For love or money: Developing and validating a motivational scale for fantasy football participation

Journal of Sport Management

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 70-83

  Dwyer, Brendan ^a   Kim, Yongjae ^b  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b KUTZTOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79551692454     PISSN: 08884773     EISSN: 1543270X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/jsm.25.1.70     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Bearden, W.O., & Netemeyer, R.G. (1999). Handbook of marketing scales: Multi-item measures for marketing and consumer behavior research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2. Bentler, P. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
3. Bernhard, B. J., & Eade, V. H. (2005). Gambling in a fantasy world: An exploratory study of rotisserie baseball games. UNLV Gaming Research and Review Journal, 9, 29-42. Retrieved from http://www.gamblib.org/catalogue/publication/682/
4. Blumler, J. (1979). The role of theory in uses and gratifications studies. Communication Research, 6, 9-36 Retrieved from http://crx.sagepub.com/.
5. Blumler, J., & Katz, E. (1974). The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
6. Carmines, E.G., & Zeller, R.A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
7. Churchill, G. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. JMR, Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=jmarkrese.
8. Churchill, G. (1995). Marketing research: Methodological foundations (5th ed.). London: The Dryden Press.
9. Clark, L.A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development [Special issue]. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309-319.
10. Comeau, T.O. (2007). Fantasy football participation and media usage (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia). Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/
11. Consumer Electronics Association. (2008). More sport fans watching March madness games on the Internet. Retrieved from http://www.ce.org/Press/CurrentNews/press_release_detail.asp?id=11478
12. Curran, P.J., West, S.G., & Finch, J.F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1, 16-29.
13. Davidson, N. (2002). Internet gambling: Should fantasy sports leagues be prohibited? The San Diego Law Review, 39, 201-231 Retrieved from http://www.sandiego.edu/law/news/blogs_publications/publications/journals/law_review/
14. Davis, N. W., & Duncan, M. C. (2006). Sports knowledge is power: Reinforcing masculine privilege through fantasy sport league participation. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 30, 244-264. Retrieved from http://jss.sagepub.com/
15. Deci, E.L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum Press.
16. DeVellis, R.F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
17. Drayer, J., Shapiro, S., Dwyer, B., Morse, A., & White, J. (2010). The effects of fantasy football participation on NFL consumption: A qualitative analysis. Sport Management Review, 13, 129-141.
18. Eighmey, J., & McCord, L. (1998). Adding value in the information age: Uses and gratifications of sites on the World Wide Web. Journal of Business Research, 41, 187-194.
19. Elliott, W.R., & Rosenberg, W.L. (1987). The 1985 Philadelphia newspaper strike: A uses and gratifications study. The Journalism Quarterly, 64, 679-687 Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/journal/0196-3031_The_journalism_quarterly
20. Fantasy Sports Trade Association. (2008, July 7). Fantasy sports industry grows to a $800 million industry with 29.9 million players. Retrieved from http://www.fsta.org/news/pressreleases/
21. Farquhar, L.K., & Meeds, R. (2007). Types of fantasy sports users and their motivations. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1208-1228.
22. Ferguson, D., & Perse, E. (2000). The world wide web as a functional alternative to television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44, 155-174 Retrieved from http://www.beaweb.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=JOBEM&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=3020.
23. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. JMR, Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=jmarkrese.
24. Funk, D.C., Mahony, D.F., & Ridinger, L. (2002). Characterizing consumer motivation as individual difference factors: Augmenting the sport interest inventory (SII) to explain level of spectator support. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11, 33-43. Retrieved from http://www.fitinfotech.com/smq/smq.tpl
25. Grigorovici, D., & Constantin, C. (2004). Experiencing interactive advertising beyond rich media: Impacts of ad type and presence on brand effectiveness in 3D gaming immersive virtual environments. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 4(3), N.PAG. Retrieved from http://www.jiad.org/
26. Haridakis, P., & Hanson, G. (2009). Social interaction and co-viewing with YouTube: Blending mass communication reception and social connection. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 53, 317-335. Retrieved from http://www.beaweb.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=JOBEM&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=3020
27. Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55 Retrieved from http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10705511.asp
28. Indiana University, Sports and Entertainment Academy, Kelley School of Business. (2000). It's football, friends, and fun, but few women interested in sports fantasy leagues, study finds. Retrieved from http://www.luinfo.indiana.edu/ocm/releases/fantasy.htm
29. Kaiser, H. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35, 401-415.
30. Katz, E., Blumler, J., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and gratifications research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37, 509-523 Retrieved from http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/.
31. Kim, Y., & Ross, S.D. (2006). An exploration of motives in sport video gaming. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 8, 34-46.
32. Kim, Y., Walsh, P., & Ross, S. (2008). The examination of psychological and consumptive behavior of sport video gamers. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17, 44-53. Retrieved from http://www.fitinfotech.com/smq/smq.tpl
33. Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J., Helgeson, V., & Crawford, A. (2002). Internet paradox revisited. The Journal of Social Issues, 58, 49-74 Retrieved from http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0022-4537&site=1.
34. Lance, C.E., Butts, M.M., & Michels, L.C. (2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria: What did they really say? Organizational Research Methods, 9, 202-220 Retrieved from http://orm.sagepub.com/.
35. Leporini, C.M. (2006, December 7). Fantasy sports bring real opportunities. American Marketing Association -Marketing Matters Newsletter. Retrieved from http://www.marketingpower.com/content-printerfriendly.php?&Item_ID=300363
36. Levy, M., & Windahl, S. (1984). Audience activity and gratifications: A conceptual clarification and exploration. Communication Research, 11, 51-78 Retrieved from http://crx.sagepub.com/.
37. Lin, C.A. (1993). Modeling the gratification-seeking process of television viewing. Human Communication Research, 20, 224-244 Retrieved from http://crx.sagepub.com/.
38. Lomax, R.G. (2006). Fantasy sports: History, game types, and research. In A.A. Raney & J. Bryant (Eds.), Handbook of sports and media (pp. 383-392). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
39. McQuail, D. (1994). Mass communication theory: An introduction. London: Sage.
40. Milne, G.R., & McDonald, M.A. (1999). Sport marketing: Managing the exchange process. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
41. Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
42. Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A.M. (2000). Predictors of Internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44, 175-196 Retrieved from http://www.beaweb.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=JOBEM&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=3020.
43. Pelletier, L.M., Fortier, M.S., Vallerand, R.J., Tuson, K.M., Briere, N.M., & Blais, N.M. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The sport motivation scale (SMS). Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 35-53 Retrieved from http://hk.humankinetics.com/JSEP/.
44. Pritchard, M.P., & Funk, D.C. (2006). Symbiosis and substitution in spectator sport. Journal of Sport Management, 20, 299-321 Retrieved from http://hk.humankinetics.com/JSM/.
45. Quan-Haase, A., & Wellman, B. (2004). How does the Internet affect social capital? In M. Huysman & V. Wulf (Eds.), Social capital and information technology (pp. 113-131). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
46. Rein, I., Kotler, P., & Shields, B. (2006). The elusive fan: Reinventing sports in a crowded marketplace. New York: McGraw-Hill.
47. Rubin, A. (1994). Media uses and effects: a uses and gratifications perspective. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 417-436). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
48. Rubin, A.M., & Perse, E.M. (1987). Audience activity and television news gratifications. Communication Research, 14, 58-84 Retrieved from http://crx.sagepub.com/
49. Ruggiero, T. (2000). Uses and gratification theory in the 21st century. Mass Communication & Society, 3, 3-37 Retrieved from http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/HMCS
50. Seo, W.J., & Green, B.C. (2008). Development of the motivation scale for sport online consumption. Journal of Sport Management, 22, 82-109 Retrieved from http://hk.humankinetics.com/JSM/
51. Shipman, F.M. (2001). Blending the real and virtual: Activity and spectatorship in fantasy sports. Proceedings from DAC '01: The Conference on Digital Arts and Culture. Retrieved from http://www.stg.brown.edu/conferences/DAC/
52. Sloan, L.R. (1989). The motives of sport fans. In J.H. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports, games, and play: Social and psychological viewpoints (2nd ed., pp. 175-240). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
53. Sundar, S., & Kim, J. (2005). Interactivity and persuasion: Influencing attitudes with information and involvement. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 5(2), N.PAG. Retrieved from http://www.jiad.org/
54. Swanson, D. (1987). Gratification seeking, media exposure, and audience interpretations: Some directions for research. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 31, 237-254 Retrieved from http://www.beaweb.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=JOBEM&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=3020
55. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
56. Trail, G.T., Anderson, D.F., & Fink, J. (2000). A theoretical model of sport fan consumption behavior. International Journal of Sport Management, 3, 154-180 Retrieved from http://www.americanpresspublishers.com/IJSM.html
57. Trail, G.T., & James, J.D. (2001). The motivation scale for sport consumption: Assessment of the scale's psychometric properties. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, 108-127 Retrieved from http://www.southalabama.edu/psychology/journal.html
58. Wann, D.L. (1995). Preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 1-17 Retrieved from http://hk.humankinetics.com/JSEP/
59. Welte, J.W., Barnes, G.M., Wieczorek, W.F., & Tidwell, M. (2004). Gambling participation and pathology in the U.S. - A sociodemographic analysis using classification trees. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 983-990.
60. Woodward, D. (2005). A whole new ballgame: How fantasy sports has evolved in the mass media (Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington). Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/