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Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 37-61

Impact of international mechanisms on indigenous rights in Botswana

Author keywords

Advocacy; CKGR court case; Donors; Human rights; Indigenous rights; NGOS; Transnational movements

Indexed keywords


EID: 79551561524     PISSN: 13642987     EISSN: 1744053X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13642987.2011.529688     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (28)

References (97)
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    • See for instance
    • See for instance Andrea Muehlebach, 'What Self in Self-Determination? Notes from the Frontiers of Transnational Indigenous Activism', Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power no. 10 (2003), 241-68
    • (2003) Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power , vol.10 , pp. 241-268
    • Muehlebach, A.1
  • 2
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    • The Origins of Indigenism
    • (Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Ronald Niezen, The Origins of Indigenism. Human Rights and the Politics of Identity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003)
    • (2003) Human Rights and The Politics of Identity
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  • 5
    • 0004028014 scopus 로고
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    • Harald Eidheim, Stages in the Development of Sami Selfhood (Oslo: Department of Social Anthropology, University of Oslo, 1992), 4.
    • (1992) Stages in the Development of Sami Selfhood , pp. 4
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  • 6
    • 84899207296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • Damien Short, Reconciliation and Colonial Power. Indigenous Rights in Australia (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008).
    • (2008) Indigenous Rights in Australia
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  • 7
    • 68149162760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Celebrating San Victory Too Soon? Reflections on the Outcome of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve Case
    • Julie Taylor, 'Celebrating San Victory Too Soon? Reflections on the Outcome of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve Case', Anthropology Today, no. 3 (2007), 3-5
    • (2007) Anthropology Today , vol.3 , pp. 3-5
    • Taylor, J.1
  • 8
    • 79551534389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notes on the Outcome of the CKGR Court Case, Botswana
    • Sidsel Saugestad, 'Notes on the Outcome of the CKGR Court Case, Botswana', Before Farming, no. 4 (2006).
    • (2006) Before Farming , Issue.4
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  • 9
    • 85110007972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • Sally Engle Merry, 'Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle', American Anthropologist 8, no. 1 (2006): 41.
    • (2006) American Anthropologist , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 41
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  • 10
    • 0000987355 scopus 로고
    • Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-sited Ethnography
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    • (1995) Annual Review of Anthropology , vol.24 , pp. 95-117
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  • 13
    • 0002791834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction
    • Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp and Kathryn Sikkink, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Thomas Risse and Kathryn Sikkink, 'The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction', in The Power of Human Rights. International Norms and Domestic Change, ed. Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp and Kathryn Sikkink (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 18.
    • (1999) The Power of Human Rights. International Norms and Domestic Change , pp. 18
    • Risse, T.1    Sikkink, K.2
  • 14
    • 24344490396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Emerging International Architecture of Indigenous Rights: The Interaction between Global, Regional and National Dimensions
    • Willem van Genugten and Camilo Perez-Bustillo, 'The Emerging International Architecture of Indigenous Rights: The Interaction between Global, Regional and National Dimensions', International Journal of Minority and Group Rights no. 11 (2004): 381.
    • (2004) International Journal of Minority and Group Rights , vol.11 , pp. 381
    • van Genugten, W.1    Perez-Bustillo, C.2
  • 15
    • 0036904972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precarious Alliances
    • Dorothy Hodgeson, 'Precarious Alliances', American Anthropologist 104, no. 4 (2002): 1086-97.
    • (2002) American Anthropologist , vol.104 , Issue.4 , pp. 1086-1097
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  • 16
    • 79551573422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed 1 June)
    • http://www.geocities.com/reteng_we_are_here/ (accessed 1 June 2009).
    • (2009)
  • 18
    • 85044815483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Benefit of Frame Resonance Disputes for Transnational Movements: The Case of Botswana's Central Kalahari Game Reserve
    • Danielle Resnick makes an interesting analysis of the two disputing frames in the article, My conclusions are different from hers, as will be explained later
    • Danielle Resnick makes an interesting analysis of the two disputing frames in the article 'The Benefit of Frame Resonance Disputes for Transnational Movements: The Case of Botswana's Central Kalahari Game Reserve', Social Movement Studies 8, no. 1 (2009), 55-72. My conclusions are different from hers, as will be explained later.
    • (2009) Social Movement Studies , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-72
  • 19
    • 79551553002 scopus 로고
    • Garabone: Government Printer
    • Fact Finding Mission (Garabone: Government Printer, 1985).
    • (1985) Fact Finding Mission
  • 23
    • 79551511641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • A working definition is found in UN documents that bring out four principles to be taken into account: (a) priority in time, with respect to the occupation and use of a specific territory; (b) the voluntary perpetuation of cultural distinctiveness, which may include aspects of language, social organisation, religion and spiritual values, modes of production, laws and institutions; (c) an experience of subjugation, marginalisation, dispossession, exclusion or discrimination, whether or not these conditions persist; and (d) self-identification, as well as recognition by other groups, as well as state authorities, as a distinct collectivity (E/CN.4/Sub.2/ACV.4/ 1996/2).
  • 25
    • 79551541537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Channeled initially through the Copenhagen-based International Working Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA).
  • 26
    • 79551564407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Noakwe is Naro and means 'the Red People', a commonly used label of self-designation, in contrast to 'the Black People', the Bantu peoples who make up the majority. The early activists tried to establish Noakwe as a common (generic) name for all San people, but because of the substantial difference between the San languages this has not succeeded.
  • 28
    • 79551530600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Ambassadors and an official of the European Commission in Gaborone visited the area on 22-23 May 1996 and were assured by the government representatives that 'not only no forcible resettlement will be carried out but social services to people who wish to stay in the reserve will not be discontinued and economic development related to wildlife or tourism activities will also be encouraged'.
  • 29
    • 79551519164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ambassadors Visit Ghanzi to get First Hand Information about Xade Issue
    • 29 May
    • 'Ambassadors Visit Ghanzi to get First Hand Information about Xade Issue', Dayly News, 29 May 1996.
    • (1996) Dayly News
  • 30
    • 79551571672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Two representatives from each of the seven Central Kalahari Settlements, and The First People of the Kalahari (FPK), Kuru Development Trust, WIMSA Botswana, Ditshwanelo (the Botswana Centre of Human Rights) and Botswana Council of Churches.
  • 31
    • 79551542742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Generally perceived as being 'from Cape Town', although the office was in Stellenbosh.
  • 32
    • 79551530977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • This process was underway, and was completed in 1999.
  • 33
    • 79551515053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Rights of Indigenous Peoples in South Africa
    • Robert Hitchcock and Diana Vinding, eds, Copenhagen: IWGIA
    • See R. Chennells and A. du Toit, 'The Rights of Indigenous Peoples in South Africa', Robert Hitchcock and Diana Vinding, eds. Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Southern Africa, IWGIA Document (Copenhagen: IWGIA, 2004), 98-113.
    • (2004) Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Southern Africa, IWGIA Document , pp. 98-113
    • Chennells, R.1    du Toit, A.2
  • 34
    • 79551553352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Kg'oesakeni was the original name, meaning 'in search of life'. The settlement later became known as New Xade, reflecting internal debates among those who had came from the original Xade.
  • 37
    • 79551557856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • MISCA No. 52 of 2002 in the matter between Roy Sesana (1st Applicant), Keiwa Setlhobogwa and 241 others (2nd and further Applicants) and the Attorney General (in his capacity as recognised agent of the government of the republic of Botswana, (Respondent).
  • 38
    • 79551550681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed July)
    • http://www.gov.bw/basarwa/background.html (accessed July 2009).
    • (2009)
  • 39
    • 50149093115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Improving their Lives". State Policies and San Resistance in Botswana
    • For details see
    • For details see Sidsel Saugestad, '"Improving their Lives". State Policies and San Resistance in Botswana', Before Farming 4 (2005).
    • (2005) Before Farming , pp. 4
    • Saugestad, S.1
  • 41
    • 79551562820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Statement, 24 April
    • Press Statement, Ditshwanelo, 24 April 2002.
    • (2002)
  • 42
    • 79551536374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Statement, 11 July
    • Press Statement, Ditshwanelo, 11 July 2004.
    • (2004)
  • 43
    • 79551543807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • The cost is not known. Survival International does on principle not solicit funding from states, in order to ensure its independent position, and financial or other details about the scope of assistance to the applicants are not available.
  • 44
    • 79551551921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • In Norway, the protest against a dam encroaching on Saami reindeer-herding territories was rejected and a dam was built. But the massive mobilisation of public opinion led to a number of government initiatives that in the following years significantly changed the position of the Saami indigenous minority within Norwegian law and constitution.
  • 46
    • 79551541928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed July
    • http://www.survival-international.org/files/pressroom/bushmen_press_pack/case_in_numbers.doc (accessed July 2009).
    • (2009)
  • 47
    • 79551561370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Some had fallen out when mandates were transferred to the new legal team; some had died in the meantime.
  • 48
    • 79551571336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Later this ruling was modified to include spouses and older children.
  • 50
    • 79551538169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Richtersveld Challenge: South Africa Finally Adopts Aboriginal Title
    • ed. Robert Hitchcock and Diana Vinding, Copenhagen: IWGIA Document
    • See T.M. Chan, 'The Richtersveld Challenge: South Africa Finally Adopts Aboriginal Title', in Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Southern Africa, ed. Robert Hitchcock and Diana Vinding (Copenhagen: IWGIA Document, 2004), 114-33.
    • (2004) Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Southern Africa , pp. 114-133
    • Chan, T.M.1
  • 52
    • 79551542741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Dow, page 232 in transcript of judgement.
    • Dow1
  • 56
    • 79551517533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in transcript of judgement
    • Judge Dow, 189-90, in transcript of judgement.
    • Dow, J.1
  • 57
    • 79551544138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • James Workman compares the prohibition on access to water to siege tactics used through history, 'using thirst and water to coerce insubordinate people', New York: Walker Publishing Company
    • James Workman compares the prohibition on access to water to siege tactics used through history, 'using thirst and water to coerce insubordinate people', in Heart of Dryness (New York: Walker Publishing Company, 2009), 46.
    • (2009) Heart of Dryness , pp. 46
  • 58
    • 79551549246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • See also Hitchcock, this volume.
  • 59
    • 79551528315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Founding affidavit signed by Roy Sesana, February 2002. Not published.
  • 61
    • 79551551400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • In a much publicised case about traditional land rights in northern Norway (the 'Black Forest'
  • 62
    • 79551512393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • In a much publicised case about traditional land rights in northern Norway (the 'Black Forest'case) the entitlement for local people according to ILO convention 169 was recognised, as Norway has signed the convention. But even then it was ruled that the documentation of traditional land use provided sufficient grounds for the recognition of their legal rights.
  • 63
    • 78649558256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape and Resistance. Transformation of Saami Common Land from Dwelling to Political Landscape
    • forthcoming)
    • Bjørn Bjerkli, 'Landscape and Resistance. Transformation of Saami Common Land from Dwelling to Political Landscape', Acta Borealia (2010, forthcoming).
    • (2010) Acta Borealia
    • Bjerkli, B.1
  • 64
    • 79551507148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This started immediately after the verdict.Wildlife scouts would not allow wives and children of applicants into the reserve as they tried to return in, January
    • This started immediately after the verdict.Wildlife scouts would not allow wives and children of applicants into the reserve as they tried to return in January 2007.
    • (2007)
  • 65
    • 79551554450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basarwa Not Allowed into CKGR?
    • January 5
    • 'Basarwa Not Allowed into CKGR?', Mmegi, January 5, 2007.
    • Mmegi , pp. 2007
  • 66
    • 79551518116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basarwa Want Permission to Drill a Borehole in the CKGR
    • 20 November
    • Basarwa Want Permission to Drill a Borehole in the CKGR', Sunday Standard, 20 November 2009.
    • (2009) Sunday Standard
  • 68
    • 79551535129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • By the time of breaking up, the First People of the Kalahari was also suffering from internal strife over lack of payment to staff and disagreements over further strategies.
  • 69
    • 79551567613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FPK Broke, Embroiled in Internal Fights
    • May 24
    • 'FPK Broke, Embroiled in Internal Fights', Sunday Standard, May 24, 2008.
    • (2008) Sunday Standard
  • 70
    • 79551516079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in transcript of judgement
    • Judge Phumaphi, page 398, in transcript of judgement.
    • Phumaphi, J.1
  • 71
    • 79551537085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • The issues were: Concern that community members were arrested when trying to re-enter CKGR, communities still denied the right to bring goats back to CKGR, community members not issued with special game licences, restrictions on the amount of water allowed into CKGR. The minister promised to kick start meetings on CKGR.
  • 72
    • 79551569485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint Press Statement from The Government of Botswana, the CKGR Residents' Committee and the CKGR Non-Governmental Organisations' Coalition on the Central Kalahari Game Reserve Consultation Process, Gaborone, 3 June
    • Joint Press Statement from The Government of Botswana, the CKGR Residents' Committee and the CKGR Non-Governmental Organisations' Coalition on the Central Kalahari Game Reserve Consultation Process, Gaborone, 3 June 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 73
    • 79551571993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Summary of reactions to the CKGR Joint Statement of 3 May 2010 prepared by the CKGR NGO coalition 18 June 2010.
  • 74
    • 79551551399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • July 22
    • Mmegi, July 22, 2010.
    • (2010) Mmegi
  • 75
    • 79551546595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report of the African Commission's Working Group on Indigenous Populations/Communities. Mission to the Republic of Botswana, 15-12 June 2005. See also Press Release from the African Commission, 10 August, (accessed 10 August
    • Report of the African Commission's Working Group on Indigenous Populations/Communities. Mission to the Republic of Botswana, 15-12 June 2005. See also Press Release from the African Commission, 10 August 2010, http://www.achpr.org (accessed 10 August 2010).
    • (2010)
  • 77
    • 79551556385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • This analysis is based on information from Survival's webpage and other information material, talks with Survival staff and the applicants during the court case, and an interview with Stephen Corry and other SI staff in London in October 2004.
  • 78
    • 79551559806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SI Press Release, 11 May
    • SI Press Release, 11 May 2010
    • (2010)
  • 79
    • 79551516434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also, (accessed May)
    • see also http://www.survivalinternational.org/about/wildernesssafaris (accessed May 2010).
    • (2010)
  • 80
    • 79551572349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed January)
    • http://www.debeersgroup.com/en/Media-centre/Press-releases/2009/Historic-Investment (accessed January 2010).
    • (2010)
  • 81
    • 0038709439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Not Forever: Botswana, Conflict Diamonds and the Bushmen
    • See also
    • See also Ian Taylor and J. Mokhawa, 'Not Forever: Botswana, Conflict Diamonds and the Bushmen', African Affairs 407 (2002): 261-83
    • (2002) African Affairs , vol.407 , pp. 261-283
    • Taylor, I.1    Mokhawa, J.2
  • 83
    • 79551511998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • See for instance the infamous front cover of The Ecologist of September 2003 'Dying for de Beers'.
  • 84
    • 79551516811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Concession has been given for mining in the Gope area, and will probably start up as soon as the market picks up after the 2008/2009 recession.
  • 86
    • 79551545844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The USA based Indigenous Land Rights Fund and Diamonds for Africa Fund, a registered charity that solicits funding 'to help rebuild African communities harmed by the diamond trade', (accessed February 25
    • The USA based Indigenous Land Rights Fund and Diamonds for Africa Fund, a registered charity that solicits funding 'to help rebuild African communities harmed by the diamond trade', http://diamondsforafricafund.org (accessed February 25, 2010).
    • (2010)
  • 87
    • 79551545603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SI Press Release, 8 October
    • SI Press Release, 8 October 2005.
    • (2005)
  • 88
    • 79551529737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SI Press Release, 12 September
    • SI Press Release, 12 September 2005.
    • (2005)
  • 89
    • 79551533635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival International Answers to Martin Horwood, MP
    • November 30
    • Survival International Answers to Martin Horwood, MP', Mmegi, November 30, 2007.
    • (2007) Mmegi
  • 91
    • 79551563193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Her analysis is a perfectly logical argument seen from the outside, but does not address the divisions within local organisations. Hence we draw different conclusions about long-term impact.
  • 92
  • 93
    • 79551523251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November 30
    • The Mirror, November 30, 2005.
    • (2005) The Mirror
  • 94
    • 79551523251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November 30
    • The Mirror, November 30, 2005.
    • (2005) The Mirror
  • 95
    • 79551528313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statement 6 July, (accessed July 2005), page no longerfunctional
    • Statement 6 July 2005, http://www.wimsareg.org (accessed July 2005), page no longerfunctional.
    • (2005)
  • 96
    • 73449108792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Rights and NGO "Wrongs": Conflict Diamonds, Culture Wars and the "Bushman Question"
    • Jacqueline Solway, 'Human Rights and NGO "Wrongs": Conflict Diamonds, Culture Wars and the "Bushman Question"', Africa 79, no. 3 (2009), 321-46.
    • (2009) Africa , vol.79 , Issue.3 , pp. 321-346
    • Solway, J.1
  • 97
    • 79551521400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond the "Columbus Context": New Challenges as the Indigenous Discourse is Applied to Africa
    • ed. Henry Minde, Delft: Eburon
    • Sidsel Saugestad, 'Beyond the "Columbus Context": New Challenges as the Indigenous Discourse is Applied to Africa', in Indigenous Peoples. Self-determination, Knowledge, Indigeneity, ed. Henry Minde (Delft: Eburon, 2008), 157-73.
    • (2008) Indigenous Peoples. Self-determination, Knowledge, Indigeneity , pp. 157-173
    • Saugestad, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.