Total and extractable non-process elements in green liquor dregs from the chemical recovery circuit of a semi-chemical pulp mill

Chemical Engineering Journal

Volumn 166, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 954-961

  Manskinen, Kati ^a   Nurmesniemi, Hannu ^a   Pöykiö, Risto ^b  

^a Stora Enso   (Finland)

^b City of Kemi   (Finland)

Author keywords

BCR; Chemical recovery; Extraction; NPE; Semi chemical pulping; Waste

Indexed keywords

BCR; CHEMICAL RECOVERY; ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EXTRACTION CONDITIONS; FINNISH; GREEN LIQUOR DREGS; GROUND LIMESTONE; HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION; LIMIT VALUES; NON-PROCESS ELEMENTS; NPE; SAMPLE MATRIX; SEMI-CHEMICAL PULP; SEMI-CHEMICAL PULPING; SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION PROCEDURE; SOIL-CONDITIONING AGENT;

AGRICULTURE; ANTIMONY; BARIUM; CARBONATE MINERALS; CHEMICAL PULP; EXTRACTION; LEAD; MANGANESE; MOLYBDENUM; PAPER AND PULP MILLS; RECOVERY; SULFUR;

CHROMIUM;

EID: 79451469599     PISSN: 13858947     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2010.11.082     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Biermann C.J. Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking 1996, Academic Press, New York. second ed.
2. Sixta H., Potthast A., Krotschek A.W. Chemical pulping processes. Handbook of Pulp 2006, 109-510. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. H. Sixta (Ed.).
3. Heinemann S. Chemical pulp. Handbook of Paper and Board 2006, 21-22. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. H. Holik (Ed.).
4. Ellis M.J., Empie J. Towards kraft mill closure: influence of non-process elements on green liquor dregs settling and filterability. Appita J. 2003, 56:466-470.
5. Jemaa N., Thompson R., Paleologou R., Berry R.M. Non-process elements in the kraft cycle, part I: source, levels and process effects. Pulp Pap. Canada 1999, 100:47-51.
6. Filgueiras A.V., Lavilla I., Bendicho C. Chemical sequential extraction for metal partitioning in environmental solid samples. J. Environ. Monit. 2002, 4:823-857.
7. Kosson D.S., van der Sloot H.A., Sanchez F., Garrabrants A.C. An integrated framework for evaluating leaching in waste management and utilization of secondary materials. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2002, 19:159-204.
8. L.A. Morris, W.L. Nutter, E.A. Ogden, J.F. Sanders, M.H. Golabi, W.P. Miller, M.E. Sumner, F.M. Saunders, Mill Residue and Byproduct Utilization Project. First Annual Report, December 1995. (15.06.2010). http://www.p2pays.org/.
9. Gerlach R.W., Dobb D.E., Raab G.A., Nocerino J.M. Gy sampling theory in environmental studies. 1. Assessing soil splitting protocols. J. Chemom. 2002, 16:321-328.
10. Pöykiö R., Nurmesniemi H., Kuokkanen T., Perämäki P. Green liquor dregs as an alternative neutralizing agent at a pulp mill. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2006, 4:37-40.
11. Yli-Halla M., Palko J. Mineral elemental content of oats (Avena sativa L.) in an acid sulphate soil area of Tupos village, northern Finland. J. Agr. Sci. Finland 1987, 59:73-78.
12. Yafa C., Farmer J.G. A comparative study of acid-extractable and total digestion methods for the determination of inorganic elements in peat material by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 557:296-303.
13. SFS-EN ISO 10304-1:2007 Standard Water Quality, Determination of Dissolved Anions by Liquid Chromatography of Ions. Part 1: Determination of Bromide, Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate and Sulfate 2009, Finnish Standards Association, SFS, Helsinki, Finland.
14. Taylor K., McGuffie B.M. Investigation of non-process element chemistry at Elk Falls mill-green liquor clarifier and lime cycle. Pulp Pap. Canada 2007, 108:27-32.
15. Martins F.M., Martins J.M., Ferracin L.C., da Cunha C.J. Mineral phases of green liquor dregs, slaker grits, lime mud and wood ash of a kraft pulp and paper mill. J. Hazard. Mater. 2007, 147:610-617.
16. Toikka M. Minimization and utilization of green liquor dregs and ashes in pulp and paper. Regional Environmental Publication No. 82 1998, Southeast Finland Regional Environment Centre, Oy Edita Ab, Helsinki, Finland.
17. Jordan M., Sánchez M.A., Padilla L., Céspedes R., Osses M., González B. Kraft mill residues effects on Monterey pine growth and soil microbial activity. J. Environ. Qual. 2002, 31:1004-1009.
18. Zambrano M., Pichūn C., Alvear M., Villarroel M., Velásquez I., Beaza J., Vidal G. Green liquor dregs effect on kraft mill secondary sludge composting. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101:1028-1035.
19. Mahmoudkhani M., Richards T., Theliander H. Recycling of solid residues to the forest. Experimental and theoretical study of the release of sodium from lime mud and green liquor dregs aggregates. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 2004, 82:230-237.
20. Modolo R., Benta A., Ferreira V.M., Machado L.M. Pulp and paper plant wastes volarisation in bituminous mixes. Waste Manage. 2010, 30:685-696.
21. Zambrano M., Parodi V., Baeza J., Vidal G. Acids soils pH and nutrient improvement when amended with inorganic solid wastes from kraft mill. J. Chil. Chem. Soc. 2007, 52:1169-1172.
22. Heiri O., Lotter A.F., Lemcke G. Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. J. Paleolim. 2001, 25:101-110.
23. Österås A.H., Sunnerdahl I., Greger M. The impact of wood ash and green liquor dregs application on Ca, Cu, Zn and Cd contents in bark and wood of Norway spruce. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2005, 166:17-29.
24. Jaretun A., Aly G. Removal of chloride and potassium from kraft chemical recovery cycles. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2000, 35:421-438.
25. Liard A., Lessard R., Leclerd J., Désilets L. Product from residue: standard setting for alkaline mill residues in Quebec. Pulp Pap. Canada 1999, 100:27-29.
26. C. Rothpfeffer, From wood to waste and waste to wood. Aspects on recycling waste products from the pulp mill to the forest soil, Doctoral Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 2007, pp. 1-46.
27. Gu Y., Edwards L. Prediction of metals distribution in mill process, part 2: fiber line metal profiles. Tappi J. 2004, 3:13-20.
28. Duffus J.H. " Heavy metals" -a meaningless term?. Pure Appl. Chem. 2002, 74:793-807.
29. Järup L. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br. Med. Bull. 2003, 68:167-182.
30. Sorvari J. By-products in earth construction: environmental assessments. J. Environ. Eng. 2003, 129:899-909.
31. Mroueh U.M., Wahlström M. By-products and recycled materials in earth construction in Finland-an assessment of applicability. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 2002, 35:117-129.
32. M. Wahlström, J. Laine-Ylijoki, Standardized leaching test methods recommended for environmental studies on materials to be used in earth works, Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Research Notes 1801, 1996, pp. 1-44.
33. Das A., Chakroborty R., Ververa M., de la Guardia M. Metal speciation in solid matrices. Talanta 1995, 42:1007-1030.
34. Ndiba P.K., Axe L. Sequential extraction of phosphate- and thermal-treated New York/New Jersey Harbor dredged sediments. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2009, 26:1755-1764.
35. Townsend T., Tolaymat T., Solo-Gabriele H., Dubey B., Stook K., Wadanambi L. Leaching of CCA-treated wood: implications for waste disposal. J. Hazard. Mater. 2004, 114:75-91.
36. Svensson B.M., Mårtensson L., Mathiasson L., Eskilsson L. Leachability testing of metallic wastes. Waste Manage. Res. 2005, 23:457-467.
37. Long Y-Y., Hu L-F., Fang C-R., Wu Y-Y., Shen D-S. An evaluation of the modified BCR sequential extraction procedure to assess the mobility of copper and zinc in MSW. Microchem. J. 2009, 91:1-5.
38. Sabbas T., Polettini A., Pomi R., Astrup T., Hjelmar O., Mostbauer P., Cappai G., Magel G., Salhofer S., Speiser C., Heuss-Assbichler S., Klein R., Lechner P. Management of municipal solid waste incineration residues. Waste Manage. 2003, 23:61-68.
39. Yousfi I., Bermond A. Chemical reactivity of trace metals in two polluted soils as affected by a reducing compound. Environ. Technol. 1997, 18:139-149.
40. Rauret G. Extraction procedures for the determination of heavy metals in contaminated soil and sediment. Talanta 1998, 46:449-455.
41. Arunachalam J., Emons H., Krasnodebska B., Mohl C. Sequential extraction studies on homogenized forest soil samples. Sci. Total Environ. 1996, 181:147-159.
42. Smichowski P., Polla G., Gómez D. Metal fractionation of atmospheric aerosols via sequential chemical extraction: a review. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2005, 381:302-316.
43. Alonso E., Villar P., Santos A., Aparicio I. Fractionation of heavy metals in sludge from anaerobic wastewater stabilization ponds in southern Spain. Waste Manage. 2006, 26:1270-1276.