.CD000425.pub2 (2010).
77. Cramer, S. C., Shah, R., Juranek, J., Crafton, K. R. & Le, V. Activity in the peri-infarct rim in relation to recovery from stroke. Stroke 37, 111-115 (2006). (Pubitemid 43732057)
78. Hansen, A. J. & Zeuthen, T. Extracellular ion concentrations during spreading depression and ischemia in the rat brain cortex. Acta Physiol. Scand. 113, 437-445 (1981). (Pubitemid 12183340)
79. Kamada, K. et al. Functional and metabolic analysis of cerebral ischemia using magnetoencephalography and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ann. Neurol. 42, 554-563 (1997). (Pubitemid 27439017)
80. Lewine, J. D. et al. Objective documentation of traumatic brain injury subsequent to mild head trauma: multimodal brain imaging with MEG, SPECT, and MRI. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 22, 141-155 (2007). (Pubitemid 46788750)
81. Witte, O. W., Bidmon, H. J., Schiene, K., Redecker, C. & Hagemann, G. Functional differentiation of multiple perilesional zones after focal cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20, 1149-1165 (2000). (Pubitemid 30636751)
82. Albert, M. L., Bachman, D. & Morgan, A. & Helm-Estabrooks, N. Pharmacotherapy for aphasia. Neurology 38, 877-879 (1988).
83. Bakheit, A. M. Drug treatment of poststroke aphasia. Expert Rev. Neurother. 4, 211-217 (2004). (Pubitemid 38315941)
84. Klein, R. B. & Albert, M. L. Can drug therapies improve language functions of individual with aphasia? A review of the evidence. Semin. Speech Lang. 25, 193-204 (2004). (Pubitemid 38702062)
85. McNamara, P. & Albert, M. L. Neuropharmacology of verbal perseveration. Semin. Speech Lang. 25, 309-321 (2004). (Pubitemid 40012093)
86. Berthier, M. L. Poststroke aphasia: epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment. Drugs Aging 22, 163-182 (2005). (Pubitemid 40445325)
87. de Boissezon, X., Peran, P., de Boysson, C. & Démonet, J. F. Pharmacotherapy of aphasia: myth or reality? Brain Lang. 102, 114-125 (2007).
88. Crinion, J. T. & Leff, A. P. Recovery and treatment of aphasia after stroke: functional imaging studies. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 20, 667-673 (2007). (Pubitemid 350085008)
89. Liepert, J. Pharmacotherapy in restorative neurology. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 21, 639-643 (2008).
90. Small, S. L. & Llano, D. A. Biological approaches to aphasia treatment. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 9, 443-450 (2009).
91. Floel, A. & Cohen, L. G. Recovery of function in humans: cortical stimulation and pharmacological treatments after stroke. Neurobiol. Dis. 37, 243-251 (2010).
92. Gundersen, V. Co-localization of excitatory and inhibitory transmitters in the brain. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl. 188, 29-33 (2008). (Pubitemid 351595270)
93. Mesulam, M. M. The cholinergic innervation of the human cerebral cortex. Prog. Brain Res. 145, 68-78 (2004).
94. Goldman-Rakic, P. S., Lidow, M. S. & Gallager, D. W. Overlap of dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotoninergic receptors and complementarity of their subtypes in primate prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 10, 2125-2138 (1990).
95. Luria, A., Naydyn, V. L., Tsvetkova, L. S. & Vinarskaya, E. N. Restoration of higher cortical function following local brain damage. In Handbook of Clinical Neurology (eds Vinken, P. J. & Bruyn, G. W.) 368-433 (North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969).
96. Winblad, B. Piracetam: a review of pharmacological properties and clinical uses. CNS Drug Rev. 11, 169-182 (2005). (Pubitemid 41278980)
97. Huber, W. The role of piracetam in the treatment of acute and chronic aphasia. Pharmacopsychiatry 32 (Suppl. 1), 38-43 (1999).
98. Kessler, J., Thiel, A., Karbe, H. & Heiss, W. D. Piracetam improves activated blood flow and facilitates rehabilitation of poststroke aphasic patients. Stroke 31, 2112-2116 (2000).
99. Grenner, J., Enderby, P. & Whurr, R. Pharmacological treatment for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD000424. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000424 (2001).
100. Walker-Batson, D. et al. A double-blind, placebocontrolled study of the use of amphetamine in the treatment of aphasia. Stroke 32, 2093-2098 (2001).
101. Seniów, J., Litwin, M., Litwin, T., Lesniak, M. & Czlonkowska, A. New approach to the rehabilitation of post-stroke focal cognitive syndrome: effect of levodopa combined with speech and language therapy on functional recovery from aphasia. J. Neurol. Sci. 283, 214-218 (2009).
102. Barrett, A. M. & Eslinger, P. J. Amantadine for adynamic speech: possible benefit for aphasia. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 86, 605-612 (2007). (Pubitemid 47220692)
103. Leiguarda, R., Merello, M., Sabe, L. & Starkstein, S. Bromocriptine-induced dystonia in patients with aphasia and hemiparesis. Neurology 43, 2319-2322 (1993). (Pubitemid 23346968)
104. Barbay, S. & Nudo, R. J. The effects of amphetamine on recovery of function in animal models of cerebral injury: a critical appraisal. NeuroRehabilitation 25, 5-17 (2009).
105. Goldstein, L. B. Amphetamine trials and tribulations. Stroke 40, S133-S135 (2009).
106. Martinsson, L., Wahlgreen, N. G. & Hardemark, H. G. Amphetamines for improving recovery after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD002090. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002090 (2003).
107. Raymer, A. M. Treatment of adynamia in aphasia. Front. Biosci. 8, s845-s851 (2003). (Pubitemid 39140202)
108. Sabe, L., Leiguarda, R. & Starkstein, S. An openlabel trial of bromocriptine in nonfluent aphasia. Neurology 42, 1637-1638 (1992).
109. Gupta, S. & Mlcoch, A. Bromocriptine treatment of nonfluent aphasia. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 73, 373-376 (1992).
110. Sabe, L., Salvarezza, F., Garc a Cuerva, A., Leiguarda, R. & Starkstein, S. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of bromocriptine in nonfluent aphasia. Neurology 45, 2272-2274 (1995). (Pubitemid 27100261)
111. Ozeren, A., Sarica, Y., Mavi, H. & Demirkiran, M. Bromocriptine is ineffective in the treatment of chronic nonfluent aphasia. Acta Neurol. Belg. 95, 235-238 (1995). (Pubitemid 26020789)
112. Gupta, S. R., Mlcoch, A. G., Scolaro, C. & Moritz, T. Bromocriptine treatment of nonfluent aphasia. Neurology 45, 2170-2173 (1995). (Pubitemid 27100242)
113. Ashtary, F., Janghorbani, M., Chitsaz, A., Reisi, M. & Bahrami, A. A randomized, double blind trial of bromocriptine efficacy in nonfluent aphasia after stroke. Neurology 66, 914-916 (2006).
114. Bragoni, M. et al. Bromocriptine and speech therapy in non-fluent chronic aphasia after stroke. Neurol. Sci. 21, 19-22 (2000). (Pubitemid 30430854)
115. Walker-Batson, D. et al. A double-blind, placebocontrolled study of the use of amphetamine in the treatment of aphasia. Stroke 32, 2093-2098 (2001) .
116. Whiting, E., Chenery, H. J., Chalk, J. & Copland, D. A. Dexamphetamine boosts naming treatment effects in chronic aphasias. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 13, 972-979 (2007). (Pubitemid 47617548)
117. Beversdorf, D. Q. et al. Effect of propranolol on naming in chronic Broca s aphasia with anomia. Neurocase 13, 256-259 (2007). (Pubitemid 350153955)
118. Tanaka, Y. & Bachman, D. L. Pharmacotherapy of aphasia. In Neurobehavior of Language and Cognition: Studies of Normal Aging and Brain Damage (eds Connor, L. S. & Obler, L. K.) 159-162 (SpringerLink, Berlin, 2007).
119. Tsikunov, S. G. & Belokoskova, S. G. Psychophysiological analysis of the influence of vasopressin on speech in patients with poststroke aphasias. Span. J. Psychol. 10, 178-188 (2007).
120. Ferris, S. et al. Treatment effects of memantine on language in moderate to severe Alzheimer s disease patients. Alzheimers Dement. 5, 375-379 (2009).
121. Román, G. C. et al. Randomized, placebocontrolled, clinical trial of donepezil in vascular dementia: differential affects by hippocampal size. Stroke 41, 1213-1221 (2010).
122. Berthier, M. L. et al. Open-label study of donepezil in post-stroke aphasia. Neurology 60, 1118-1119 (2003).
123. Berthier, M. L., Moreno-Torres, I. & Hinojosa, J. Beneficial effects of donepezil and modalityspecific language therapy on chronic conduction aphasia [abstract P06.014]. Neurology 62 (Suppl. 5), A462 (2004).
124. Berthier, M. L. et al. A randomized controlled trial of donepezil in poststroke aphasia. Neurology 67, 1687-1689 (2006). (Pubitemid 44747948)
125. Kavirajan, H. & Schneider, L. S. Efficacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol. 6, 782-792 (2007). (Pubitemid 47243710)
126. Tanaka, Y., Miyazaki, M. & Albert, M. L. Effect of increased cholinergic activity on naming in aphasia. Lancet 350, 116-117 (1997).
127. Kabasawa, H. et al. Effects of bifemelane hydrochloride on cerebral circulation and metabolism in patients with aphasia. Clin. Ther. 16, 471-482 (1994). (Pubitemid 24321680)
128. Jacobs, D. H. et al. Physostigmine pharmacotherapy for anomia. Neurocase 2, 83-91 (1996). (Pubitemid 26171463)
129. Benke, T., Köylü, B., Delazer, M., Trinka, E. & Kemmler, G. Cholinergic treatment of amnesia following basal forebrain lesion due to aneurysm rupture-an open-label pilot study. Eur. J. Neurol. 12, 791-796 (2005). (Pubitemid 41495136)
130. Pashek. G. V. & Bachman, D. L. Cognitive, linguistic, and motor speech effects of donepezil hydrochloride in a patient with stroke-related aphasia and apraxia of speech. Brain Lang. 87, 179-180 (2003).
131. Berthier, M. L. & Green, C. Donepezil improves speed and accuracy of information processing in chronic post-stroke aphasia [abstract P01.012]. Neurology 68 (Suppl. 1), A10 (2007).
132. Berthier, M. L. et al. Beneficial effect of donepezil on sensorimotor function after stroke. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 82, 725-729 (2003). (Pubitemid 37022523)
133. Nadeau, S. E. et al. Donepezil as an adjuvant to constraint-induced therapy for upper-limb dysfunction after stroke: an exploratory randomized clinical trial. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 41, 525-534 (2004). (Pubitemid 39304846)
134. Chen, Y. et al. The efficacy of donepezil for poststroke aphasia: a pilot case control study. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 49, 115-118 (2010).
135. Martin, P. I. et al. Research with transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of aphasia. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 9, 451-458 (2009).
136. Baker, J., Rorden, C. & Fridriksson, J. Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to treat stroke patients with aphasia. Stroke 41, 1229-1236 (2010).
137. Naeser, M. A. et al. Improved picture naming in chronic aphasia after TMS to part of right Broca s area: an open-protocol study. Brain Lang. 93, 95-105 (2005). (Pubitemid 40342724)
138. Winhuisen, L. et al. The right inferior frontal gyrus and poststroke aphasia: a follow-up investigation. Stroke 38, 1286-1292 (2007). (Pubitemid 351664247)
139. Winhuisen, L. et al. Role of the contralateral inferior frontal gyrus in recovery of language function in poststroke aphasia: a combined repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and positron emission tomography study. Stroke 36, 1759-1763 (2005). (Pubitemid 41102236)
140. Floel, A., Rosser, N., Michka, O., Knecht, S. & Breitenstein, C. Noninvasive brain stimulation improves language learning. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20, 1415-1422 (2008).
141. Liuzzi, G. et al. The involvement of the left motor cortex in learning of a novel action word lexicon. Curr. Biol. 20, 1745-1751 (2010).
142. Monti, A. et al. Improved naming after transcranial direct current stimulation in aphasia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 79, 451-453 (2008). (Pubitemid 351441506)
143. Miniussi, C. et al. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation/transcranial direct current stimulation in cognitive neurorehabilitation. Brain Stimul. 1, 326-336 (2008).
144. Crosson, B. et al. Role of the right and left hemispheres in recovery of function during treatment of intention in aphasia. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 392-406 (2005). (Pubitemid 40364528)
145. Cherney, L. R. & Small, S. L. Task-dependent changes in brain activation following therapy for nonfluent aphasia: discussion of two individual cases. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 6, 828-842 (2006). (Pubitemid 46415888)
146. Fridriksson, J. et al. Neural correlates of phonological and semantic-based anomia treatment in aphasia. Neuropsychologia 45, 1812-1822 (2007). (Pubitemid 46386112)
147. Raboyeau, G. et al. Right hemisphere activation in recovery from aphasia: lesion effect or function recruitment? Neurology 70, 290-298 (2008). (Pubitemid 351156809)
148. Menke, R. et al. Imaging short- and long-term training success in chronic aphasia. BMC Neurosci. 10, 118 (2009).
149. Meinzer, M. et al. Integrity of the hippocampus and surrounding white matter is correlated with language training success in aphasia. Neuroimage 53, 283-290 (2010).
150. Price, C. J., Seghier, M. L. & Leff, A. P. Predicting language outcome and recovery after stroke: the PLORAS system. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 6, 202-210 (2010).
151. Saur, D. et al. Dynamics of language reorganization after stroke. Brain 129, 1371-1384 (2006). (Pubitemid 43999371)
152. Green Heredia, C., Sage, K., Lambon Ralph, M. A. & Berthier, M. L. Relearning and retention of verbal labels in a case of semantic dementia. Aphasiology 23, 192-209 (2009).
153. Pulvermüller, F., Kherif, F., Hauk, O., Mohr, B. & Nimmo-Smith, I. Cortical cell assemblies for general lexical and category-specific semantic processing as revealed by fMRI cluster analysis. Hum. Brain Mapping 30, 3837-3850 (2009).
154. Robbins, T. W. & Arnsten, A. F. The neuropsychopharmacology of fronto-executive function: monoaminergic modulation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 32, 267-287 (2009).
155. Sarter, M., Hasselmo, M. E., Bruno, J. P. & Givens, B. Unraveling the attentional functions of cortical cholinergic inputs: interactions between signal-driven and cognitive modulation of signal detection. Brain Res. Rev. 48, 98-111 (2005). (Pubitemid 40215784)
156. Hasselmo, M. E. & McGaughy, J. High acetylcholine levels set circuit dynamics for attention and encoding and low acetylcholine levels set dynamics for consolidation. Prog. Brain Res. 145, 207-231 (2004). (Pubitemid 37442946)
157. Gotts, S. J., della Rocchetta, A. I. & Cipolotti, L. Mechanisms underlying perseveration in aphasia: evidence from a single case study. Neuropsychologia 40, 1930-1947 (2002).
158. Gauthier, L. V. et al. Remodeling the brain: plastic structural brain changes produced by different motor therapies after stroke. Stroke 39, 1520-1525 (2008).