Mentally ill offenders in prison: The Belgian case

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 71-78

  Vandevelde, Stijn ^a,b   Soyez, Veerle ^b   Vander Beken, Tom ^b   De Smet, Stefaan ^a   Boers, Anja ^a   Broekaert, Eric ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE GHENT   (Belgium)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Ethics; Forensic psychiatry; Internment; Mentally ill offender; Psychiatric expertise

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BELGIUM; CRIMINAL JUSTICE; CRIMINAL LAW; EXPERT WITNESS; FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY; LEGAL EVIDENCE; MEDICAL ETHICS; MENTAL DISEASE; OFFENDER; PRISON; PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; SCREENING;

BELGIUM; FEMALE; FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY; HUMANS; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MENTAL DISORDERS; PRISONERS; PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE; PSYCHIATRY;

EID: 79551474307     PISSN: 01602527     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2010.11.011     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Adams K., Ferrandino J. Managing mentally ill inmates in prisons. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2008, 35(8):913-927.
2. Adshead G., Sarkar S.P. Justice and welfare: Two ethical paradigms in forensic psychiatry. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 39:1011-1017.
3. Andersen H.S. Mental health in prison populations. A review - with special emphasis on a study of Danish prisoners on remand. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2004, 110(Suppl. 424):5-59.
4. Arboleda-Florez J. Mental patients in prisons. World Psychiatry 2009, 8:187-189.
5. Baillargeon J., Binswanger I.A., Penn J.V., Williams B.A., Murray O.J. Psychiatric disorders and repeat incarcerations: The revolving prison door. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2009, 166(1):103-109.
6. Bal P., Koenraadt F. Criminal law and mentally ill offenders in comparative perspective. Psychology, Crime & Law 2000, 6(4):219-250.
7. Birmingham L., Mason D., Grubin D. Prevalence of mental disorder in remand prisoners: Consecutive case study. British Medical Journal 1996, 313:1521-1524.
8. Black D.W., Arndt S., Hale N., Rogerson R. Use of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) as a screening tool in prisons: Results of a preliminary study. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 2004, 32:158-162.
9. Blackburn R. "What works" with mentally disordered offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law 2004, 10(3):297-308.
10. Brugha T., Singleton N., Meltzer H., Bebbington P., Farrell M., Jenkins R., et al. Psychosis in the community and in the prisons: A report from the British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 162:774-780.
11. Bussche F. Humanisering van de interneringspraktijk eindelijk in zicht? 2007, 30-33. UVV.
12. Cosyns P., D'Hont C., Janssen D., Maes E., Verellen R. Geïnterneerden in België. De cijfers. Panopticon 2007, 28(1):46-61.
13. Cosyns P., Koeck S., Verellen R. De justitiabele met een psychiatrische stoornis in Vlaanderen. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie 2008, 50:63-68.
14. Cosyns, P. (2009). Unpublished personal communication.
15. Cosyns P., Van Petehgem P., Raes B.C.M., Sabbe B.G.C. De forensische psychiatrie in Vlaanderen op een keerpunt?. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie 2006, 48:511-513.
16. Cosyns, P. (2005). Werkgroep Forensisch Psychiatrisch Zorgcircuit. Syntheseverslag mei 2005. Unpublished report.
17. Davison S. Specialist forensic mental health services. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2004, 14:S19-S24.
18. De Clercq M. Uitdagingen in de forensische psychiatrie vanuit een medium-riskbehandelingsperspectief. De Orde van de Dag 2006, 34:29-32.
19. De Wilde J., Soyez V., Vandevelde S., Broekaert E., Vander Beken T., Guillaume R., et al. Druggebruik en psychopathologie in gevangenissen. Een exploratieve studie tot methodiekontwikkeling. Programmatorische Federale Overheidsdienst Wetenschapsbeleid 2007, Academia Press, Gent.
20. Diamond P.M., Wang E.W., Holzer C.E., Thomas C., Cruser D.A. The prevalence of mental illness in prison. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 2001, 29(1):21-40.
21. Drake R.E., Wallach M.A. Dual diagnosis: 15years of progress. Psychiatric Services 2000, 51(9):1126-1129.
22. Dressing H., Kief C., Salize H.J. Prisoners with mental disorders in Europe. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2009, 194(1):88-90.
23. Dressing H., Salize H.J. Forensic psychiatric assessment in European Union member states. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2006, 114:282-289.
24. Dvoskin J.A., Steadman H.J. Using intensive case management to reduce violence by mentally ill persons in the community. Hospital & Community Psychiatry 1994, 45:679-684.
25. Easton C.J., Devine S., Scott M., Wupperman P. Commentary: Implications for assessment and treatment of addictive and mentally disordered offenders entering prisons. [Article]. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 2008, 36(1):35-37.
26. Eden J.F., Peters R.H., Hills H.A. Treating prison inmates with co-occuring disorders: An integrative review of existing programs. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 1997, 15:439-457.
27. Encrenaz G., Messiah A. Lifetime psychiatric comorbidity with substance use disorders: Does healthcare use modify the strength of associations?. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2006, 41:378-385.
28. Fazel S., Bains P., Doll H. Substance abuse and dependence in prisoners: A systematic review. Addiction 2006, 101:181-191.
29. Fazel S., Danesh J. Serious mental disorders in 23000 prisoners: A systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet 2002, 359:545-550.
30. Fazel S., Lubbe S. Prevalence and characteristics of mental disorders in jails and prisons. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2005, 18:550-554.
31. Fazel S., Xenitidis K., Powell J. The prevalence of intellectual disabilities among 12000 prisoners - A systematic review. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2008, 31:369-373.
32. Federale Overheidsdienst Justitie Justitie in Cijfers. Brussel, Federale Overheidsdienst Justitie, DG Rechterlijke Organisatie 2008.
33. Gaughwin P.C. A consideration of the relationship between the Rules of Court and the Code of Ethics in forensic psychiatry. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2004, 38:20-25.
34. Goethals J. Abnormaal en delinkwent: de geschiedenis en het actueel functioneren van de wet tot bescherming van de maatschappij 1991, Kluwer rechtswetenschappen, Antwerpen, 332 pp.
35. Goethals J., Robert L. Een nieuwe interneringswet. Fatik 2007, 114:4-9.
36. Goorden J.C., Oei T.I. Tbs en internering, actuele ontwikkelingen in België. Proces 2007, 86(1):17-25.
37. Gunn J. Future directions for treatment in forensic psychiatry. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2000, 176:332-338.
38. Heilig M., Forslund K., Åsberg M., Rydberg U. The dual-diagnosis concept used by Swedish social workers: Limited validity upon examination using a structured diagnostic approach. European Psychiatry 2002, 17:363-365.
39. Heimans H. Is er opniew hoop voor de geïnterneerden ?. Fatik 2007, 114:10-15.
40. Heimans H. Jaarverslag 2007. Commissie tot Bescherming van de Maatschappij te Gent 2008, Federale Overheidsdienst Justitie, Commissie tot Bescherming van de Maatschappij te Gent, Gent.
41. Heimans H., Brad P. Is er nog hoop voor geïnterneerden?. Antenne 2003, 36-43. (maart 2003).
42. Lahaye-Battheu, S. (2009). Belgische kamer van volksvertegenwoordigers. Schriftelijke vragen en antwoorden. Retrieved from http://www4.dekamer.be/QRVA/pdf/52/52K0060.pdf.
43. Lamb H.R., Weinberger L.E., Gross B.H. Mentally ill persons in the criminal justice system: Some perspectives. The Psychiatric Quarterly 2004, 75(2):107-126.
44. McInerny T., Minne C. Principles of treatment for mentally disordered offenders. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2004, 14:S43-S47.
45. Michas J. An ethical approach to involuntary psychiatric assessment and treatment in Australia. Radical Psychiatry 2006, 5. Retrieved from. http://radicalpsychology.org/vol5/Michas.html.
46. Moore E. How to assess and investigate a patient within a forensic psychiatry service?. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2004, 14:S37-S42.
47. Müller-Isberner R., Eucker S. Principles for effective treatment of mentally disordered offenders. Neuropsychiatrie 2006, 20(1):32-39.
48. Naudts K.H., Cosyns P., McInerny T., Audenaert K., Van Den Eynde F., Van Heeringen C. Editorial. Belgium and its internees: A problem for human rights and a stimulus for service change. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2005, 15(3):148-453.
49. Nilsson T., Munthe C., Gustavson C., Forsman A., Anckarsäter H. The precarious practice of forensic psychiatric risk assessments. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2009, 32:400-407.
50. Peters, R. H., & Bartoi, M. G. (1997). Screening and assessment of co-occurring disorders in the justice system.Unpublished manuscript, Florida: National GAINS Center.
51. Pham T.H., Ducro C., Marghem B., Réveillère C. Evaluation du risque de récidive au sein d'une population de delinquants incarcérés ou internés en Belgique francophone. Prediction of recidivism among prion inmates and forensic patients in Belgium. Annales Médico-Psychologiques 2005, 163:842-845.
52. Rice M.E., Harris G.T. The treatment of mentally disordered offenders. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 1997, 3(1):126-183.
53. Rogers R., Jackson R.L., Salekin K.L., Neuman C.S. Assessing axis I symptomatology on the SADS-C in two correctional samples: The validation of subscales and a screen for malingered presentations. Journal of Personality Assessment 2003, 81(3):281-290.
54. Roose R., De Bie M. Children's rights: A challenge for social work. International Social Work 2008, 51:37-46.
55. Salize H.J., Dressing H., Kief C. Mentally disordered persons in European prison systems - Needs, programmes and outcome (EUPRIS) 2007, European Commission.
56. Shaw J., Tomenson B., Creed F. A screening questionnaire for the detection of serious mental illness in the criminal justice system. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 2003, 14(1):138-150.
57. Singleton N., Meltzer H., Gatward R., Cold J., Deasy D. Psychiatric morbidity among prisoners. A survey carried out in 1997 by the Social Survey Division of ONS on behalf of the Department of Health 1997, Stationery Office, London.
58. Smets H., Verelst R., Vandenberghe J. Geestesziek en gevaarlijk: gedwongen opname of internering? Het Belgische wettelijke kader. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie 2009, 51:217-224.
59. Snacken S. Penal policy and practice in Belgium. Crime, Punishment, and Politics in Comparative Perspective 2007, 36:127-215.
60. Soyez V., De Wilde J., Vandevelde S., Vander Beken T., Todts S., Broekaert E. Screening en assessment van psychiatrische stoornissen in Belgische gevangenissen. Sensitiviteit en specificiteit van de BJMHS en SSI-A. Verslaving 2010, 6(1):41-57.
61. Taelman M. Belgische kamer van volksvertegenwoordigers Retrieved from. http://www.dekamer.be/doc/ccra/pdf/51/ac1267.pdf.
62. Taylor S., Frueh B.C., Asmundson G.J.G. Detection and management of malingering in people presenting for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Methods, obstacles, and recommendations. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2007, 21(1):22-41.
63. Teplin L.A. The criminalization of the mentally ill: Speculation in search of data. Psychological Bulletin 1983, 94:54-67.
64. Timmerman I.G.H., Emmelkamp P.M.G. The prevalence and comorbidity of Axis I and Axis II pathology in a group of forensic patients. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 2001, 45(2):198-213.
65. van Marle H. Forensic psychiatric services in the Netherlands. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2000, 23(5-6):515-531.
66. van Marle H., Van der Kroft P. Research issues in forensic psychiatriy. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2007, 20:511-515.
67. Vanden Hende M., Caris K., De Block-Bury L. Ontgrendeld. Beschrijvend wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar geïnterneerden met een verstandelijke handicap en hun verblijf in de Vlaamse gevangenissen 2005, Academia Press, Gent.
68. Vandenbroucke M. De nieuwe interningswet: enkele kanttekeningen. Fatik 2007, 114:21-25.
69. Vandevelde S., Broekaert E. Middelenmisbruik, motivatie en behandeling bij (justitiële) personen met verstandelijke beperkingen. Vlaams Tijdschrift voor Orthopedagogiek 2006, 25(4):29-42.
70. Vandevelde S., Broekaert E., Schuyten G., Van Hove G. Intellectual abilities and motivation towards substance abuse treatment in drug-involved offenders: A pilot study in the Belgian criminal justice system. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 2005, 49(3):277-297.
71. Vandevelde S., Broekaert E., Yates R., Kooyman M. The development of the therapeutic community in corrections: A comparative retrospective account on the 'democratic' Maxwell Jones TC and the 'hierarchical' concept-based TC. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 2004, 50(1):66-79.
72. von Schönfeld C.-E., Schneider F., Schröder T., Widmann B., Botthof U., Driesen M. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders, psychopathology, and the need for treatment in female and male prisoners. Der Nervenarzt 2006, 77:830-841.
73. Weinberger L.E., Sreenivasan S. Ethical and professional conflicts in correctional psychology. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 1994, 25(2):161-167.
74. World Psychiatric Association Madrid declaration on ethical standards for psychiatric practice 2005, World Psychiatric Association, Geneva, Switzerland, Retrieved from, (accessed May 17 2010). http://www.wpanet.org/.
75. Zimmerman M., Mattia J.I. Psychiatric diagnosis in clinical practice: Is comorbidity being missed?. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1999, 40:182-191.