Insecurity dilemma and the tibetan uprising in 2008

Journal of Contemporary China

Volumn 20, Issue 69, 2011, Pages 183-203

  Topgyal, Tsering ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOCUMENTARY SOURCE; FOREIGN POLICY; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; NATIONAL SECURITY; POLITICAL HISTORY; POLITICAL VIOLENCE; POPULAR PROTEST;

CHINA; XIZANG;

EID: 79551709329     PISSN: 10670564     EISSN: 14699400     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2011.541627     Document Type: Article

References (216)

1. The geographical spread of the uprising included not just the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), but also the Tibetan areas incorporated into the neighbouring provinces of Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan.
2. '18 civilians, 1 police officer killed by Lhasa rioters', People's Daily, (22 March 2008).
3. 'Appalling March 14 riot in Lhasa', People's Daily, (26 March 2009).
4. Tibetan Government-in-Exile (TGIE), 'Fact Sheet: Tibetan deaths under China's crackdown since March 2008', (20 March 2009), available at: http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=760&articletype=flash&rmenuid=morenews&tab=1#TabbedPanels1.
5. 'Dharamsala condemns Chinese court's death sentence for riots', Voice of America, (9 April 2009).
6. 'Tibet wins media tenor's agenda setter 2008', Media Channel, (7 August 2008), available at: http://www.mediachannel.org/wordpress/2008/08/06/tibet-wins-media-tenors-agenda-setter-2008/.
7. Pew Global Attitudes Project, 'Some positive signs for US image: global economic doom-China and India notable exceptions', 24-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey, (12 June 2008), p. 5 and n. 1, available at: http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/260.pdf.
8. 'Poll of Western and Asian publics finds criticism of Chinese policy on Tibet', World Public Opinion.org, (18 March 2008), available at: http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/btjusticehuman_rightsra/457.php.
9. 'Russia and China "approval down"', BBC, (6 February 2009).
10. The most well-known act of Chinese protest against the Western media was the setting up of the website Anti-CNN, which is available in Chinese at: http://www.anti-cnn.com/ and in English at: http://www.anti-cnn.com/forum/en/.
11. 'Dalai-backed violence scars Lhasa', China Daily, (15 March 2008).
12. 'Riots aimed at derailing games: Wen', China Daily, (19 March 2008).
13. 'Wen: "cultural genocide" in Tibet nothing but lie', Xinhua, (18 March 2008).
14. 'Press release fromthe office ofHisHoliness theDalai Lama', (14March 2008).
15. Department of Information and International Relations (DIIR), 'Dharamsala refutes charges of being involved in Lhasa protests: calls for investigation', (31 March 2008).
16. TGIE, 'CTA's [Central Tibetan Administration] response to Chinese government allegations: Part I', (15May 2008).
17. International Campaign for Tibet (ICT), Tibet at a Turning Point: The Spring Uprising and China's New Crackdown (Washington, DC: ICT), (6August 2008).
18. ICT, A GreatMountain Burned by Fire: China's New Crackdown (Washington, DC: ICT), (March 2009).
19. Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy (TCHRD), Uprising in Tibet 2008: Documentation of Protests in Tibet (Dharamsala, India: TCHRD, 2008).
20. For more about the insecurity dilemma and its variants, see Brian L. Job, The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1992).
21. Mohammed Ayoob, 'Security in the third world: the worm about to turn?', International Affairs 60(1), (Winter 1983-1984).
22. Mohammed Ayoob, 'The security problematic of the third world', World Politics 43(2), (1991).
23. Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995).
24. Georg Sorensen, 'After the security dilemma: the challenges of insecurity in weak states and the dilemma of liberal values', Security Dialogue 38(3), (2007), pp. 357-378.
25. John Glenn, 'The interrugnum: the South's insecurity dilemma', Nations and Nationalism 3(1), (1997), pp. 45-63.
26. Yong-Pyo Hong, State Security and Regime Insecurity: President Syngman Rhee and the Insecurity Dilemma in South Korea, 1953-60 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999).
27. Zhang Zhirong, 'US using "Tibet issue" to keep check on China', Beijing Review, (7 May 2008).
28. William Engdahl, 'Why Washington plays "Tibet roulette" with China', China Daily, (16 April 2008).
29. This article was originally posted on the website of the Canadian Think Tank 'Centre for Research on Globalisation' (CRG). Immediately, it was splashed all over the Chinese media.
30. Well-known Chinese journalist Ching Cheong peddled this argument, almost verbatim in: Ching Cheong, 'The crimson revolution's true colours', Straits Times, (22 April 2008).
31. Engdahl's original piece has since been taken off both his personal and CRG websites, possibly due to Tsering Shakya's detailed refutation in: Tsering Shakya, 'The gulf between Tibet and its exiles', Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER), (2 May 2008).
32. Patrick French, 'He may be a god, but he's no politician', New York Times, (22 March 2008).
33. Melvyn C. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet and the Dalai Lama, (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1997), p. 83. Curiously French neither credited Goldstein for his insights nor reflected his more nuanced analysis.
34. see Chapter 7 of my forthcoming dissertation.
35. Shakya, 'The gulf between Tibet and its exiles'.
36. French, 'He may be a god, but he's no politician'.
37. Nicholas D. Kristof, 'Fed up with peace', New York Times, (18 May 2008).
38. Jeremy Page, 'Old ways in Tibet are losing power over young', Times Online, (19 March 2008).
39. Somini Sengupta, 'Some Tibetan exiles reject "middle way"', New York Times, (21 March 2008). This is just a sampling.
40. Robert Barnett, 'Thunder from Tibet', The New York Review of Books 55(9), (29 May 2008).
41. 'China dissidents call for dialogue with Dalai Lama', China Digital Times (CDT), (22 March 2008). The original Chinese version is available at: http://www.newcenturynews.com/Article/china/200803/20080322153025.html.
42. Wang Lixiong, 'The cry of Tibet', Wall Street Journal, (28 March 2008).
43. Ben Hillman, 'Money can't buy Tibetans' love', Far Eastern Economic Review 171(3), (16 August 2008).
44. Ben Hillman, 'Rethinking China's Tibet policy', The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, (21 March 2009).
45. Pankaj Mishra, 'At war with the utopia of modernity', The Guardian, (22 March 2008). Mishra leaves the dangerously misleading impression that Tibetans are incurable traditionalists dead-set against modernity and capitalism.
46. 'Spokesman: Lhasa violence part of Dalai clique's "uprising"', Xinhua, (1 April 2008).
47. Tsering Woeser, Tibet Update with Translation; English translation is available at: http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/03/tibet-update-with-translation/.
48. The Chinese original is available on her blog at: http://woeser.middle-way.net.
49. Woeser, the banned Tibetan writer and blogger living in Beijing, is married to the Chinese writer, Wang Lixiong, who has written a series of books and essays criticising Chinese policies on Tibet.
50. See ICT, Tibet at a Turning Point, pp. 15-85.
51. TCHRD, Uprising in Tibet 2008, pp. 9-100.
52. The numbers differ according to sources. Woeser writes that 500 Drepung monks marched out of their monastery, while 14 Sera monks protested outside Jokhang Temple. ICT reports that there were 300 Drepung monks and 14 Sera monks, while TCHRD reports 300 and 15, respectively. Xinhua merely mentions 'a group of monks from the Zhaibung and Sera monasteries'.
53. ICT, Tibet at a Turning Point, p. 41.
54. Jill Drew, 'Eyewitnesses recount terrifying day in Tibet', Washington Post, (27 March 2008).
55. Steve and Ulrike, 'Lhasa, march [sic] 10: what happened at the central square, Lhasa', (11 March 2008), available at: http://steve.ulrike.stivi.be/english/list.php?LijstNr=2&Item=55.
56. Drew, 'Eyewitnesses recount terrifying day in Tibet'.
57. Woeser, Tibet Update 1.
58. ICT, Tibet at a Turning Point, pp. 19-22.
59. The Dalai Lama's addresses on this anniversary since 1960 are available at: http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=d_tnud&rmenuid=1.
60. 'Statement of His Holiness the Dalai Lama on the forty-ninth anniversary of the Tibetan National Uprising Day', (10 March 2008).
61. ICT, Tibet at a Turning Point, p. 43.
62. Woeser, Tibet Update 1.
63. Shakya, 'The gulf between Tibet and its exiles', p. 18.
64. Ironically, Ramoche was built by the seventh century Chinese princess, Wencheng, who was reluctantly offered in marriage to the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo by the Tang emperor. The Chinese hold her as a symbol of Chinese-Tibetan unity, although the Tang emperor was more or less coerced into giving her hand in marriage to the Tibetan emperor.
65. Barnett, 'Thunder from Tibet'.
66. Shakya, 'The gulf between Tibet and its exiles'.
67. Woeser, Tibet Update 1.
68. Drew, 'Eyewitnesses recount terrifying day in Tibet'.
69. 'Transcript: James Miles interview on Tibet', CNN, (20 March 2008).
70. '18 civilians, 1 police officer killed by Lhasa rioters', People's Daily.
71. 'Appalling March 14 riot in Lhasa', People's Daily.
72. 'Transcript: James Miles interview on Tibet', CNN.
73. Drew, 'Eyewitnesses recount terrifying day in Tibet'.
74. Barnett, 'Thunder from Tibet'.
75. 'China dissidents call for dialogue with Dalai Lama', CDT.
76. 'Transcript: James Miles interview on Tibet', CNN.
77. Andrei Chang, 'Analysis: controlling Tibet Part 1', (2 July 2008), available at: http://www.upi.com/Security_Industry/2008/07/02/Analysis-Controlling-Tibet-Part-1/UPI-88751215000000/2/. Kanwa Defence monitors and analyses defence and security affairs in Asia.
78. Barnett, 'Thunder from Tibet'.
79. Shakya, 'The gulf between Tibet and its exiles'.
80. For details on the Tibetan deaths in March, see ICT, Tibet at a Turning Point, pp. 24-29.
81. ICT, Tibet at a Turning Point, pp. 19-23.
82. TGIE, 'Fact Sheet'.
83. Tsering Shakya, 'Interview: Tibetan Questions', New Left Review, No. 51, (May-June 2008).
84. Cited in Shakya, 'The gulf between Tibet and its exiles'.
85. Barnett, 'Thunder from Tibet'.
86. TGIE, 'Fact Sheet'.
87. ICT, Tibet at a Turning Point, p. 66.
88. Woeser, Tibet Update 1.
89. Woeser, Tibet Update 2.
90. Tibet at a Turning Point, p. 68.
91. ICT, Tibet at a Turning Point, p. 5.
92. Kate Saunders, 'Interview with Hugo Restall', Far Eastern Economic Review, (22 April 2009).
93. Tania Branigan, Randeep Ramesh and Fred Attewill, 'China admits shooting Tibet protesters', The Guardian, (20 March 2008).
94. Shakya, 'Tibetan questions'.
95. Barnett, 'Thunder from Tibet'.
96. Woeser, Tibet Update 1.
97. International PEN, 'Tibetan Internet writer Jamyang Kyi detained without charges', (23 April 2008).
98. Rebecca Noviz, 'Calling Tibet? Please hang up and try again', Huffington Post, (13 January 2009).
99. Jam-dbyang Kyid [Jamyang Kyi], 'Sgo Shes-rab Rgya-mtso Lags' ['To go Sherab Gyatso'], Jam-dbyang Skyid Kyi zhin-bris [Jamyang Kyi's Blog], (25 July 2008), available at: http://www.tibetabc.cn/user1/jamyangkyi/archives/2008/2008731215020.html.
100. Austin Ramzy, 'The jailing of a Tibetan art dealer: ominous sign?', Time Magazine, (25 June 2010).
101. 'China jails Tibet environmentalist Karma Samdrup', BBC, (5 June 2010).
102. 'Tibetan businessman gets life in prison', Associated Press, (12 August 2010).
103. 'Tight security a month from quake', BBC, (12 June 2008).
104. Perhaps the best collection of media coverage in both Chinese and English languages on the 2008 Sichuan earthquake and continuing aftermath is available at: http://chinadigitaltimes.net/china/2008-sichuan-earthquake/.
105. ICT, Tibetans in Monasteries under Crackdown Hold Prayer Ceremonies for Earthquake Victims: Message of Reconciliation from Monastery under Repression (Washington, DC: ICT), (21 May 2008).
106. ICT acquired a copy of the message and translated it into English in ICT, Tibet at a Turning Point, pp. 77-79.
107. A summary of the protests that took place in 2009 with links to other sources is available at: http://www.tibetnetwork.org/protests-2009.
108. Tsering Woeser, 'A great "civil disobedience" spreading throughout all of Tibet', (4 February 2009); the English translation by High Peaks, Pure Earth is available at: http://www.highpeakspureearth.com/2009/02/great-civil-disobedience-spreading.html.
109. The Chinese original is available on her blog at: http://woeser.middle-way.net/2009/02/blog-post_04.html.
110. Simon Elegant, 'In protest, Tibetans refuse to celebrate New Year', Time, (18 February 2009).
111. Tim Johnson, 'A year later, Tibetans simmer with resentment toward China', McClatchy Newspapers, (17 February 2009).
112. Edward Wong, 'China adds to security forces in Tibet amid calls for a boycott', New York Times, (18 February 2009).
113. 'Jubilant Tibetans embrace coming New Year', People's Daily, (23 February 2009).
114. 'Tibetans observe traditions while celebrating New Year Festival', Xinhua, (25 February 2009).
115. 'Tibetans celebrate 50th New Year Festival after democratic reform', Xinhua, (25 February 2009).
116. Tsering Woeser, '"Farming boycott": continuation of non-violent non-cooperation', (4 April 2009); the English translation by High Peaks, Pure Earth is available at: http://www.highpeakspureearth.com/2009/04/farming-boycott-continuation-of-non.html.
117. The Chinese original is available on her blog at: http://woeser.middle-way.net/2009/04/blog-post_04.html.
118. 'Tibetans stage farm boycott', RFA (Radio Free Asia), (25 March 2009).
119. 'Several injured in Machu clash between Tibetans and Chinese soldiers', Tibetan Review, (16 April 2009).
120. 'Bod Khams Nyag-rong Khul Du Bod-mi Dgu 'zin Bzhung Byas Pa' ['Nine Tibetans arrested in Nyagrong, Kham'], Radio Free Asia, (19 April 2009).
121. 'Chinese forces fire in Nyagrong, arrest 9 Tibetans', Voice of Tibet, (20 April 2009).
122. Condoleezza Rice, 'Call for calm in Tibet: statement by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice', Washington, DC, (15 March 2008).
123. Sean McCormack (Spokesman, US State Department), 'Daily press briefing', (20 March 2008).
124. Office of the White House Press Secretary, 'Statement by the Press Secretary', (26 March 2008).
125. ICT, President George W. Bush Calls on China to Engage in Substantive Dialogue (Washington, DC: ICT, 2 May 2008).
126. Howard Berman, 'Berman urges Chinese to show restraint in treatment of demonstrators and to negotiate Tibetan matters with Dalai Lama', (17 March 2008).
127. Nancy Pelosi, 'Pelosi leads bipartisan delegation to meet with His Holiness the Dalai Lama', (21 March 2008), video available at: http://www.tibetonline.tv/.
128. Dick Lugar, 'Press release of Senator Lugar', (31 March 2008).
129. ICT, US Congress Passes New Tibet Legislation, Condemns China's Crackdown in Tibet (House Resolution 1077) (Washington, DC: ICT, 9 April 2008). A video of this hearing is available on C-Span and transcripts are available on the Senate website at:,~foreign/hearings/2008/hrg080423p.html>http://www.senate.gov/,foreign/hearings/2008/hrg080423p.html.
130. Letter to President Bush from Senators Barbara Boxer, Joseph Biden, Olympia Snow and John Kerry, (9 May 2008).
131. Letter to Secretary of State Rice from Senators Gordon H. Smith, John Kerry and Russel D. Feingold, (21 May 2008).
132. Barack Obama, 'Statement of Senator Barack Obama on the situation in Tibet', (14 March 2008).
133. John McCain, 'Statement by John McCain on Tibet', (18 March 2008).
134. Hilary Clinton, 'Statement from Hillary Clinton', (15 March 2008).
135. 'McCain says China's conduct in Tibet unacceptable', Reuters, (21 March 2008).
136. Barack Obama in letter to President Bush, (28 March 2008).
137. IHT, 'China says concerned by McCain, Dalai Lama meeting', (28 July 2008).
138. Letter from Barack Obama to the Dalai Lama, (24 July 2008).
139. 'Clinton: Chinese human rights can't interfere with other crises', CNN, (22 February 2009).
140. 'Avoiding the Olympics: who's going to the games?', Spiegel, (28 March 2008).
141. Ian Traynor and Jonattan Watts, 'Merkel says she will not attend opening of Beijing Olympics', (29 March 2008).
142. European Parliament, 'EP President Hans-Gert Pöttering will not attend Olympic Games opening ceremony', (9 July 2008).
143. IHT, 'Sarkozy to attend Olympics opening ceremony', (9 July 2008).
144. Shakya, 'Tibetan questions'.
145. Baba Phuntsok Wangyal, Witness to Tibet's History, (New Delhi: Paljor Publications, 2007), p. 77.
146. Wang Lixiong and Woeser, 'In memory of this day in history, let's stick to our culture', Unlocking Tibet, (2005), pp. 68-70.
147. Tsering Woeser, 'The iron dragon has come', Kaifang (Open), Hong Kong, (August 2006). The English translation is available on High Peaks, Pure Earth at: http://www.highpeakspureearth.com/2008/04/iron-dragon-has-come-by-woeser.html.
148. 'The wishes of a Tibetan', China Digital Times, (28 April 2008), available at: http://chinadigitaltimes.net/china/tibetan-language/. The Chinese original is available at: http://tibetanwishes.tibetcul.com/45373.html.
149. See the following from Shar Dung-ri (Eastern Snow/Conch Mountain), No. 21, (2008): Zhur-gsum-ma, 'Mi-rigs Rang-skyong Dang Mi-rigs Kyi 'Tso-Gnas' ['Nationality autonomy and national survival'], pp. 57-80.
150. Gson-po, 'Gnas-lugs De-ni Rzun-pa Red' ['This situation is deceptive'], pp. 81-85.
151. Blun-po Snyug-thogs, 'Gnam-'og La Brkyangs-pa'i Bden-stops Kyi Gshog-pa' ['Powerful wings of truth flexed under the sky'], pp. 86-92.
152. Shar Dung-ri is a Tibetan language literary magazine edited by Tibetan students of the North-West Nationalities University, Lanzhou, Gansu.
153. ICT, Voice of a Tibetan on March 14 Unrest in Lhasa (Washington, DC: ICT, 25 March 2008), available at: http://www.savetibet.org/media-center/ict-news-reports/letter-tibet.
154. Shar Dung-ri (Eastern Snow/Conch Mountain), No. 21, (2008): Zhur-gsum-ma, Mi-rigs Rang-skyong Dang Mi-rigs Kyi 'Tso-Gnas' ['Nationality autonomy and national survival'], pp. 57-80
155. Ibid., pp. 63-80.
156. Leaving Fear Behind was smuggled out of China during the Olympic Games and is available at: http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8048230761996582635#.
157. An English translation of Jigme's testimony is available at: http://www.highpeakspureearth.com/2008/09/voa-video-testimony-of-labrang-monk.html. The video is available at: http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=Lama+Jigme+Labrang&emb=0#.
158. It can also be viewed on Youtube under the tags 'Jigme's Testimony' and 'Jigme's Testimony 2'. As Times Online reported, following this testimony and months of hiding in the mountains, Jigme was re-arrested on 4 November 2008.
159. Jane Macartney, 'Jigme, the Tibetan monk who spoke against Chinese police, is arrested', Times Online, (4 November 2008). According to Woeser's blog, he was released on 2 May 2009.
160. Jane Macartney, 'Lawyers secure release of Tibetan monk after six months without charge', Times Online, (6 May 2009).
161. Michael J. Green, The Strategic Importance of Tibet (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 26 March 2006); the video of this panel discussion is available at: http://www.aei.org/video/101069.
162. Timothy Garton Ash, 'Only a strategic partnership with China will keep this new dawn bright', The Guardian, (27 November 2008).
163. WWM, 'China urges EU not to take "dual standard" on Tibet issue', (28 March 2008).
164. 'Hu: Tibet problem entirely internal issue of China', China Daily, (12 April 2008).
165. 'Transcript of interview with Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao', CNN, (29 September 2008), available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/29/chinese.premier.transcript/index.html.
166. WWM, '"Full text" of Chinese foreign minister's news conference', (12 March 2008).
167. WWM, 'Chinese media break silence on Tibet riots', (15 March 2008).
168. 'Lhasa under siege', The Economist, (17 March 2008).
169. Edward Wong, '50 years after revolt, clampdown on Tibetans', (4 March 2009).
170. Edward Wong, 'On foot in the mountains of mystical Yunnan', (5 April 2009).
171. Maureen Fan, '"Patriotic education" campaign: China moves to tighten control over religion in Tibet', Washington Post, (26 March 2008).
172. ICT, Mass Detentions of Monks, Suicides and Despair as Enforced Condemnation of Dalai Lama Provokes Dissent (Washington, DC: ICT, 29 April 2008).
173. 'Dkar-mzes Bod-rigs Rang-skyong Khung Mi-dmangs Srid-gshung Gi Bka Ang-Gnyis-Pa' ['Measures for dealing strictly with rebellious monasteries and individual monks and nuns: Order No. 2 of the People's Government of Kartze TAP'], Bod-ljongs Nyin-Re'i Tsags-par [Tibet Daily], (18 July 2008); the Tibetan original is available at: http://zw.tibet.cn/news/xz_news/ttxw/200807/t20080718_413324.htm.
174. This was also publicised in Richard Spenser, 'China plans sweeping purge of Tibetan monasteries', Telegraph, (27 July 2008).
175. CECC (Congressional-Executive Commission on China), 'Party, government launch new security program, patriotic education, in Tibetan area', (5 May 2008), available at: http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/index.phpd?showsingle=102948.
176. CECC's translation of the Kartze Daily article is available at: http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/index.phpd?showsingle=103001.
177. ICT, Tibet at a Turning Point, pp. 73-75.
178. Ibid., p. 75.
179. Woeser, 'Tibet update (May 1-6, 2008)', (6 May 2008), available at: http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/05/woeser-tibet-update-may-1-2008/.
180. Woeser, Tibet Update 2.
181. Woeser, 'Tibet update (May 1-6, 2008)'.
182. 'Lhasa under siege', The Economist.
183. Wong, '50 years after revolt, clampdown on Tibetans'.
184. Wong, 'On foot in the mountains of mystical Yunnan'.
185. Fan, '"Patriotic education" campaign'.
186. ICT, Mass Detentions of Monks.
187. David Lague, 'China Premier blames Dalai Lama for "appalling" violence in Tibet', New York Times, (18 March 2008).
188. China Tibet Information Centre, 'China publishes evidences of Dalai clique's masterminding of riots', (2 April 2008), available at: http://eng.tibet.cn/news/today/200804/t20080402_374467.htm.
189. Mark Magnier, 'Its classic tactics-restricting the press and blaming the Dalai Lama-sit poorly with the outside world and a more informed citizenry', Los Angeles Times, (6 April 2008).
190. 'TYC "hand in glove" with Dalai Lama group', China Daily, (5 May 2008).
191. '"Tibetan Youth Congress" is pure terrorist organization', Xinhua, (10 April 2008).
192. Jane Macartney, 'China accuses Dalai Lama of being a terrorist', Times Online, (24 March 2008).
193. 'Dalai Lama a terrorist: China', Sydney Morning Herald, (3 April 2008).
194. Ching-Ching Ni, 'China steps up verbal assault on the Dalai Lama over Tibet', Los Angeles Times, (20 March 2008).
195. Jim Yardley, 'Simmering resentments led to Tibetan backlash', New York Times, (18 March 2008).
196. Miles of The Economist was in Lhasa from 12 March. Since he was expelled on 19 March, no other foreign, including Hong Kong, journalists were allowed into Tibetan areas.
197. Barnett, 'Thunder from Tibet'.
198. Tsering Shakya, 'Tibet and China: the past in the present', Open Democracy, (28 March 2009).
199. People's Daily Online carried a sample of Chinese netizens' discussions from various Chinese sites: 'Calls from netizens to cite TYC as terrorist organization', People's Daily, (10 April 2008), available at: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/6390139.html.
200. A Tibetan language blogger Lha-mo Sgrol-ma [Lhamo Dolma] posted this on her blog Lha-mo Sgrol-ma'I Zhin-bri [Lhamo Dolma's Blog]. The post with readers' comments is available at: http://www.tibetabc.cn/u/lamaozhuoma/archives/2008/2008930224950.html.
201. a translation of this blog-post 'A Day of Pain' is available at: http://www.highpeakspureearth.com/search/label/Discrimination. The Chinese original posted on 16 April 2009 is available at: http://qiagaba.tibetcul.com/58271.html.
202. Tsering Woeser, 'An owner and his pet: Tibetan/Han relations', (24 June 2008), available at: http://woeser.middle-way.net/2008/06/blog-post_24.html. English translation is available at: http://www.highpeakspureearth.com/2008/12/owner-and-his-pet-tibetanhan-relations.html.
203. 'Human flesh search engine' involves netizens banding together to dig up private details on a victim, from work-place and identity number to the addresses of parents to physically locate and abuse the victim and his/her family. Shakya also mentions that at the peak of the Olympic torch melee, a Tibetan student at Harvard University spoke in nuanced terms about the Sino-Tibetan conflict on American television and her family was berated by Tibetan nationalists.
204. Shaila Devan, 'Chinese student in US is caught in confrontation', New York Times, (17 April 2008).
205. Grace Wang, 'My China, my Tibet: caught in the middle, called a traitor', Washington Post, (20 April 2008).
206. Ash, 'Only a strategic partnership with China will keep this new dawn bright'.
207. John Fox and Francoise Godemet, A Power Audit of EU-China Relations (London: European Council on Foreign Relations, April 2009).
208. 'Dalai Lama ban halts conference', BBC, (24 March 2009).
209. Gillian Wong, 'China against Obama, Dalai Lama meeting', Time, (23 April 2009).
210. Lodi Gyari, 'Statement by Special Envoy of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Kasur Lodi Gyaltsen Gyar', (8 May 2008), available at: http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=341&rmenuid=11.
211. Symptomatic of the gulf between the two sides, they could not even agree on the description of these meetings. While the Chinese considered the Shenzhen meeting as a continuation of the dialogue process and called it the seventh round of talks, Dharamsala treated it as a special meeting apart from the dialogue process. As a knock-on effect, Dharamsala and Beijing designated the 30 June-3 July Beijing talks the seventh and eighth round of talks, respectively.
212. TGIE, 'Memorandum on genuine autonomy for the Tibetan People', (16 November 2008), available at: http://www.savetibet.org/policy-center/topics-fact-sheets/memorandum-genuine-autonomy-tibetan-people.
213. 'China says no compromise on national sovereignty, refutes Dalai's so-called "middle way"', Xinhua, (10 November 2008), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-11/10/content_10336956.htm.
214. Wang Lixiong and over 300 others, 'Twelve suggestions for dealing with the Tibetan situation, by some Chinese intellectuals', The New York Review of Books 55(8), (15 May 2008).
215. Edward Cody, 'China shuts out 2 lawyers over Tibetans' cases', Washington Post, (4 June 2008).
216. Xin Fei, 'Chinese lawyers provide voluntary legal assistance to detained Tibetans', Epoch Times, (8 April 2008).