The noble American science of imperial relations and its laws of race development

Comparative Studies in Society and History

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 909-938

  Vitalis, Robert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; IMPERIALISM; POLITICAL RELATIONS; RACE; SOVEREIGNTY; STATE ROLE;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 79551510143     PISSN: 00104175     EISSN: 14752999     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0010417510000502     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. "Books and Politics-An Address on the Completion of a New Library Building at Princeton University" (1898), in The Launching of a University and Other Papers (New York: Dodd, Mead) 1906, 195-219: 214.
2. "TheConquest of theUnited States bySpain," delivered before the PhiBetaKappa Society ofYale University atCollegeStreetHall, NewHaven, 16 Jan. 1899; Yale Law Journal 8, 4 (Jan. 1899): 168-93.
3. Quoted in George W. Stocking, Jr., Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982 [1968]), 114.
4. See John A. Fairlie, "Politics and Science," Scientific Monthly 18, 1 (Jan. 1924): 18-37: 21, 24.
5. George Cornewall Lewis, An Essay on the Government of Dependencies (London: John Murray, 1841), v.
6. W. Randolph Burgess, "Introductory Remarks," Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 14, 2 (Jan. 1931): 213-14, 213.
7. See David Long, "Paternalism and the Internationalization of Imperialism: J. A. Hobson on the International Government of the 'Lower Races,'" 71-92;
8. Robert Vitalis, "Birth of a Discipline," 159-82
9. both in David Long and Brian Schmidt, eds., Imperialism and Internationalism in the Discipline of International Relations (New York: State University of New York Press 2005);
10. and Brian Schmidt, The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations (New York: State University of New York Press, 1998).
11. Alleyne Ireland, "On the Need for a Scientific Study of Colonial Administration," Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, vol. 3, Third Annual Meeting (1906): 210-21, 210.
12. Alleyne Ireland, Tropical Colonization: An Introduction to the Study of the Subject (New York: Macmillan, 1899).
13. "America's Race Problems. Addresses at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, April 12-13, 1901," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 18, 1 (July 1901).
14. W.E.B. Du Bois, "The Present Outlook for the Dark Races of Mankind," A.M.E. Church Review 17, 2 (Oct. 1900): 95-110.
15. In addition to the papers in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 18, "America's Race Problems," see Carl Kelsey, "The Negro Farmer," Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1903.
16. Hilary Herbert, "The Race Problem of the South," Annals 18 (July 1901): 95-101, 97, 99.
17. W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Relation of the Negroes to the Whites in the South," Annals 18 (July 1901): 121-40, 121-22.
18. The paper became chapter 9 of Souls of Black Folk (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1903), titled "Of the Sons of Masters and Men."
19. Souls of Black Folk, 1903 Ibid.: 122.
20. See Cleland Boyd McAfee, "Studies in the American Race Problem," Journal of the Royal African Society 8, 30 (Jan. 1909): 145-53.
21. For Du Bois at the Congress, see David Levering Lewis, W. E. B Du Bois-Biography of a Race, 1868-1919 (New York: Henry Holt, 1993), 251.
22. John Hobson, "The Scientific Basis of Imperialism," Political Science Quarterly 17, 3 (Sept. 1902): 460-89.
23. Mia Bay, "'The World Was thinking Wrong about Race': The Philadelphia Negro and Nineteenth-Century Science," in Michael Katz and Thomas Sugrue, eds., W.E.B. Du Bois, Race, and the City (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), 41-60.
24. Dorothy Ross, Origins of American Social Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 128-30.
25. On reform Darwinism, see Robert Bannister, Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979), 137-62.
26. Franklin Giddings, "Imperialism?" Political Science Quarterly 13, 4 (Dec. 1898): 585-605, 585-86.
27. Franklin Giddings, Political Science Quarterly 13, 4, 1898, Ibid.: 586-87.
28. Franklin Giddings, Political Science Quarterly 13, 4, 1898, Ibid.: 595-99, direct quotes 600.
29. Franklin Giddings, Political Science Quarterly 13, 4, 1898, Ibid.: 602-4.
30. William Sumner, "The Conquest of the United States by Spain," Yale Law Journal 8, 4 (1899): 168-93, 178.
31. JohnWilliam Burgess, "How May the United States Govern Its Extra-Continental Territory?," Political Science Quarterly 14, 1 (Mar. 1899): 1-18, 1;
32. and, Reminiscences of an American Scholar: The Beginnings of Columbia University (New York: Columbia University Press, 1934), 312.
33. JohnWilliam Burgess, Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law, vol. 1, "Sovereignty and Liberty" (Boston: Ginn and Company 1890), 39.
34. JohnWilliam Burgess, Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law, vol. 1, "Sovereignty and Liberty", 1890 Ibid., 46.
35. Begin with Julius Pratt, "The 'Large Policy' of 1898," Mississippi Valley Historical Review 19, 2 (Sept. 1932): 219-42, 239.
36. John W. Burgess, "The Ideal of the American Commonwealth," Political Science Quarterly 10, 3 (Sept. 1985): 405.
37. John W. Burgess, Political Science Quarterly, 3, 1985 Ibid.: 407, 410-11.
38. See most recently Paul Gibb, "Unmasterly Inactivity? Sir Julian Pauncefote, Lord Salisbury, and the Venezuela Boundary Dispute," Diplomacy and Statecraft 16 (2005): 23-55, 24.
39. John W. Burgess, "The Recent Pseudo-Monroeism." Political Science Quarterly 11, 1 (Mar. 1896): 44-67.
40. John W. Burgess, Political Science Quarterly 11, 1, 1896 Ibid.: 45.
41. John W. Burgess, Political Science Quarterly 11, 1, 1896 Ibid.: 52.
42. John W. Burgess, Political Science Quarterly 11, 1, 1896 Ibid.: 55.
43. John W. Burgess, Political Science Quarterly 11, 1, 1896 Ibid.: 66.
44. Theodore Roosevelt, "The Monroe Doctrine," in American Ideals and Other Essays, Social and Political (New York: G. Putnam's Sons, 1897), 220.
45. Theodore Roosevelt, American Ideals and Other Essays, Social and Political, 1897, Ibid., 223.
46. Theodore Roosevelt, American Ideals and Other Essays, Social and Political, 1897 Ibid., 227.
47. Theodore Roosevelt, American Ideals and Other Essays, Social and Political, 1897 Ibid., 227-28.
48. John W. Burgess, "How May the United States Govern Its Extra-Continental Territory?" Political Science Quarterly 4, 1 (Mar. 1899): 1-18.
49. John W. Burgess, Political Science Quarterly 4, 1, 1899 Ibid.: 2.
50. John W. Burgess, Political Science Quarterly 4, 1, 1899 Ibid.: 14.
51. John W. Burgess, Political Science Quarterly 4, 1, 1899 Ibid.: 3.
52. John W. Burgess, Political Science Quarterly 4, 1, 1899 Ibid.: 11.
53. John W. Burgess, Political Science Quarterly 4, 1, 1899 Ibid.: 17-18.
54. No new book-length treatment of Hawaiian annexation has appeared since Thomas J Osborne's, "Empire Can Wait": American Opposition to Hawaiian Annexation, 1893-1898 (Kent, Oh.: Kent State University Press, 1981), updating the key texts by Julius Pratt in the 1930s, and Merze Tate in the 1960s.
55. Lanny Thompson, "The Imperial Republic: A Comparison of the Insular Territories under U.S. Dominion after 1898," Pacific Historical Review 71, 4 (Nov. 2002): 535-74.
56. For the rulings known collectively as "the Insular Cases," see Rogers Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 433-39.
57. On the color ban at Harvard, see Nell Painter, "Jim Crow at Harvard: 1923," New England Quarterly 44, 4 (Dec. 1971): 627-34.
58. Albert Lawrence Lowell, "The Status of Our New Possessions-AThird View," Harvard Law Review 13, 3 (Nov. 1899): 155-76.
59. See Albert Lawrence Lowell, "The Colonial Expansion of the United States," Atlantic Monthly 83, 496 (Jan. 1899): 145-54.
60. Albert Bushnell Hart, Actual Government as Applied under American Conditions, 4th rev. ed. (New York: Longmans, Green and Co, 1919 [1903]), 368-69.
61. See John W Burgess, "The Decision of the Supreme Court in the Insular Cases," Political Science Quarterly 16, 3 (Sept. 1901): 486-504.
62. John Hobson, "The Scientific Basis of Imperialism," Political Science Quarterly 17, 3 (Sept. 1902): 460-89, quotes 487-88.
63. The World's Work, A History of Our Time 1, 1 (Nov. 1900): 4, 17.
64. For this characterization of progressives, see his "What Is Real Progress in Political Civilization?" 12 Oct. 1921, Box Labeled "Burgess, John W, Manuscripts: Addresses and Articles # 1," John William Burgess (1844-1931) Papers, Special Collections, Low Library, Columbia University, New York.
65. See John W. Burgess, Recent Changes in Constitutional Theory (New York: Columbia University Press, 1923), http://www.constitution.org/jwb/burgess.htm, ch. 3, "Constitutional Development or Transformation from 1898 to 1914," unpaginated (unfortunately);
66. and Reminiscences, 312-41;
67. Reconciliation of Government with Liberty (New York: Charles Scriber's Sons, 1915), 358-83;
68. Foundations of Political Science (New York: Columbia University Press, 1933), 134-40.
69. "The Boston Meeting of the American Historical Association," American Historical Review 5, 3 (Apr. 1900): 424-25.
70. American Historical Review 5, 3, 1900: 424-25 Ibid.
71. See Edward Silva and Sheila Slaughter, "Prometheus Bound: The Limits of Social Science Professionalization in the Progressive Period," Theory and Society 9, 6 (1980): 781-819, 791-92.
72. See Westel W. Willoughby, "Report of the Secretary for the Year 1904," Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, vol. 1, First Annual Meeting (1904), 27-32, 30.
73. JamesWatson, "Bernard Moses: Pioneer in Latin American Scholarship," Hispanic American Historical Review 42, 2 (1962): 212-16, 212.
74. In Howard J. Rogers, ed., Congress of Arts and Sciences, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, vol. 7 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), 387-98.
75. Paul Reinsch, "The Negro Race and European Civilization," American Journal of Sociology 11, 2 (Sept. 1905): 145-67.
76. Ireland, "On the Need for a Scientific Study," 210.
77. Donald Worcester, A River Running West: The Life of John Wesley Powell (New York: Oxford, 2001), p. 96 for "Anglo-Saxon, and p. 398 for the paraphrase of Powell's vision for the Bureau. Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution, 128-29, for Powell's late anthropology.
78. Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution, 112, 121.
79. Carl Degler, In Search of Human Nature (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 15.
80. See, however, a slightly contrasting reading of Darwin in Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution, 46-47.
81. See Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution, 54-55, 63-65.
82. Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution, Ibid., 48-49.
83. Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution, Ibid., 240.
84. Quoted in Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution, ibid., 244.
85. Paul Reinsch, "The Negro Race and European Civilization," American Journal of Sociology 11, 2 (Sept. 1905): 145-67, quotes in this paragraph from 145-48, 150-52.
86. Paul Reinsch, American Journal of Sociology 11, 2, 1905 Ibid.: 154-55.
87. Paul Reinsch, American Journal of Sociology 11, 2, 1905 Ibid.: 164-66.
88. Paul Reinsch, American Journal of Sociology 11, 2, 1905 Ibid.: 166-67.
89. John H. Harris commenting on the Simon Report for India and as reported in Pacific Affairs 3, 9 (Sept. 1930): 897.
90. Edwin W. Smith, "The Book of the Quarter: Africa Emergent," Journal of the Royal African Society 38, 150 (Jan. 1939): 75
91. quoting W. M. Macmillan, as part of a review of his Africa Emergent: A Survey of Social, Political and Economic Trends in British Africa (1938).
92. "Across about twenty years," Lemarkianism in biology ended "not with a bang but a whimper ... as its older defenders passed away and younger biologists directed their research along Mendelian lines." Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution, 254.
93. Stocking, Race, Culture, and Evolution, Ibid., 214.
94. Degler, In Search of Human Nature, 67.
95. Lee Baker, From Savage to Negro: Anthropology and the Construction of Race, 1896-1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 99-126.
96. W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Development of a People," International Journal of Ethics 14, 3 (Apr. 1904): 292-311.
97. See Carl Kelsey, "The Evolution of Negro Labor," Annals 21, Current Labor Problems (special issue, Jan. 1903): 55-76.
98. Carl Kelsey, comments on D. Collin Wells, "Social Darwinism," American Journal of Sociology 12, 5 (Mar. 1907): 711.
99. Gustav Spiiller, ed., Papers on Inter-Racial Problems (London: P. S. King, 1911).
100. Unsigned account, "Science and the Millennium," Times, 28 July 1911: 8.
101. Julian Go, "Sociology's Imperial Unconscious: The Emergence of American Sociology in the Context of Empire," in George Steinmetz, ed., Sociology and Empire (Chapel Hill: Duke University Press, forthcoming).
102. Arturo Escobar Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), 26-28.